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1 Megan Harvey" World History Trimester 1 Review" December 20 ,2013"

" " Intro! "

5 Themes of Geography! 1. Location! location is a position on earths surface" relative location is describing the position of a place in relation to another place" latitude - measures distances N and S of the equator; divides the northern and southern hemisphere" longitude - measures distances E and W of the equator" prime meridian is an imaginary line that runs directly though Greenwich England" 2. Place! places can be described in terms of physical and human characteristics" a place are the physical and human characteristics of a location" 3. Interaction Between People and Their Environment! people adapt to the environment they live in" these are the ways in which people both adapt to and change their surroundings" 4. Movement! migration - the movement of people from place to place" trade - movement of goods between areas" import - goods brought into a country" export - goods brought out of a country" 5. Region ! described by physical, cultural, political, and economic characteristics"

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Economic Systems! an economic system determines how limited resources will be used" a Traditional system produces what they need to survive (farming, hunting, herding, gathering) but will trade to get what they need" a Market system is when people buy and sell goods and services, and the people decide what to produce and work to earn money" a Command system is when the government controls what goods are produced, how much they cost, and how they are produced." a Mixed system is when individuals and government share economic decisions"

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Culture and Religion! all cultures have a language (may not all have a form of writing) " religion helps people answer questions about the meaning and purpose of life" monotheism - belief in one god" polytheism - belief in many gods"

!2 Government! a government is formed to provide the common needs of the people" a government can be a;" " - democracy= people have the power" " - republic= people choose leaders to represent them" " - monarchy= power held by king or queen" " - dictatorship= ruler or group holds power by force"

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Cultural Diffusion! cultural diffusion is the movement of ideas from one group to another" ethnocentrism - judging other cultures by the standards of your own" racism - the belief that one group is biologically superior to another" Terms: ! culture - all things that make up your way of life" nuclear family - parents and children" extended family - several generations living in one household" patriarchal - father is head of the family" matriarchal - mother is head of the family" social class - rank people in order of status" geography - the study of people, their environment and their resources"

" " Chapter 1! "

Early Development! Louis and Mary Leaky discovered a 1.8 million year old hominid in Africa." David Johanson discovered an older skeleton called Lucy. Lucy proved that hominids could walk." Out of Africa Theory states that early man developed in Africa and then spread out to other continents"

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Paleolithic Age! 1. Old Stone Age" people learned to make weapons from stone" Nomads move from place to place in search of food. nomads travel in small groups, they are a society of equals, developed a spoken language, learned to control re." 2. Ice Age" ice covered most of Europe, Asia, and North America" sea levels drop = people migrate over land bridges"

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Neolithic Age! 1. New Stone Age! systematic agriculture - farming and domesticated animals" artisans - specialization of labor"

!3 bartered goods and services" 2. Copper/Bronze/Iron Ages! people developed tools and weapons from these materials" 3. Civilizations! civilization - a complex culture shared by a large number of people that share common elements." civilizations have certain traits in common" " - cities" " - government" " - religion" " - written language" " - social classes" " - art"

" " Chapter 2! " "

Ancient Civilizations" Mesopotamia means land between the rivers and is the oldest civilization" Mesopotamia is between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers" Fertile Crescent - fertile arc of land that had great soil for farming" Ancient Sumer" a ziggurat is a massive stepped tower with a temple on top. its the most important building in the city state and is dedicated to the chief god/goddess of the city." theocracy - government by divine authority" divine rulers - sumerians believed they got their powers to rule from the gods. " economy was based on the barter economy" three social groups - nobles, commoners, and slaves. " sumerians took the wheel and used it to transfer goods and people." cuneiform - wedged shaped writing, rst written language, scribes kept the records."

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Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia" 1. Akkadians" Sargon - leader of the Akkadians" established rst empire - large political unit or state, with a single leader that control many people and/or territories " 2. Babylon " led by King Hammurabi " was patriarchal and the empire fell not long after Hammurabi's death" he created Hammurabi's Code which were a set of laws that created a system of strict justice; an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" 282 laws total, they were carved on pillars and placed throughout the empire" the laws protected consumers, family & marriage laws, etc" Nile"

!4 creator of all goods" 4000 miles long" ows South to North" Delta - lower Egypt" Upstream - upper Egypt" predictable oods created a sense of security and stability"

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Religion" polytheistic" Pharaoh - Son of Re & earthly form of the sun god" Re - chief Egyptian god; god of the sun" Anubis - patron of embalming" Osiris - supreme god and god of the death, symbol of resurrection and eternal life" Iris - wife/sister of Osiris, embalmer and guardian of Osiris" Horus - son of Osiris and Iris, Pharaoh is living Horus# Old Kingdom" King Menes - united Upper and Lower Egypt, created a dynasty - family of rulers whos right to rule is passed on within the family" king = pharaoh, obeying pharaoh = obeying gods" bureaucracy - administrative organization with ofcials and regular procedures" vizier - ofcial in charge of bureaucracy" pyramids built during this dynasty " pyramids were tombs for the pharaohs, believed in afterlife - stocked tomb with supplies" mummication - slowly dries out and preserves body for Ka (spiritual body) to return"

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Middle Kingdom" period of expansion " pharaoh built public works and provided public welfare" built canal to connect Red Sea and Nile" middle kingdom ended with the Hyksos invading" New Kingdom " new weapons - bronze and chariots - to drive out Hyksos" reunited Egypt" Pharaohs " Hatshepsut - rst woman pharaoh; posed as a man to cement her authority" Akhenaton - wanted to worship one god - Aton, closed temples of other gods, he and his wife Nefertiti became unpopular rulers. " King Tutankhamen - king tut, restored all religious practices, only tomb to be found intact" Ramses 2 - sough to increase size of empire, only gained Palestine, some think he is the Pharaoh of the Exodus" Decline "

!5 defeated by the Romans" Cleopatra was the last Pharaoh of Egypt, committed suicide rather then surrender to Romans"

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Egyptian Society" people has a positive attitude toward life due to their stable environment" woman had many rights, can own property and businesses, request a divorce" hieroglyphics - ideograms used for formal writing" hieratic script - simplied version of Egyptian writing" wrote on papyrus - form of paper made from reed" Rosetta Stone - contained same passage written in 3 different languages - Greek, Hieroglyphics, and Demotic" developed accurate 365 day calendar" advances in medical knowledge - set broken bones, heat wounds, treat disease, mummication and embalming"

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Pastoral Nomads" overran settled communities, domesticated animals, developed technology" Indo Europeans - spoke languages from single parent tongues" " > Greek, Persian, Sanskirt, German" Hitties" used IRON" threatened Egypt" destroyed by invaders" Phoenicians" trading empire - lumber and purple dye" created an alphabet that had 22 letters that represented sounds" passed to Greeks and Romans - still used today" Assyrian Empire" established with use of iron weapons" kings had absolute power" made roads which was an efcient communication system" horse drawn war chariots and bow and arrows improved their large army" created terror with looting and res"

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Chaldeans " King Nebuchadnezzar" Babylon = center of empire" Persian Empire" unied under Cyrus the Great" captured babylon" demonstrated wisdom, compassion, mercry"

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Chapter 6"

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The Rise of Islam" Middle East = Crossroads of the World" Arabs" nomads - searched for food and water for their herds" sheiks - organized tribes" polytheistic, but supreme god = Allah" all tribes worshiped the Black Stone. the stone is placed in a shrine called the Kaaba in the city of Mecca (Makkah)" trade routes through Mecca = popular city" People of the Book = Jews and Christians "

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Muhammad - prophet" Khadija - wealthy wife, rst convert to Islam" went to meditate about turmoil in Mecca - received revelations from Angel Gabriel" few people converted because the wealthy feared he would upset the established social order" went to city called Yathrib - renamed Medinah (city of the prophet)" Journey to Medinah from Mecca - hijrah" 622** - marks rst year of the muslim calendar and spread of Islam" muhammad wins support in city with the Bedouins; returns to Mecca w/10000 men to capture it " Abu Bakr - began to expand empire; Muhammads successor"

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Common Muslim Practices" worship in mosque" muezzin - called people to prayer 5x a day" Imam - leads prayer" hijab - head scarf for women" slaves shall be treated fairly "

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Umayyad Dynasty" Sunni Muslims - believed any devout muslim can become caliph " emphasized arab culture by using arabic language" Battle of Tours in Gaul, France stopped Arab expansion into Europe " overthrown for 3 reasons - size of empire, nancial problems, and discrimination against non-Arabs"

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Abbasid Dynasty" Shia Muslims - believed that only descendants of Muhammads son in law, Ali, could become caliph " overthrew Umayyads" built city of Baghdad"

!7 united Muslims" decline - 2 sons fought over power"

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Seljuk Turks" soldiers for Abbasid Dynasty converted to Islam" conquered Baghdad and took control of the empire" sultan - holder of power, ruler" Crusades" Pope Urban calls for the rst of many crusades" recaptured Anatolia and Palestine (the holy land) from the Seljuk Turks" Saladin - muslim leader, makes himself sultan, defeated the Christians and recaptured Jerusalem " allowed Christians to practice their faith - centuries of Christian and Muslim mistrust"

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Mongols" mongols were horse riding invaders under Hulagu" captured and destroyed many cities" killed the last Abbasid caliph and million of people" eventually convert to islam and absorbed into Middle Eastern Culture" Five Pillars of Faith" 1. belief - 1 God, Allah, Muhammad is the prophet" 2. prayer - " 3. charity" 4. fasting" 5. pilgrimage"

" Ibn Sina - wrote medical encyclopedia " " Chapter 15" " " "

Janissary Corps" elite military unit " trained young men, converted to Islam, assigned jobs based on talents" End of Byzantine Empire" Ottomans took Constantinople" Constantinople -> Istanbul" Ottomans expanded into Mesopotamia, Egypt, Middle East, and N Africa " * Ottomans took Constantinople and expanded" Ottoman Empire" Suleiyman the Magnicent" " - tried to expand into Europe" " - Battle of Vienna > retreated; freed Europe from threat"

!8 Gunpowder Empire - formed by outside conquerers who unied regions that they conquered" Sultan - absolute military/political authority" Harem - private domain " grand vizier - spoke for sultan and chief minister" pashas - local government ofcials > taxes, law&order, responsible for sultan" sultan claimed to be caliph" Ulema - religious advisors" began to loose empire - wealthy seek power and wealth, ination, increased taxes"

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Safavid Empire" Shah Esmail - founder" Shia Muslims; conversian = mandatory" Shah = king" sunnis - exiled or killed" Ottomans = enemy because of religion" peace treaty" Abbas the Great - greatest ruler; reached glory, tried to regain territory" decline - weak successors, orthodoxy increased"

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Turkey" " " " Sunni "" " " " Osman" " " " Suleiyman the Magnicent "

" Chapter 25" " "

Ottoman v. Safavid" <- location ->" " <- Religion ->" " <- founder ->" " <- greatest ruler ->" "

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Iran (Persia)" Shia" Shah Esmail" Abbas the Great"

Ottoman Empire (fall)" grew weaker" Young Turks - revolutionary group made up of young militaryy ofcers" " > goal was to strengthen ottoman empire, but lacked strong support" WW1" Ottomans side w/Germany" British support Arab nationalism" " > to weaken Ottoman Empire" T.E. Lawrence - helped Arabia declare independence" war ends - Ottoman make peace w/Allies"

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Armenian Massacre" Christian Armenians want independence" Ottoman Empire commits genocide" 1 million Armenians dead"

!9 Turkey " After WW1 Ottoman Empire collapsed" versailles treaty - stripped Ottomans of provinces" Ottoman Empire = Turkey" Greece invades; Mufasta Kemal drives out greeks" Mufasta Kemal - Ataturk which means father of the turks = president" westernization occurs - no fez, cannot cover face, women can vote, public school system, western alphabet, industrials"

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Iran " OIL - increased foreign presence" Reza Khan - ofcer in Persian Army" " > Reza Shah Pahlavi" copied Ataturk " 1935 renamed Iran" WW2 - supported Nazis" replaced by son - Mohammed Reza Pahlavi"

" Chapter 30" "

Israel " Palestine = British Mandate" Jews ooded into Palestine after WW2" Great Britain gives Palestine to UN" Jews claim holocaust proves they need a safe homeland" Palestine > Arab State - Jewish State - Intl State" Jews agree, arabs violate self determination "

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1948 War of Independence" Jews announce creation of Israel" Arabs (+ others) refuse to recognize Israel " " > Arabs declare war" Israel wins and gains half of Arab State" Palestine ceases to exist"

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Suez War of 1956" Nasser took control of Egypt government" US + GB = aid; then withdraws aid because Nasser asks Soviet for help" Nasser takes Suez Canal" US+ Soviet Union support" UN keeps the peace" Nasser keeps Suez Canal under Egyptian control - Egypt still has control today"

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!10 Six Day War" Egypt closed Gulf of Aqaba " Israel attacks Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and Lebanon " Arabs are defeated" Israel gains - west bank of jordan, sinai peninsula + Gaza Strip from Egypt, Golan Heights from syria, East Jerusalem (Jerusalem United) " * Israel Attacks and gains territories"

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Yom Kippur War" Egypt and Syria try to regain territory from Israel on Yom Kippur" Golda Meir - female prime minister mobilized troops" cease re issued by UN" Egypt regains Sinai Peninsula" * Egypt and Syria try to regain territory, but only get Sinai Peninsula"

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Pan Arabism " goal was to unite all Arabs" Nasser was the leader" Arab league - Egypt and Syria unite" failed because lack of geographic unity, didn't want to share power" OPEC - organization of petroleum exporting countries"

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Camp David Accords" Anwar Sadat takws over Nasser" Camp David Accord peace treaty w/Israel" " > Egypt is the rst Arab nation to recognize Israel " PLO " PLO - Palestinian Liberation Organization" goal - to regain land of Palestine and destroy Isarel" launced terrorist attacks" the intifada - the shaking, led by PLO" Oslo Accords" President Clinton (US), Yassir Arafat (PLO), Yitzhak Rabin (Israel) " " " " " " " " ^ assassinated by Israeli extremist" PLO controls semi independent state and recognizes Israel" Oslo Accord fails mainly bc both have history + religion = compromise is difcult" - Right of Return - Palestines wanted to be able to return to a new Palestinian State"

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Palestinian Authority" limited self rule in Gaza and West Bank" " - Mahmoud Abbas: West Bank, president of Palestinian Authority"

!11 Hammas and Hezbollah" hammas and hezbollah were radical Islamic groups" " > rejects Israels right to exist"

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Turmoil in Iran" oil wealth used to modernize" Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi" Iranians saw modernization as materialistic and negative" Iranian Revolution " Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini" ^ means sign of Allah - highest title given to Shia" supporters overthrew Shah" western culture outlawed" Hostage Crisis - 52 Americans held for 444 days"

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Iran" Mahmoud Ahmadinejad = president" calls for destruction of Israel" extremist, defends nuclear program" Iran-Iraq War" fought over oilelds and Strair of Hormuz" Persian Gulf War" Iraq invaded Kuwait" UN forces attack Iraq" Kuwait is freed" US encourages Iraqi uprisings" Afghanistan + Taliban" Sovet Union occupies Afghanistan" Mujahideen - anti communist Islamic forces" " > supported by US; forces Soviets out" Taliban seizes Kabul ~ provides base for Osama Bin Ladin and Al Qaeda (the base)" Invasion of Afghanistan " 9/11 - world trade center and pentagon are attacked" Operation Enduring Freedom" > US and Britain invade and overthrow the Taliban government who supports Al Qaeda" Operation Iraqi Freedom" Saddam Hussein - captured by US; sent to death in Iraqi court" Iraq creating a republic is difcult because of the conict between Sunnis, Shia, and Kurds"

!12 Muslim Extremism" use terror and violence to promote gods" demand return to Sharrah" restore authority to religious leaders" claim to be in a struggle against enemies of Islam = Jihad"

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Extremism and Terrorism" US is the main target" Muslims believe Americas Culture undermines Islamic society" they condemn Americas support of Israel" spread of Americas culture + values = cultural imperialism " Arab Spring" series of protests through Middle East"

" Chapter 7! "

Geography of Africa" plateau - high at land" nile - longest river; hard to navigate because of rapids" great rift valley - canyon, rich soil, 4000 miles long" 40% Africa = Desert" Sahara - largest desert on earth" rainforest - along the equator; tsetse y = sickness to cattle and people" savanna - grassland; unreliable rain; 40% of Africa is savanna"

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Kingdom of Kush " major trading empire" meroe - capitol; major trading center" iron -> weapons+tools" decline = rise of Axum" Kingdom of Axum" founded by Arabs" combined Arab + African cultures" important trading center along Red Sea" trade route between India + Mediterranean" Empire of Mali" established by Sundiata Keita" Mansa Musa - increased size of empire, created orderly + peaceful empire" Islam spreads in West Africa" used laws of Koran" 1324 - famous hajj to Mecca" Timbuktu - center of Islamic trading"

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King Ezana" invaded and conquered Kush" converted to Christianity " Christianity = ofcial religion of Axum" Gold - Salt Trade" trade between N+S Africa" salt = plentiful in Sahara" gold = rich in W. Africa" salt was used to preserve food" 40 day caravan trip across Sahara @ night because it was cooler, they navigated by the stars, and it limits attack from bandits" trade = growth along cities along trade route"

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Empire of Ghana" land of Gold" rst powerful West African Empire" ruler = Ghana" had power bc they had all gold = control of gold trade" made money by taxing all trade" Berbers capture capitol"

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Rise of Songhai" Songhai copies Mali" Sunni Ali - restored order, made it safe for traders in west" Muhammad Ture > Askia Muhammad - rose to power after Alis death, established Askia Dynasty" followed Islam, goes on Hajj, restored Timbuktu" Songhai collapsed due to their weapons being no match for guns and cannons of Moroccans"

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East African Trade" Arab traders brought slaves, good and the Islam religion" Swahili - blend of African and Arab" Zimbabwe " controlled gold mines" united diverse people" Zimbabwe = great stone house" built without binding materials" farmers + herders beneted from gold trade"

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Family Ties" lineage - group of people who trace their descent back to a common ancestor" " >basic building blocks of African society"

!14 matrilineal - lineage through mother; patrilineal - lineage through father" Role of Women" respected because bore and educated children" ashanti - women own land and rule the home"

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African Religions" most are monotheistic - believe in a supreme being who created and inhabits the world" animism - every object on earth has a living spirit" nature = respected because created by Supreme Being" Ancestors" rituals were dedicated to ancestors because they believe their ancestors can help/ harm them depending on how they are treated" Diviners and Healers" interprets between people and the divine world" " > explains misfortune + foretell the future" herbal medicine = specialty of diviners and healers" Culture " griot = storyteller"

" " Chapter 13! " "

Origins of Slavery" existed from ancient times" plantations - large agricultural estate" most of the native american population died of European diseases" Growth of Slave Trade" 1518 - Spanish brought 1st african slaves to the Americas" Triangle Trade: connected Africa, Americas, and Europe" " > Europeans traded guns cloth, and manufactured goods for slaves" " > Brought slaves to America and traded for molasses, sugar, and cotton" 1500-1800s over 10 million enslaved Africans to Americas" Middle Passage - slaves journey from Africa to the Americas" " > bad conditions on the boat, many died before they arrived"

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Source of Slaves" African rulers - slaves = income " King Afonso of the Congo - complained to King of Portugal - was ignored"

!15 Effects of Slave Trade" escalation of violence led to an increase of wars" rise of new strong states - african rulers traded slaves for guns and used guns to gain power" African Dispora - Africas population is dispersed throughout the world"

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End of Slavery" industrialization made slavery less protable" abolition - movement to end slavery" by 1800 British and US outlawed slave trade" colonies were established for freed slaves - Sierra Leon (established by British) and Liberia (established by US) "

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Chapter 21!
West Africa" slave trade = over" colony - settlement of people in a new territory linked to a parent country by trade and direct government control" " > colonies were used to make money" Motives for Imperialism " 1) Economic Motives" - mercantilism: prosperity if a nation depended on increasing gold supply" - balance of trade: countries want to export more than they import" - goal is to import cheap raw materials and export manufactured goods" - colonies provide raw materials and markets for industrialization " 2) Political Motives" - nationalism = vast empire" - rivalries between European nations" - bigger empire = greater wealth & status" 3) Religious Motives" - christians believed it was their duty to spread Western Civilization to the uncivilized" - ethnocentrism "

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Imperialism " 2 innovations helped europeans" " 1) improved medical knowledge (treatments for yellow fever and malaria) " " 2) maxim gun (early machine gun)" West Africa" British annexed states of Gold Coast" rst colony in Africa"

!16 North Africa " Ethiopia - Emperor Melenik II hired Europeans to train and arm his forces" Battle of Adowa - Italy invaded Ethiopia and lost; Ethiopia is the only country to keep its independence "

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Central Africa" Dr. Livingstone explored Africa and disappeared and Henry Stanley goes to nd him" King Leopold II (Belgium) gains control of the Congo River Basin" " > Congo Free State - his personal colony" " " > brutality to natives; population decreases by 10 million people" East Africa" East Africa still not claimed" Europeans meet (Berlin Conference) to divide Africa to prevent war" " > never asked the Africans" South Africa" Boers - dutch settlers who settled in Cape town" British won control of the Cape and ended slavery and interfered with the Boers" Great Trek North - forces the Boers to move North" sets up two independent states - Zulus (africans) and Boers fought for decades" Shaka Zulu is the leader" - used iron and organized army" - british joined boers and defeated zulus" - diamonds and gold found in boer - British ght for control of the area" Cecil Rhodes - British leader" Boer War - British defeats Boers" 1910 - Union of South Africa formed-only white males can vote and Boers control govt"

" Effects of Imperialism " "

Two types of colonial governments" - Direct Rule - colonial power controls government on all levels (French)" - Indirect Rule - left traditional rulers in power to enforce decisions (British)" Articial Boundaries - divided clans & united rivals basis for future African nations" Africans = forced labor in mines & plantations" Europeans exploit natural resources" Europeans build roads, communication & transportation systems" Money Economy" - People pay taxes in cash" - sold labor to earn money" - rich - poor gap grew" Educated Elite Africans who had opportunity to attend secondary schools in U.S. & Europe = leaders"

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Chapter 25/30!

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African Nationalism " WW2 ended = independence movements in Africa" war weakened Britain and France" 1950 - four independent nations - Liberia, Egypt, Ethiopia, and South Africa" Pan-Africanism Africa for the Africans" supported by WEB DuBois and Marcus Garvey" called for sense of unity among all people of African descent" most achieve independence without bloodshed" Educated Elite = downfall to Imperialism " studied ideas of equality for all - brought these ideas back to Africa" led to independence movements" New Nations Emerge" Ghana - rst African nation to win independence" - Kwame Nkrumah - led independence movement against British" - he organized strikes (refusal to work) and boycotts (refusal to buy certain goods and services) " Kenya - Jomo Kenyatta" - led Kenyas independence movement against British" - accused and jailed for planning Mau Mau attacks against white settlers" Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)" - white settlers feared majority rule - broke away from British = became an independent with a white minority government" - Robert Mugabe - guerrilla leader opposed white minority govt = civil war" - peace agreement and majority rule - renamed Zimbabwe" - Mugabe elected rst black Prime Minister" Tanzania - Julius Nyerere" - he led independence movement in 1961; was president until 1985" - One-Party Rule - believe one party country could act democratically" - encouraged use of Swahili language" Senegal - Leopoid Senghor" - poet and philosopher who led independence movement against France" - led negritude movement - encouraged Africans to value their heritage Colonial Legacy" - articial boundaries - small nations, rival ethnic groups"

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Steps Toward Development" civil war = common after independence" ethnic groups (tribes) fought for control " Ethiopia + Somalia - led to widespread famine" Rwanda - Darfur, Sudan - Genocide"

!18 1910 Union of South Africa" white men have right to vote" Boers (dutch descendants - Afrikaners) = majority of voters"

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Apartheid = separateness" laws of segregation along voting racial lines" non-whites = no votes" Homelands Policy " government resettle black Black Africans in homelands" based on ethnic identities" Pass Laws" Black South Africans - carried pass book listing where could work, travel, criminal convictions, taxes" Fight to end Apartheid" South Africans tried to resist apartheid" Archbishop Desmon Tutu" - urged nonviolence" - Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1984" ~ Fight to end Apartheid" 1960 - Sharpeville Massacre" peaceful demonstration against Pass Laws" police opened re - killed 60 people" Worldwide anger" Government called state of emergency " General strike"

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ANC - African National Congress" goal to end apartheid" outlawed - leaders arrested or went into hiding" 1964 Nelson Mandela sentenced to life in prison" 1976 - Soweto Uprising" student protest of new law requiring Afrikaans in all public schools" Govt responded with violence, protests spread" Segregation ended in many public facilities" Steps Toward Change"
Protest + Economic Sanctions ="

slowed South Africas economy " many white S. Africans believed change need" Steps Toward Lunch" 1980s - US & many nations = economic "

!19 1989 - President FW de Klerk lifted ban ANC" 1990 - Freed Nelson Mandela & other ANC leaders" 1990s - new constitution = blacks basic civil rights" 1994 - new govt "

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Black South Africans vote 1st time" steps toward change" Nelson Mandela elected President " Huge gap between rich & poor " led to violence & riots" 1993 - Mandela & de Kirk won Noble Peace Prize"