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Excellence in

Evidence
part one

A primer on codal provisions and special laws on Evidence,


Philippine and US case digests, and an comparative analysis
between the Current and the Proposed Rules of Court

By the Evidence Class of


the Ateneo Law School.
Class of 2012-C.
For Atty. Francis Lim
Professor and Expert on Evidence

Ateneo Law
Pancho Galman
JD Garcia
Paolo Go
Mickey Ingles
Kris Iranzo
JR Joaquino
Joyce Laohoo
Angel Machuca
Anmau Manigbas
Armand Morales
April Morato
Rachelle Lim
Sarah Macabare
Marck Macaraeg
Cheska Pazziuagan
Jaymie Reyes

Tonio Reyes
Dan Roleda
Glen Rumohr
Peng Sandoval
Ayza Singzon
KC So
Aimee Tan
Talitha Tan
Roy Tancinco
Rafael Tancinco
Bingo Telan
Camille Ting
Tammy Tolentino
Kim Raisa Uy
Myra Yacapin

Class of 2012-C

Editors-in-chief

Contributors

Julie Acosta
Jori Adan
Ava Aguaviva
Austin Alcantara
Rickmon Alcantara
Kenjie Aman
Mariam Arceo
Hero Bondoc
Charm Calderini
Caloy Camacho
Yanee Canto
Jovalie Capanas
Kyle Chan
Mike Corrales
Peter dela Fuente
Chinnie dela Cruz
Rona Diaz

Yanee Canto
General Editing
Jamie Flores
Layout & Graphic
Bingo Telan
Formatting &
General Editing

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Course Syllabus (SY 2010211)


Part One
I.

Admissibility of Evidence
A.
B.

C.

Rule 128, secs. 1.4


1.
Reyes v. Court of Appeals
216 SCRA 25 (1993)
2.
People v. Turco
337 SCRA 714 (2000)
Relevance:
1.
Sections 3 & 4, Rule 128
2.
Bautista v. Aperece
51 O.G. 805 (1995)
3.
State v. Ball
339 S.W2d 783 (1960)
Competence:
1.
Section 3, Rule 128.
2.
Exclusionary Rules Under the 1987 Constitution, e.g.,
(a)
Sections 2 and 3, Art. III
(b)
Section 12, Art. III
(c)
Section 17, Art. III
3.
Statutory Rules of Exclusion, e.g.,
(a)
Section 201, Tax Reform Act of 1997
(b)
R.A. 1405, Law on Secrecy of Bank Deposits
(c)
R.A. 4200, otherwise known as the Wiretapping Act
i)
Ganaan v. IAC
145 SCRA 112 (1986)
ii)
Salcedo.Ortaez v. CA 235 SCRA 111 (1994)
iii)
Ramirez v. CA
248 SCRA 590 (1995)

II. What Need Not Be Proved


A.
B.

Rule 129, Secs. 1.4[ Rule 10, Sec. 8


Cases:
1.
Judicial Notice
(a)
City of Manila v. Garcia
(b)
Baguio vs. Vda. de Jalagat
(c)
Prieto v. Arroyo
(d)
Yao.Kee v. Sy.Gonzales
(e)
Tabuena v. CA
(f)
People v. Godoy
(g)
BPI.Savings v. CTA
2.
Judicial Admissions
(a)
Lucido v. Calupitan
(b)
Torres v. CA

19 SCRA 413 (1967)


42 SCRA 337 (1971)
14 SCRA 549 (1965)
167 SCRA 736 (1988)
196 SCRA 650 (1991)
250 SCRA 676 (1995)
330 SCRA 507 (2000)
27 Phil. 48 (1914)
131 SCRA 24 (1984)

III. Real and Demonstrative Evidence


A.
B.

Rule 130[ Sec. 1[ Sec. 2


Cases:
1.
Sison v. People
2.
Adamczuk v. Holloway
3.
State v. Tatum

250 SCRA 58 (1995)


13 A.2d 2 (1940)
360 P.2d 754 (1961)

IV. Best Evidence Rule


A.
B.

Rule 130, Secs. 2.8[ Rule 132, Secs. 25 and 27[ Electronic Commerce Act (R.A.
8792), Secs. 5, 6.15[ Rules on Electronic Evidence ("REE"),Rule 2, Sec.1[ Rule 3[
Rule 4.
Cases:
1.
Air France v. Carrascoso
18 SCRA 155 1966)
2.
Meyers v. United States
171 F.2d 800 (1948)
3.
People v. Tan
105 Phil. 1242 (1959)
4.
Seiler v. Lucas Film, Ltd.
797 F.2d 1504 (1986)

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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

People vs. Tandoy


192 SCRA 98 (1990)
U.S. v. Gregorio
17 Phil. 522 (1910)
Fiscal of Pampanga v. Reyes
55 Phil 905 (1931)
Vda. de Corpus v. Brabangco (C.A.)
59 O.G. 8262 (1963)
Compania Maritima v. Allied Free Workers77 SCRA 24 (1977)
Villa Rey Transit v. Ferrer
25 SCRA 845 (1968)
Michael & Co. v. Enriquez
33 Phil. 87 (1915)
De Vera v. Aguilar
218 SCRA 602 (1983)
NaPoCor v. Codilla
G.R. No. 170491, April 4, 2007
MCC Industrial Sales Vs. Sangyong
536 SCRA 418 (2007)

V. Parole Evidence Rule


A.
B.

Rule 130, Sec. 9[ Art. 1403, Civil Code.


Cases:
1.
Enriquez v. Ramos
2.
Canuto v. Mariano
3.
Yu Tek v. Gonzales
4.
Land Settlement & Dev. Corp. v.
Garcia Plantation
5.
Maulini v. Serrano
6.
PNB v. Seeto
7.
Woodhouse v. Halili
8.
Robles v. Lizarraga
9.
Cruz v. CA
10.
Lechugas v. CA
11.
Inciong v. CA
12.
Ortaez v. CA

6 SCRA 219 (1962)


37 Phil. 840 (1918)
29 Phil. 384 (1915)
7 SCRA 750 (1963)
28 Phil. 640 (1914)
91 Phil. 756 (1952)
93 Phil. 526 (1953)
50 Phil. 387 (1927)
192 SCRA 209 (1990)
143 SCRA 335 (1986)
257 SCRA 578 (1996)
266 SCRA 561 (1997)

VI. Interpretation of Documents


A.
B.

Rule 130, Secs. 10.19[ Arts. 1370.1379, Civil Code


Cases:
1.
Lambert v. Fox
26 Phil. 588 (1914)
2.
Capital Insurance v. Sadang
21 SCRA 1183 (1967)

VII. Qualifications of Witnesses


A.

B.

C.

VIII.

Mental Incapacity or Immaturity


1.
Rule 130, Secs. 20 & 21
2.
People v. De Jesus
3.
People v. Salomon
4.
People v. Mendoza
Spousal Immunity
1. Rule 130, Section 22
2.
People v. Castaeda
3.
People v. Francisco
4.
Lezama v. Rodriguez
5.
Alvarez vs. Ramirez
Dead Man's Statute
1. Rule 130, Section 23
2.
Guerrero v. St. Claire's Realty & Co.
3.
Abraham v. Recto.Kasten
4.
Goi v. CA
5.
Tongco v. Vianzon
6.
Lichauco v. Atlantic Gulf
7.
Razon v. IAC
Privileged Communications

129 SCRA 4 (1984)


229 SCRA 402 (1993)
254 SCRA 18 (1996)
88 SCRA 562 (1979)
78 Phil. 694 (1947)
23 SCRA 1166 (1968)
473 SCRA 72 (2005)
124 SCRA 553 (1983)
4 SCRA 298 (1962)
144 SCRA 222 (1986)
50 Phil. 698 (1927)
84 Phil. 330 (1949)
207 SCRA 234 (1992)

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A.
B.

C.

D.

E.
F.

Marital Privilege
1. Rule 130, Sec. 24(a)
2.
People v. Carlos
Attorney.Client Privilege
1. Rule 130, Section 24(b)
2.
Uy Chico v. Union Life
3.
Regala v. Sandiganbayan
4.
Barton v. Leyte Asphalt & Mineral
5.
Orient Insurance v. Revilla
6.
Hickman v. Taylor
7.
Upjohn Company v. U.S.
8.
In re Grand Jury Investigation
9.
U.S. v. McPartlin
10.
U.S. v. Gordon.Nikkar
11.
U.S. vs. Nobles
12.
People vs. Sandiganbayan
Physician.Patient Privilege
1. Rule 130, Section 24 (c)
2.
Lim v. Court of Appeals
3.
Krohn v. Court of Appeals
State Secrets
1. Rule 130, Section 24 (e)
2.
U.S. v. Nixon (A.B.)
3.
Banco Filipino v. Monetary Board
4.
People vs. Ong
Parental & Filial Privilege
1. Rule 130, Section 25[ Art. 215, Civil Code
2.
People v. Publico
Newsman's Privilege
1. R.A. 53, as amended by R.A. 1477
2.
Matter of Farber (A.B.)
1.

People vs.Ong

H. Trade Secrets
1.
Air Philippines vs. Pennswell

47 Phil. 626 (1925)


29 Phil. 163 (1915)
262 SCRA 124 (1996)
46 Phil. 938 (1924)
54 Phil. 919 (1930)
329 U.S. 495 (1947)
449 U.S. 383 (1981)
732 F.2d 447 (1983)
595 F.2d 1321 (7th Cir. 1979)
518 F.2d 972 (5th Cir. 1975)
422 US 225 (1975)
275 SCRA 505 (1997)
214 SCRA 273 (1992)
233 SCRA 146 (1994)
418 U.S. 683 (1974)
142 SCRA 523 (1986)
432 SCRA 470 (2004)
17 CAR (2s) 703 (1972)
394 A.2d 330 (1978)
G.R. No. 137348
(June 21, 2004)
540 SCRA 217 (2007)

IX. Admissions and Confessions


A.

Admissions Against Interest


1. Rule 130, Sections 26 & 32
2.
Viacrucis v. CA
3.
Keller & Co. v. COB
4.
People v. Paragsa
5.
People v. Alegre
6.
People v. Mejia
7.
Griffin v. California
B.
Compromises
1. Rule 130, Section 27
2.
Veradero v. Insular Lumber
3.
U.S. v. Torres
4.
People v. Godoy
5.
People v. De Guzman
6.
People v. Yparriguirre
7.
People v. Maqui
8.
People v. Prades
C. Res Inter Alios Acta
1. Rule 130, Section 28
2.
People v. Alegre
3.
People v. Raquel

44 SCRA 176 (1972)


141 SCRA 86 (1986)
84 SCRA 105 (1978)
94 SCRA 109 (1979)
275 SCRA 127
380 U.S. 853 (1965)
46 Phil. 176 (1924)
34 Phil. 994 (1916)
250 SCRA 676 (1995)
265 SCRA 228 (1996)
268 SCRA 35 (1997)
27 Phil. 97 (1914)
293 SCRA 411 (1998)
94 SCRA 109 (1979)
265 SCRA 248 (1996)

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D.

E.

Exceptions to the Res Inter Alios Acta Rule


1.
Partner's/Agent's Admissions
(a)
Rule 130, Section 28
(b)
Mahlandt v. Wild Canid
588 F.2d 626 (8th Cir. 198)
2.
Co.conspirator's Statements
(a)
Rule 130, Section 30
(b)
People v. Cabrera
57 SCRA 715 (1974)
(c)
People v. Yatco
97 Phil. 941 (1955)
(d)
People v. Chaw Yaw Shun
23 SCRA 127 (1968)
(e)
People v. Serrano
105 Phil. 531 (1959)
3.
Admission By Privies
(a)
Rule 130, Section 31
(b)
Alpuerto v. Pastor
38 Phil. 785 (1918)
(c)
City of Manila v. Del Rosario
5 Phil. 227 (1905)
Confessions
1.
Art. III, Section 17, 1987 Constitution[ Rule 130, Section 33[ Rule 115(e).
2.
Cases:
(a)
People v. Compil
244 SCRA 135 (1995)
(b)
People v. Wong Chuen Ming
256 SCRA 182 (1996)
(c)
People v. Alegre
94 SCRA 109 (1979)
(d)
People v. Yip Wai Ming
264 SCRA 224 (1996)
(e)
People v. Maqueda
242 SCRA 565 (1995)
(f)
Parker v. Randolph
442 U.S. 62 (1979)
(g)
People v. Encipido
146 SCRA 478 (1986)
(h)
People v. Endino
352 SCRA 307 (2001)
(i)
People v. Abulencia
363 SCRA 496 (2001)
(j)
People v. Malngan
503 SCRA 294 (2006)
(k)
People v. Lauga
G.R. No. 186228,
March 15, 2010
Part One

I.

Admissibility of Evidence
A.
Rule 128, secs. 124
RULE 128
General Provisions

Sec. 1. Evidence defined.


Evidence is the means, sanctioned by these rules, of ascertaining in a judicial
proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact. (1)
Sec. 2.Scope.
The rules of evidence shall be the same in all courts and in all trials and hearings, except
as otherwise provided by law or these rules. (2a)
Sec. 3.Admissibility of evidence.
Evidence is admissible when it is relevant to the issue and is not
excluded by the law of these rules. (3a)
Sec. 4.Relevancy[ collateral matters.
Evidence must have such a relation to the fact in issue as to
induce belief in its existence or non.existence. Evidence on collateral matters shall not be allowed, except
when it tends in any reasonable degree to establish the probability or improbability of the fact in issue.
(4a)
1.
2.

Reyes v. Court of Appeals


People v. Turco

216 SCRA 25
337 SCRA 714

(1993)
(2000)

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REYES v. CA
G.R. No. 96492 November 26, 1992
Doctrine: As an exception to the scope of the Rules of Evidence, Section 16 of P.D. No. 946 provides that the
rules of court shall not be applicable even in a suppletory character in Agrarian cases.
FACTS: Juan Mendoza, father of defendant Olympio Mendoza, is the owner of two farm lots in Pampanga.
The lots were tenanted and cultivated by Julian dela Cruz, late husband of plaintiff Eufrocina dela Cruz.

A
AC

Eufrocina filed a complaint alleging that upon the death of Julian, she succeeded him as bona
fide tenant of the farm lots[ and that Olympio Mendoza, in conspiracy with the other defendants,
prevented her daughter Violeta and her workers through force, intimidation, strategy and stealth, from
entering and working on the subject premises[ and that until the filing of the instant case, defendants
had refused to vacate and surrender the lots, thus violating her tenancy rights. Plaintiff therefore prayed
for judgment for the recovery of possession and damages with a writ of preliminary mandatory injunction
in the meantime.
Petitioners in this case were duly elected and/or appointed barangay officials in Pampanga,
denied interference in the tenancy relationship existing between plaintiff and defendant Mendoza,
particularly in the cultivation of the latter's farm lots. They asked for the case to be dismissed claiming
that they have always exercised fairness, equity, reason and impartiality in the discharge of their official
functions. For his part, defendant Mendoza raised abandonment, sublease and mortgage of the farm lots
without his consent and approval, and non.payment of rentals, irrigation fees and other taxes due the
government, as his defenses.
The agrarian court ordered the defendants to restore possession of the farm lots to Eufrocina.
This decision was affirmed by the Court of Appeals. On appeal, the petitioners questioned the favorable
consideration given to the affidavits of Eufrocina and Efren Tecson, since the affiants were not presented
and subjected to cross.examination.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the lower court erred in giving favorable consideration to the affidavits o Eufrocina and Efren
Tecson even if the affiant was not subjected to cross.examination? NO.
RATIO: The trial court did not err when it favorably considered the affidavits of Eufrocina and Efren
Tecson although the affiants were not presented and subjected to cross.examination. Section 16 of P.D.
No. 946 provides that the "Rules of Court shall not be applicable in agrarian cases even in a suppletory
character." The same provision states that "In the hearing, investigation and determination of any
question or controversy, affidavits and counter.affidavits may be allowed and are admissible in evidence".
Sec. 2, Rule 128 of the Rules of Court provides that the rules of evidence shall be the same in all courts
and in all trials and hearings, except as otherwise provided by the law or these rules. Section 16 of P.D.
ANALYSIS:
There will be no change in the decision of this case as there is no proposed change in Sec. 2, Rule 128 of
the current Rules of Court.

PEOPLE v. TURCO
G.R. No. 137757 August 14, 2000
Doctrine: Since admissibility of evidence is determined by its relevance and competence, admissibility is,
therefore, an affair of logic and law. On the other hand, the weight to be given to such evidence, once
admitted, depends on judicial evaluation within the guidelines provided in Rule 133 and jurisprudence laid
down by the Court. Thus, while evidence may be admissible, it may be entitled to little or no weight at all.

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FACTS: Accused.appellant Rodegelio Turco, Jr. (aka "Totong") was charged with the crime of rape. By the
use of force, threat and intimidation, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously grab the
undersigned complainant by her neck, cover her mouth and forcibly make her lie down, after which the
said accused mounted on top of her and removed her short pant and panty. Thereafter, the said accused,
by the use of force, threat and intimidation, inserted his penis into the vagina of the undersigned
complainant and finally succeeded to have carnal knowledge of her, against her will.

A
D

Upon reaching home, the victim discovered that her short pants and panty were filled with blood.
For almost ten days, she kept to herself the harrowing experience, until she had the courage to tell her
brother.in.
incident. Thereafter, they did not waste time
and immediately asked the victim to see a doctor for medical examination. After the issuance of the
medical certificate, they filed a complaint against the accused charging him with rape.
The trial court conv
concoction of the accused in order to exculpate him from his criminal liability. Appealing his conviction,
the accused.appellant argues that the trial court erred because no actual proof was presented that the
rape of the complainant actually happened considering that although a medical certificate was presented,
the medico.legal officer who prepared the same was not presented in court to explain the same.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the trial court erred in admitting the medical certificate in evidence although the medico.legal
officer who prepared the same was not presented in court? NO.
RATIO: There is a distinction between admissibility of evidence and the probative value thereof. Evidence
is admissible when it is relevant to the issue and is not excluded by the law or the rules (Section 3, Rule
128, Rules of Court) or is competent. Since admissibility of evidence is determined by its relevance and
competence, admissibility is, therefore, an affair of logic and law. On the other hand, the weight to be
given to such evidence, once admitted, depends on judicial evaluation within the guidelines provided in
Rule 133 and the jurisprudence laid down by the Court. Thus, while evidence may be admissible, it may
be entitled to little or no weight at all. Conversely, evidence which may have evidentiary weight may be
inadmissible because a special rule forbids its reception.
But although the medical certificate is an exception to the hearsay rule, hence admissible as
evidence, it has very little probative value due to the absence of the examining physician. Nevertheless, it
cannot be said that the prosecution relied solely on the medical certificate. It is enough that the evidence
on hand convinces the court that conviction is proper. In the instant case, the victim's testimony alone is
credible and sufficient to convict.
ANALYSIS:
There will be no change in the decision of this case as there is no proposed change in Sec. 3, Rule 128 of
the current Rules of Court[ and that the proposed amendments to Rule 133 will not affect the weight to be
given on the medical certificate as such will depend upon the discretion of the court.

B.

Relevance:

Sections 3 & 4, Rule 128


Sec. 3.Admissibility of evidence.
Evidence is admissible when it is relevant to the issue and is not
excluded by the law of these rules. (3a)
Sec. 4.Relevancy[ collateral matters.
Evidence must have such a relation to the fact in issue as to
induce belief in its existence or non.existence. Evidence on collateral matters shall not be allowed, except
when it tends in any reasonable degree to establish the probability or improbability of the fact in issue.
(4a)
2.

Bautista v. Aperece

51 O.G. 805

(1995)

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3.

State v. Ball

339 S.W2d 783

(1960)

BAUTISTA v. APARECE
51 O.G. 805
Doctrine: Relevant evidence is one that has any value in reason as tending to prove any matter probable in
an action. And evidence is said to be material when it is directed to prove a fact in issue as determine by the
particular case.

FACTS: Nicolas Anasco is the owner of a lot who sold the same to Valentin Justiniani, who later on sold
the same to Claudio Justiniani. Claudio, later on, executed a public instrument whereby he sold the
property to Apolonio Aparece in whose name it was assessed. While Aparece was in possession,
Hermogenes Bautista illegally entered a part of the lot and took possession thereof. Aparece filed a
complaint with the guerilla forces. After being called for hearing and after inspection was made by the
guerilla officer, Bautista executed a public instrument wherein he promised to return the land to Aparece
in good will
restored to Aparece.

well. On appeal, Bautista raised as a defense the error of the trial court in admitting the public
instrument which he executed as evidence. He argued that the document was executed under duress,
violence, and intimidation, and that the guerilla officer before whom it was executed, had no jurisdiction
over the matter.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the trial court erred in admitting as evidence, a public document executed before an officer
who had no jurisdiction over the matter? NO.
RATIO: The test for admissibility or inadmissibility of a certain document is whether or not it is relevant,
material or competent. The public document is not only relevant, but is also material and competent to
the issue of ownership between the litigants. Relevant evidence is one that has any value in reason as
tending to prove any matter probable in an action. And evidence is said to be material when it is directed
to prove a fact in issue as determine by the rules of substantive law and pleadings, while competent
With these criteria in mind, the mere fact that the public document was executed before the
guerilla officer does not make the same as irrelevant, immaterial or incompetent to the main issue raised
in the pleadings. The public document, considered together with the other evidence, documentary and
oral, satisfies the Court that the portions of land in question really belong to defendant Aparece.
ANALYSIS:
There will be no change in the decision of this case as there is no proposed change in Sec. 4, Rule 128 of
the current Rules of Court.

STATE v. BALL
339 S.w2d 783 November 14, 1960
Doctrine: The remoteness of the flight goes to the weight of the evidence rather than to its admissibility.
The mere possession of a quantity of money is in itself no indication that the possessor was the
taker of money charged as taken, because in general all money of the same denomination and material is
alike, and the hypothesis that the money found is the same as the money taken is too forced and
extraordinary to be receivable.
FACTS: A jury has found William Arthur Ball guilty of robbery in the first degree[ the jury also found
prior felony convictions and, therefore, a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment was imposed.

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Two colored men, one of them tall and the other short, entered the Krekeler Jewelry Store. The
taller man spent ten or fifteen minutes selecting and buying a cigarette lighter, he also talked about
buying and looked at watches and rings. As the taller man looked at jewelry and made his purchase the
shorter man looked in the cases and moved about in the store. Later in the day, as John Krekeler was
placing rings and watches in the safe preparatory to closing the store two men entered, one of them tall
and the other short, and Krekeler immediately recognized them as the two men who had been in the store
earlier, especially the taller man. He recognized the taller man's narrow.brimmed, tall hat, brown jacket,
gray shirt and particularly a scar on his face. The shorter man started to walk behind the counter and as
Krekeler intercepted him he "drew a long barreled blue .38 and stuck it in my fact."
Both men followed Krekeler, the shorter man with the gun in "his back," directing him to the
watch repair department and finally into the rest room in the rear of the store. He was told not to turn
around and stood facing the wall. He could hear jewelry being dumped into a bag and the "jingle" of the
cash register. The two men left Krekeler in the rest room and after hearing the door slam he called the
police. The two men had taken watches and rings and cash from the register. Krekeler identified the
appellant from pictures, and three weeks later, after his capture, in a hospital and upon the trial
positively identified him as the taller of the two holdup men.

One of appellant's sufficiently preserved claims in his motion for a new trial has to do with his
arrest and the testimony of the two arresting officers. About three weeks after the robbery, police officers
in a squad car saw Ball walking on Easton Avenue. The officers stopped him, told him that they were
officers and that he was under arrest. As officer Powell faced and searched Ball officer Ballard "holstered"
his gun and attempted "to cuff" him. Ball shoved Powell over and ran, the officers ran after him, Powell
being closest. Powell yelled, "halt Ball, you're under arrest," and fired one shot high in the air but Ball
continued running and Powell fired four more shots, two at his legs, one at his buttocks, and he finally
fell from a bullet in his back. It is claimed that this evidence was not material or relevant, that it was too
remote from the date of the robbery to indicate a consciousness of guilt and since it was of course
prejudicial that he is entitled to a new trial. But unexplained flight and resisting arrest even thirty days
after the supposed commission of a crime is a relevant circumstance.
Also, the appellant objects in his motion for a new trial that a police officer was permitted to
testify that $258.02 in currency and two pennies were taken from his person. It is said that the
introduction of these exhibits was "immaterial and irrelevant, neither tended to prove nor disprove any of
the issues involved in this case[ that said money as seized at the time of the arrest was neither identified
by Mr. Krekeler nor by any other person as the money which was allegedly stolen from the A. L. Krekeler
& Sons Jewelry Company on the 15th day of October, 1958[ that said evidence was considered by this
jury to the prejudice of this defendant convincingly."
ISSUES:
1.
the commission of the crime?
2.
and immaterial? YES.

NO.

ss to the time of
irrelevant

RATIO: Unexplained flight and resisting arrest even thirty days after the supposed commission of the
crime is a relevant circumstance. The remoteness of the flight goes to the weight of the evidence rather
than to its admissibility.
The proof of the money here was evidently on the theory that Ball did not have or was not likely to
have such a sum of money on his person prior to the commission of the offense. As to this the facts were
that he had been out of the penitentiary about eight months and the inference the state would draw is
that he had no visible means of support and no employment and could not possibly have $258.02 except
from robberies.
Of course, there was no such proof and Ball claimed that he had worked intermittently for a
custodian or janitor of an apartment house and that he had won the $258.02 in a series of crap games at
a named place. Not only was Krekeler unable to identify the money or any of the items on Ball's person as
having come from the jewelry store so that in fact they were not admissible in evidence, the charge here
was that Ball and his accomplice took jewelry of the value of $4,455.21 and $140 in cash from the cash

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register. There was no proof as to the denomination of the money in the cash register, it was simply a
total of $140. Here nineteen days had elapsed, there was no proof that Ball had suddenly come into
possession of the $258.02 and in all these circumstances "The mere possession of a quantity of money is
in itself no indication that the possessor was the taker of money charged as taken, because in general all
money of the same denomination and material is alike, and the hypothesis that the money found is the
same as the money taken is too forced and extraordinary to be receivable."
The admission of the evidence in the circumstances of this record infringed the right to a fair trial
and for that reason the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.
ANALYSIS:
The money would still be not admissible if the proposed Rules of Evidence were applied, specifically the
rule on admissibility (Sec. 3, Rule 128) and relevance (Sec. 4, Rule 128).

C.

Competence:
1.
2.

Section 3, Rule 128.


Exclusionary Rules Under the 1987 Constitution, e.g.,
(a)
Sections 2 and 3, Art. III
(b)
Section 12, Art. III
(c)
Section 17, Art. III

Section 3, Rule 128


Sec. 3.Admissibility of evidence.
Evidence is admissible when it is relevant to the issue and is not
excluded by the law of these rules. (3a)
Exclusionary Rules Under the 1987 Constitution
SECTION 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no
search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally
by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may
produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
SECTION 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful
order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any
purpose in any proceeding.
SECTION 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to
be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his
own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These
rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be
used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention
are prohibited.
(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in
evidence against him.
(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as compensation
to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families.
SECTION 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
3.

Statutory Rules of Exclusion, e.g.,

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(a)
(b)
(c)

Section 201, Tax Reform Act of 1997


R.A. 1405, Law on Secrecy of Bank Deposits
R.A. 4200, otherwise known as the Wiretapping Act

Tax Reform Act of 1997


Section 201. Effect of Failure to Stamp Taxable Document. . An instrument, document or paper which is
required by law to be stamped and which has been signed, issued, accepted or transferred without being
duly stamped, shall not be recorded, nor shall it or any copy thereof or any record of transfer of the same
be admitted or used in evidence in any court until the requisite stamp or stamps are affixed thereto and
cancelled.
R.A. 1405, Law on Secrecy of Bank Deposits
AN ACT PROHIBITING DISCLOSURE OF OR INQUIRY INTO, DEPOSITS WITH ANY BANKING
INSTITUTION AND PROVIDING PENALTY THEREFOR.
Section 1. It is hereby declared to be the policy of the Government to give encouragement to the people to
deposit their money in banking institutions and to discourage private hoarding so that the same may be
properly utilized by banks in authorized loans to assist in the economic development of the country.
Section 2. 1 All deposits of whatever nature with banks or banking institutions in the Philippines
including investments in bonds issued by the Government of the Philippines, its political subdivisions
and its instrumentalities, are hereby considered as of an absolutely confidential nature and may not be
examined, inquired or looked into by any person, government official, bureau or office, except upon
written permission of the depositor, or in cases of impeachment, or upon order of a competent court in
cases of bribery or dereliction of duty of public officials, or in cases where the money deposited or invested
is the subject matter of the litigation.
Section 3. It shall be unlawful for any official or employee of a banking institution to disclose to any
person other than those mentioned in Section two hereof any information concerning said deposits.
Section 4. All Acts or parts of Acts, Special Charters, Executive Orders, Rules and Regulations which are
inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed.
Section 5. Any violation of this law will subject offender upon conviction, to an imprisonment of not more
than five years or a fine of not more than twenty thousand pesos or both, in the discretion of the court.
Section 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
This Section and Section 3 were both amended by PD No. 1792 issued January 16, 1981, PD 1792 was
expressly repealed by Sec 135 of R.A. No. 7653, approved June 14, 1993. The original sections 2 and 3 of
R.A. No.1405 are hereby reproduced for reference, as follows[ "Sec 2 All deposits of whatever nature with
banks or banking institutions in the Philippines including investments in bonds issued by the
Government of the Philippines, its political subdivisions and its instrumentalities, are hereby considered
as of an absolutely confidential nature and may not be examined, inquired or looked into by any person,
government official, bureau or office, except upon written per.mission of the depositor, or in cases of
impeachment, or upon order of a competent court in cases of bribery or dereliction of duty of public
officials. or in cases where the money deposited or invested is the subject matter of the litigation," "Sec. 3.
It shall be unlawful for any official or employee of a banking institution to disclose to any person other
than those mentioned in Section two hereof any information concerning said deposits."
1

R.A. 4200, otherwise known as the Wiretapping Act


AN ACT TO PROHIBIT AND PENALIZE WIRE TAPPING AND OTHER RELATED VIOLATIONS OF THE
PRIVACY OF COMMUNICATION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
Section 1. It shall be unlawful for any person, not being authorized by all the parties to any private
communication or spoken word, to tap any wire or cable, or by using any other device or
arrangement, to secretly overhear, intercept, or record such communication or spoken word by
using a device commonly known as a dictaphone or dictagraph or dictaphone or walkie2talkie or
tape recorder, or however otherwise described:

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It shall also be unlawful for any person, be he a participant or not in the act or acts
penalized in the next preceding sentence, to knowingly possess any tape record, wire record, disc
record, or any other such record, or copies thereof, of any communication or spoken word secured
either before or after the effective date of this Act in the manner prohibited by this lawc or to
replay the same for any other person or personsc or to communicate the contents thereof, either
verbally or in writing, or to furnish transcriptions thereof, whether complete or partial, to any
other person: Provided, That the use of such record or any copies thereof as evidence in any civil,
criminal investigation or trial of offenses mentioned in section 3 hereof, shall not be covered by
this prohibition.
Section 2. Any person who willfully or knowingly does or who shall aid, permit, or cause to be done
any of the acts declared to be unlawful in the preceding section or who violates the provisions of
the following section or of any order issued thereunder, or aids, permits, or causes such violation
shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by imprisonment for not less than six months or more
than six years and with the accessory penalty of perpetual absolute disqualification from public
office if the offender be a public official at the time of the commission of the offense, and, if the
offender is an alien he shall be subject to deportation proceedings.
Section 3. Nothing contained in this Act, however, shall render it unlawful or punishable for any
peace officer, who is authorized by a written order of the Court, to execute any of the acts declared
to be unlawful in the two preceding sections in cases involving the crimes of treason, espionage,
provoking war and disloyalty in case of war, piracy, mutiny in the high seas, rebellion, conspiracy
and proposal to commit rebellion, inciting to rebellion, sedition, conspiracy to commit sedition,
inciting to sedition, kidnapping as defined by the Revised Penal Code, and violations of
Commonwealth Act No. 616, punishing espionage and other offenses against national
security:Provided, That such written order shall only be issued or granted upon written application
and the examination under oath or affirmation of the applicant and the witnesses he may produce
and a showing: (1) that there are reasonable grounds to believe that any of the crimes enumerated
hereinabove has been committed or is being committed or is about to be committed: Provided,
however, That in cases involving the offenses of rebellion, conspiracy and proposal to commit
rebellion, inciting to rebellion, sedition, conspiracy to commit sedition, and inciting to sedition,
such authority shall be granted only upon prior proof that a rebellion or acts of sedition, as the
case may be, have actually been or are being committedc (2) that there are reasonable grounds to
believe that evidence will be obtained essential to the conviction of any person for, or to the
solution of, or to the prevention of, any of such crimesc and (3) that there are no other means
readily available for obtaining such evidence.
The order granted or issued shall specify: (1) the identity of the person or persons whose
communications, conversations, discussions, or spoken words are to be overheard, intercepted, or
recorded and, in the case of telegraphic or telephonic communications, the telegraph line or the
telephone number involved and its locationc (2) the identity of the peace officer authorized to
overhear, intercept, or record the communications, conversations, discussions, or spoken wordsc
(3) the offense or offenses committed or sought to be preventedc and (4) the period of the
authorization. The authorization shall be effective for the period specified in the order which shall
not exceed sixty (60) days from the date of issuance of the order, unless extended or renewed by
the court upon being satisfied that such extension or renewal is in the public interest.
All recordings made under court authorization shall, within forty2eight hours after the
expiration of the period fixed in the order, be deposited with the court in a sealed envelope or
sealed package, and shall be accompanied by an affidavit of the peace officer granted such
authority stating the number of recordings made, the dates and times covered by each recording,
the number of tapes, discs, or records included in the deposit, and certifying that no duplicates or
copies of the whole or any part thereof have been made, or if made, that all such duplicates or
copies are included in the envelope or package deposited with the court. The envelope or package
so deposited shall not be opened, or the recordings replayed, or used in evidence, or their contents
revealed, except upon order of the court, which shall not be granted except upon motion, with due
notice and opportunity to be heard to the person or persons whose conversation or
communications have been recorded.
The court referred to in this section shall be understood to mean the Court of First
Instance within whose territorial jurisdiction the acts for which authority is applied for are to be
executed.

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Section 4. Any communication or spoken word, or the existence, contents, substance, purport,
effect, or meaning of the same or any part thereof, or any information therein contained obtained
or secured by any person in violation of the preceding sections of this Act shall not be admissible
in evidence in any judicial, quasi2judicial, legislative or administrative hearing or investigation.
Section 5. All laws inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed or accordingly
amended.
Section 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval
i)
ii)
iii)

Ganaan v. IAC
Salcedo.Ortaez v.
Court of Appeals
Ramirez v. CA

145 SCRA 112 (1986)


235 SCRA 111 (1994)
248 SCRA 590 (1995)

GAANAN v. IAC
G.R. No. L269809 October 16, 1986
Doctrine: The phrase "device or arrangement" in Section 1 of RA No. 4200, although not exclusive to that
enumerated therein, should be construed to comprehend instruments of the same or similar nature, that is,
instruments the use of which would be tantamount to tapping the main line of a telephone. It refers to
instruments whose installation or presence cannot be presumed by the party or parties being overheard
because, by their very nature, they are not of common usage and their purpose is precisely for tapping,
intercepting or recording a telephone conversation.
FACTS: This petition for certiorari asks for an interpretation of Republic Act (RA) No. 4200, otherwise
known as the Anti.Wiretapping Act, on the issue of whether or not an extension telephone is among the
prohibited devices in Section 1 of the Act, such that its use to overhear a private conversation would
constitute unlawful interception of communications between the two parties using a telephone line.
Complainant Atty. Tito Pintor and his client Manuel Montebon were in the living room of
complainant's residence discussing the terms for the withdrawal of the complaint for direct assault which
they filed against Leonardo Laconico. After they had decided on the proposed conditions, complainant
made a telephone call to Laconico.
That same morning, Laconico telephoned appellant, who is a lawyer, to come to his office and
advise him on the settlement of the direct assault case because his regular lawyer, Atty. Leon Gonzaga,
went on a business trip. According to the request, appellant went to the office of Laconico where he was
briefed about the problem.
When complainant called up, Laconico requested appellant to secretly listen to the telephone
conversation through a telephone extension so as to hear personally the proposed conditions for the
settlement. Appellant heard complainant enumerate the following conditions for withdrawal of the
complaint for direct assault.

Appellant executed on the following day an affidavit stating that he heard complainant demand
P8,000.00 for the withdrawal of the case for direct assault. Laconico attached the affidavit of appellant to
the complainant for robbery/extortion which he filed against complainant. Since appellant listened to the
telephone conversation without complainant's consent, complainant charged appellant and Laconico with
violation of the Anti.Wiretapping Act.

RTC

After trial on the merits, the lower court, found both Gaanan and Laconico guilty of violating
Section 1 of Republic Act No. 4200. The two were each sentenced to one (1) year imprisonment with costs.
Not satisfied with the decision, the petitioner appealed to the appellate court, which affirmed the decision
of the trial court, holding that the communication between the complainant and accused Laconico was
private in nature and, therefore, covered by Rep. Act No. 4200[ that the petitioner overheard such
communication without the knowledge and consent of the complainant[ and that the extension telephone

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which was used by the petitioner to overhear the telephone conversation between complainant and
Laconico is covered in the term "device' as provided in Rep. Act No. 4200.
ISSUE:
1. Whether an extension telephone is a prohibited device?

NO.

RATIO: The petitioner contends that telephones or extension telephones are not included in the
enumeration of "commonly known" listening or recording devices, nor do they belong to the same class of
enumerated electronic devices contemplated by law. He maintains that in 1964, when Senate Bill No. 9
(later Rep. Act No. 4200) was being considered in the Senate, telephones and extension telephones were
already widely used instruments, probably the most popularly known communication device.
Whether or not listening over a telephone party line would be punishable was discussed on the
floor of the Senate. Yet, when the bill was finalized into a statute, no mention was made of telephones in
the enumeration of devices "commonly known as a dictaphone or dictagraph, detectaphone or walkie
talkie or tape recorder or however otherwise described." The omission was not a mere oversight.
Telephone party lines were intentionally deleted from the provisions of the Act.

D
SC

The respondent People argue that an extension telephone is embraced and covered by the term
"device" within the context of the aforementioned law because it is not a part or portion of a complete set
of a telephone apparatus. It is a separate device and distinct set of a movable apparatus consisting of a
wire and a set of telephone receiver not forming part of a main telephone set which can be detached or
removed and can be transferred away from one place to another and to be plugged or attached to a main
telephone line to get the desired communication corning from the other party or end.
The law refers to a "tap" of a wire or cable or the use of a "device or arrangement" for the purpose
of secretly overhearing, intercepting, or recording the communication. There must be either a physical
interruption through a wiretap or the deliberate installation of a device or arrangement in order to
overhear, intercept, or record the spoken words.
An extension telephone cannot be placed in the same category as a dictaphone, dictagraph or the
other devices enumerated in Section 1 of RA No. 4200 as the use thereof cannot be considered as
"tapping" the wire or cable of a telephone line. The telephone extension in this case was not installed for
that purpose. It just happened to be there for ordinary office use. It is a rule in statutory construction
that in order to determine the true intent of the legislature, the particular clauses and phrases of the
statute should not be taken as detached and isolated expressions, but the whole and every part thereof
must be considered in fixing the meaning of any of its parts.
Hence, the phrase "device or arrangement" in Section 1 of RA No. 4200, although not exclusive to
that enumerated therein, should be construed to comprehend instruments of the same or similar nature,
that is, instruments the use of which would be tantamount to tapping the main line of a telephone. It
refers to instruments whose installation or presence cannot be presumed by the party or parties being
overheard because, by their very nature, they are not of common usage and their purpose is precisely for
tapping, intercepting or recording a telephone conversation.
ANALYSIS:
The case is an example where evidence is excluded virtue statutory rule of exclusion, as Section 4 of the
Anti.Wiretapping Act provides. This rule of exclusion will not be affected nor was incorporated in the
proposed rules of evidence, it being sufficient that the rules refer to Statutes as sources of rules of
exclusion.

SALCEDO2ORTANEZ v. COURT OF APPEALS


G.R. No. 110662 August 4, 1994
Doctrine: Tape recordings made absent the consent of both parties to the conversation or communication is
held inadmissible under Section 4 of the AntiRWiretapping Law.

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FACTS: Private respondent Rafael S. Ortanez filed with the Regional Trial Court of Quezon City a
complaint for annulment of marriage with damages against petitioner Teresita Salcedo.Ortanez, on
grounds of lack of marriage license and/or psychological incapacity of the petitioner. Private respondent,
after presenting his evidence, orally formally offered in evidence Exhibits "A" to "M". Among the exhibits
offered by private respondent were three (3) cassette tapes of alleged telephone conversations between
petitioner and unidentified persons.
Petitioner submitted her Objection/Comment to private respondent's oral offer of evidence which
the trial court admitted all of private respondent's offered evidence. The trial court issued the assailed
order admitting all of the evidence offered by private respondent, including tape recordings of telephone
conversations of petitioner with unidentified persons. These tape recordings were made and obtained
when private respondent allowed his friends from the military to wire tap his home telephone.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the tape recordings are admissible as evidence? NO.
RATIO: Tape recordings are not inadmissible per se. They and any other variant thereof can be admitted
in evidence for certain purposes, depending on how they are presented and offered and on how the trial
judge utilizes them in the interest of truth and fairness and the even handed administration of justice.
The Anti.Wiretapping Law expressly makes such tape recordings inadmissible in evidence. The relevant
provisions of Rep. Act No. 4200 are as follows:
private communication or spoken word, to tap any wire or cable, or by using any other
device or arrangement, to secretly overhear, intercept, or record such communication or
spoken word by using a device commonly known as a dictaphone or dictagraph or
detectaphone or walkie.talkie or tape.recorder, or however otherwise described. . .
Sec. 4. Any communication or spoken word, or the existence, contents, substance,
purport, or meaning of the same or any part thereof, or any information therein
contained, obtained or secured by any person in violation of the preceding sections of this
Act shall not be admissible in evidence in any judicial, quasi.judicial, legislative or
Clearly, the lower courts failed to consider the afore.quoted provisions of the law in admitting in
evidence the cassette tapes in question. Absent a clear showing that both parties to the telephone
conversations allowed the recording of the same, the inadmissibility of the subject tapes is mandatory
under Rep. Act No. 4200.
ANALYSIS:
The case is another example where evidence is excluded virtue of the statutory rule of exclusion under
Section 4 of the Anti.Wiretapping Law. This rule of exclusion will not be affected nor was incorporated in
the proposed rules of evidence, it being sufficient that the rules refer to Statutes as sources of rules of
exclusion.

RAMIREZ v. COURT OF APPEALS


G.R. No. 93833 September 28, 1995
Doctrine: Violation of AntiR Wiretapping Law may be committed by a party to a private conversation or
process. Absent such consent, then such recording will be held inadmissible as evidence. Moreover, private
communications as protected by the AntiRWiretapping Law, includes private conversations.

FACTS: A civil case damages was filed by petitioner Socorro D. Ramirez in the Regional Trial Court of
Quezon City alleging that the private respondent, Ester S. Garcia, in a confrontation in the latter's office,
allegedly vexed, insulted and humiliated her in a "hostile and furious mood" and in a manner offensive to

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petitioner's dignity and personality," contrary to morals, good customs and public policy. In support of
her claim, petitioner produced a verbatim transcript of the event. The transcript on which the civil case
was based was culled from a tape recording of the confrontation made by petitioner.

As a result of petitioner's recording of the event and alleging that the said act of secretly taping
the confrontation was illegal, private respondent filed a criminal case before the Regional Trial Court of
Pasay City for violation of the Anti.Wiretapping Law. Petitioner vigorously argues, as her "main and
principal issue" that the applicable provision in the law does not apply to the taping of a private
conversation by one of the parties to the conversation. She contends that the provision merely refers to
the unauthorized taping of a private conversation by a party other than those involved in the
communication, i.e. a third party. In relation to this, petitioner avers that the substance or content of the
conversation must be alleged in the Information, otherwise the facts charged would not constitute a
violation of R.A. 4200. Finally, petitioner argues that R.A. 4200 penalizes the taping of a "private
communication," not a "private conversation" and that consequently, her act of secretly taping her
conversation with private respondent was not illegal under the said act.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the tape recordings are admissible in evidence?
2. Whether there was a violation of RA4200? YES.

NO.

RATIO: Section 1 of R.A. 4200 entitled, "An Act to Prohibit and Penalized Wire Tapping and Other Related
Violations of Private Communication and Other Purposes," provides:
Sec. 1. It shall be unlawfull for any person, not being authorized by all the parties to any
private communication or spoken word, to tap any wire or cable, or by using any other
device or arrangement, to secretly overhear, intercept, or record such communication or
spoken word by using a device commonly known as a dictaphone or dictagraph or
detectaphone or walkie.talkie or tape recorder, or however otherwise described.
The aforestated provision clearly and unequivocally makes it illegal for any person, not authorized
by all the parties to any private communication to secretly record such communication by means of a
tape recorder. The law makes no distinction as to whether the party sought to be penalized by the statute
ought to be a party other than or different from those involved in the private communication. The
statute's intent to penalize all persons unauthorized to make such recording is underscored by the use of
the qualifier "any". Consequently, as respondent Court of Appeals correctly concluded, "even a (person)
privy to a communication who records his private conversation with another without the knowledge of the
latter (will) qualify as a violator" under this provision of R.A. 4200.
In addition, a perusal of the Senate Congressional Records, supports the respondent court's
conclusion that in enacting R.A. 4200 our lawmakers indeed contemplated to make illegal, unauthorized
tape recording of private conversations or communications taken either by the parties themselves or by
third persons.
Finally, petitioner's contention that the phrase "private communication" in Section 1 of R.A. 4200
does not include "private conversations" narrows the ordinary meaning of the word "communication" to a
point of absurdity. The word communicate comes from the latin word communicare, meaning "to share or
to impart." In its ordinary signification, communication connotes the act of sharing or imparting
signification, communication connotes the act of sharing or imparting, as in a conversation, or signifies
the "process by which meanings or thoughts are shared between individuals through a common system of
symbols (as language signs or gestures)" These definitions are broad enough to include verbal or non.
verbal, written or expressive communications of "meanings or thoughts" which are likely to include the
emotionally.charged exchange between petitioner and private respondent, in the privacy of the latter's
office. Any doubts about the legislative body's meaning of the phrase "private communication" are,
furthermore, put to rest by the fact that the terms "conversation" and "communication" were
interchangeably used by Senator Taada in his Explanatory Note to the bill.
ANALYSIS:
The case is another example where evidence is excluded virtue of the statutory rule of exclusion under
Section 4 of the Anti.Wiretapping Law. This rule of exclusion will not be affected nor was incorporated in
the proposed rules of evidence, it being sufficient that the rules refer to Statutes as sources of rules of

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exclusion.

II.

What Need Not Be Proved


A.
Rule 129, Secs. 124c Rule 10, Sec. 8

Rule 129
WHAT NEED NOT BE PROVED
SEC. 1. Judicial notice, when mandatory. A court shall take judicial notice, without the introduction of
evidence, of the existence and territorial extent of states, their political history, forms of government and
symbols of nationality, the law of nations, the admiralty and maritime courts of the world and their seals,
the political constitution and history of the Philippines, the official acts of the legislative, executive and
judicial departments of the Philippines, the laws of nature, the measure of time, and the geographical
divisions.(1a)
SEC. 2. Judicial notice, when discretionary. A court may take judicial notice of matters which are of
public knowledge, or are capable of unquestionable demonstration, or ought to be known to judges
because of their judicial functions.(1a)
SEC. 3. Judicial notice, when hearing necessary. During the trial, the court, on its own initiative, or on
request of a party, may announce its intention to take judicial notice of any matter and allow the parties
to be heard thereon.
After the trial, and before judgment or on appeal, the proper court, on its own initiative or on request of a
party, may take judicial notice of any matter and allow the parties to be heard thereon if such matter is
decisive of a material issue in the case.(n)
SEC. 4. Judicial admissions. An admission, verbal or written, made by a party in the course of the
proceedings in the same case, does not require proof. The admission may be contradicted only by showing
that it was made through palpable mistake or that no such admission was made.(2a)
Rule 10
SEC. 8. Effect of amended pleadings. An amended pleading supersedes the pleading that it amends.
However, admissions in superseded pleadings may be received in evidence against the pleader[ and
claims or defenses alleged therein not incorporated in the amended pleading shall be deemed waived.
B.

Cases:
1.
Judicial Notice
(a)
City of Manila v. Garcia
(b)
Baguio vs. Vda. de Jalagat
(c)
Prieto v. Arroyo
(d)
Yao.Kee v. Sy.Gonzales
(e)
Tabuena v. CA
(f)
People v. Godoy
(g)
BPI.Savings v. CTA

19 SCRA 413
42 SCRA 337
14 SCRA 549
167 SCRA 736
196 SCRA 650
250 SCRA 676
330 SCRA 507

(1967)
(1971)
(1965)
(1988)
(1991)
(1995)
(2000)

CITY OF MANILA v. GARCIA


G.R. No. L226053 February 21, 1967
Doctrine: All courts must take judicial notice of ordinances falling or applicable within the parameters of
their respective jurisdiction.
FACTS: Plaintiff City of Manila owns of parcels of land, forming one compact area, bordering Kansas,
Vermont & Singalong streets in Malate, and covered by Torrens Titles Nos. 49763, 37082 & 37558.
Shortly after liberation from 1945 to 1947, defendants entered upon these premises without
plaintiff's knowledge and consent. They built houses of second.class materials, again without plaintiff's

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knowledge and consent, and without the necessary building permits from the city. There they lived thru
the years to the present.

Epifanio de los Santos Elementary School is close, though not contiguous, to the said property.
Came the need for this school's expansion became pressing. Plaintiff's City Engineer, pursuant to the
Mayor's directive to clear squatters' houses on city property, gave each of defendants thirty (30) days to
vacate and remove his construction or improvement on the premises. This was followed by the City
Treasurer's demand on each defendant was made and demand for the payment of the amount due by
reason of the occupancy and to vacate in fifteen (15) days. Defendants refused. Hence, this suit to recover
possession.
The city's evidence on this point is Exhibit E, the certification of the Chairman, Committee on
Appropriations of the Municipal Board. That document recites that the amount of P100,000.00 had been
set aside in Ordinance 4566, the 1962.1963 Manila City Budget, for the construction of an additional
building of the Epifanio de los Santos Elementary School. It is indeed correct to say that the court below,
at the hearing, ruled out the admissibility of said document. But then, in the decision under review, the
trial judge obviously revised his views. He there declared that there was need for defendants to vacate the
premises for school expansion[ he cited the very document, Exhibit E.

RTC

ISSUE:
1. Whether Exhibit E is admissible as evidence? YES.
2. Whether the City Of Manila is entitled to said land? YES.
RATIO: Exhibit E, as evidence, is admissible as evidence. The trial judge was duty bound to take
judicial notice of Ordinance 4566. The reason being that the city charter of Manila requires all courts
sitting therein to take judicial notice of all ordinances passed by the municipal board of Manila. And,
Ordinance 4566 itself confirms the certification aforesaid that an appropriation of P100,000.00 was set
aside for the "construction of additional building" of the Epifanio de los Santos Elementary School.
Defendants have absolutely no right to remain in the premises. The excuse that they have
permits from the mayor is at best flimsy. The permits to occupy are recoverable on thirty days' notice.
They have been asked to leave[ they refused to heed. It is in this factual background that we say that the
city's need for the premises is unimportant. The city's right to throw defendants out of the area cannot be
gainsaid. The city's dominical right to possession is paramount. If error there was in the finding that the
city needs the land, such error is harmless and will not justify reversal of the judgment below.
ANALYSIS:
The case was properly decided under the current rules of evidence under judicial notice. Judicial notice
deals with matters which need not be proved in court while admitting the same as evidence in court. In
the case at bar, the court had the right to take judicial notice over Exhibit C in lieu of the Ordinance
which expressly ordered that all the courts sitting should take judicial notice of all the ordinances passed.
Under the proposed rules of evidence, the case would have been decided the same way since the changes
made only specified and improved the wording under
official acts of the legislative, executive and judicial departments of the GOVERNMENT OF THE

BAGUIO v. VDA. DE JALAGAT


G.R. No. L228100 November 29, 1971
Doctrine: Courts may take judicial notice of the previous cases decided with finality of a judgment in a case
previously pending and decided by it.
FACTS: The case started with the complaint for the quieting of title to real property filed by plaintiff, now
appellant, Gabriel Baguio. A motion to dismiss filed by defendants, now appellees, on the ground that the
cause of action is barred by a prior judgment. This was the argument advanced: "The instant complaint or
case, besides being clearly unfounded and malicious, is identical to or the same as that Civil Case No.

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1574 filed by the same plaintiff and against Melecio alias Mening Jalagat, now deceased and whose legal
heirs and successors in interest are the very defendants in the instant complaint for 'Recovery of
Possession and Ownership of Real Estate' and entitled Gabriel Baguio, plaintiff, versus Melecio alias
Mening Jalagat, defendant, involving practically the same property and practically the same parties as
defendants are the widow and the children, respectively, thus the legal or forced heirs of the deceased
Melecio Jalagat. That the said case, which is identical to or is the same case as the instant one, has
already been duly and finally terminated as could be clear from [an] order of this Honorable Court. There
was an opposition on the part of plaintiff made on the ground that for prior judgment or res judicata to
suffice as a basis for dismissal it must be apparent on the face of the complaint.
ISSUE:
1. Whether a lower court may take judicial notice of such previous case decided by him resulting in the
judgment relied upon? YES.
RATIO: The law would lend itself to a well.deserved reproach if the Rules of Court would sanction such a
proceeding distinguished by nothing but its futility. It ought to be clear even to appellant that under the
circumstances, the lower court certainly could take judicial notice of the finality of a judgment in a case
that was previously pending and thereafter decided by it. That was all that was done by the lower court in
decreeing the dismissal. Certainly such an order is not contrary to law. A citation from the comments of
former Chief Justice Moran is relevant. Thus: "Courts have also taken judicial notice of previous cases to
determine whether or not the case pending is a moot one, or whether or not a previous ruling is
applicable in the case under consideration."
In addition, appellant undoubtedly had recourse to a remedy which under the law then in force
could be availed of. It would have served the cause of justice better, not to mention the avoidance of
needless expense on his part and the vexation to which appellees were subjected if he did reflect a little
more on the matter. Then the valuable time of this Tribunal would not have been frittered away on a
useless find hopeless appeal. It has, ever been the guiding principle from Alonso v. Villamor, that a litigant
should not be allowed to worship at the altar of technicality. That is not to dispense justice according to
law. Parties, and much more so their counsel, should ever keep such an imperative of our legal system in
mind.
Teehankee Concurring[ The lower court properly took judicial notice of the case resolved by it
wherein admittedly the same lower court dismissed an identical complaint filed over the same property by
the same plantiff against the same defendants (who are the legal or forced heirs of the now deceased
Melecio Jalagat, defendant in the prior case). Such judicial notice taken by the lower court is sanctioned
under Rule 129, section 1. It in effect supplants the evidence on motion that Rule 133, section 7 Rule
133, section 7, which provides that "(W)hen a motion is based on facts not appearing of record the court
may hear the matter on affidavits or depositions presented by the respective parties, but the court may
direct that the matter be heard wholly or partly on oral testimony or depositions." When the ground of the
dismissal motion is, a prior judgment rendered by the same court
a fact known to the court and to the
parties as well, as in the case at bar
the taking of judicial notice of said prior judgment by the same
court constitutes the very evidence needed to dispose of the dismissal motion.
ANALYSIS:
The case was properly decided under the current rules of evidence in that the court appropriately took
judicial notice of the case since it was capable of unquestionable demonstration in dealing with the said
case considering that it dealt with a previous case related to the one in the case at bar. There is no
change in the proposed rules.

PRIETO v. ARROYO
G.R. No. L217885 June 30, 1965
Doctrine: The general rule is that courts are not authorized to take judicial notice in the adjudication of cases
pending before them, of the contents of other cases, even when such cases have been tried or are pending in
the same court, and notwithstanding the fact that both cases may have been tried or are actually pending

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before the same judge.

A
A

FACTS: Zeferino Arroyo, Sr. filed a petition for registration of several parcels of land. After the proper
proceedings covering said lot, the same was issued in his name. In the same year and in the same Court,
Gabriel P. Prieto filed a petition for registration of an adjoining parcel of land, and as a result an Original
Certificate of Title was issued in his name as well. After the death of Zeferino Arroyo, Sr., his OCT was
cancelled and in lieu thereof a TCT was issued in the names of his heirs, the defendants in this case, all
surnamed Arroyo. The heirs filed a case in which they claimed that the technical description set forth in
their transfer certificate of title and in the original certificate of their predecessor did not conform with
that embodied in the decision of the land registration court, and was less in area by some 157 square
meters. They therefore prayed that said description be corrected pursuant to Section 112 of the Land
Registration Act[ that their certificate of title be cancelled and another one issued to them containing the
correct technical description. The court issued an order directing the Register of Deeds to "change, upon
payment of his fees, the description in the TCT so as to make it conform to that embodied in the decision
of the Court and to correct therein the spelling of the name of one of the petitioners from 'Miden Arroyo' to
'Meden Arroyo'.
On the other hand, Prieto filed against the defendants a petition to annul the order wherein at the
hearing of the petition neither he nor his counsel appeared. Consequently, the trial court on the same day
issued an order dismissing the petition for failure to prosecute. Consequently, Prieto filed against the
same defendants the present action for annulment and that he also prayed that the 157 square meters
allegedly taken from his lot by virtue of said order be reconveyed to him. Defendants moved to dismiss the
complaint on the ground of res judicata. Plaintiff opposed, and the court granted the motion. It is from the
order of dismissal, plaintiff having failed to secure its reconsideration, that the appeal has been taken.
Appellant contends that said order could not have the effect of a judgment because the Court did not
acquire jurisdiction over the persons of the respondents therein, defendants.appellees here, as they did
not file any opposition or responsive pleading in that case. Appellees, on the other hand, allege that they
had voluntarily submitted to the court's jurisdiction after they were served copies of the petition.
ISSUE:
1. Whether it was proper to dismiss the complaint on res adjudicata?

YES.

RATIO: In the first place, as a general rule, courts are not authorized to take judicial notice in the
adjudication of cases pending before them, of the contents of other cases, even when such cases have
been tried or are pending in the same court, and notwithstanding the fact that both cases may have been
tried or are actually pending before the same judge. Secondly, if appellant had really wanted the court to
take judicial notice of such records, he should have presented the proper request or manifestation to that
effect instead of sending, by counsel, a telegraphic motion for postponement of hearing, which the court
correctly denied. Finally, the point raised by counsel is now academic, as no appeal was taken from the
order dismissing his first petition, and said order had long become final when the complaint in the
present action was filed. In addition, the contention that the causes of action in the two suits are different
is untenable. Both are based on the alleged nullity of Special Proceedings[ in both appellant seeks that
the order of correction of the title of appellees be set aside. Of no material significance is the fact that in
the complaint in the instant case there is an express prayer for reconveyance of some 157 square meters
of land, taken from appellant as a result of such correction of title. There being identity of parties, subject
matter and cause of action between the two cases, the order of dismissal issued in the first constitutes a
bar to the institution of the second.
ANALYSIS:
The case was properly decided under the current rules of evidence under Section 3 where hearing
necessary for the court to take judicial notice. The current law provides that when the parties would want
the court to take judicial notice of matters relevant to the case then they may announce such intention
and be heard thereon. In the case at bar, there was a failure to request or announce such intention.
Under the proposed rules of evidence, this case would have been decided in the same way since the
changes made were clarifications in the application of the current rules in its wording in that the
announcement or request for the court to take judicial notice should be done during the pre.trial or trial
by the court on its own initiative or by motion by the parties.
YAO2KEE v. SY2

GONZALES

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167 SCRA 736 November 24, 1988


Doctrine: Philippine courts cannot take judicial notice of foreign laws, it must be alleged and proved as any
other fact.

D
A

FACTS: Sy Kiat, a Chinese national, died intestate, leaving real and personal properties in the
Philippines. The deceased had two families: first with his common law wife Asuncion Gillego and
petitioner Yao Kee, a Chinese National. A petition for the grant of letters of administration was filed by
respondents, children of Gillego. In said the petition, they alleged that they are the heirs of the deceased
and they do not recognize the marriage of the deceased to the Yao Kee nor the filiation of the children to
the deceased.
Yao Kee and her children, the petitioners, opposed the grant of the letters of administration. The
petitioners allege that Yao Kee is the lawful wife of the deceased and that they are legitimate children. As
proof of the marriage petitioners presented the testimony of Yao Kee, her younger brother Gan Ching, the
statements made by Gillego herself that the marriage was in accordance with chinese custom, the
certificate of alien registration and lastly a certification issued by the Chinese embassy that Yao Kee and
Sy Kiat were married in China. The Probate Court found that Yao Kee was lawfully married to the
deceased and the children are legitimate. On the other hand, the respondents are illegitimate. The court
appointed Sze Sook Wah, eldest of the petitioners as administrator. The Court of Appeals set aside the
judgment and declared all the children as acknowledged natural children. However, the appellate court
held that Yao Kee cannot be declared the lawful wife since the marriage had not been proven to be valid in
accordance with Chinese law.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the marriage of Yao Kee to the deceased had been conclusively proven?
2. Whether foreign law may be taken as judicial notice? NO.

NO.

RATIO: The evidence presented by the petitioners may very well prove the fact of marriage between Yao
Kee and Sy Kiat. However, the same do not suffice to establish the validity of said marriage in accordance
with Chinese law or custom.
To establish a valid foreign marriage two things must be proven: 1. The existence of foreign law as
a question of fact and 2. The alleged foreign evidence by convincing evidence. Here, the petitioners failed
to discharge the burden of proving the validity of the foreign marriage. Moreover, the courts cannot take
judicial notice of foreign law. Foreign law is a question of fact and must be alleged and proved as any
other fact.Thus, in the absence of foreign law, Philippine law shall govern the resolution of the case. Here,
since Yao Kee herself admitted that there was no solemnizing officer, as understood in the Philippines,
when the marriage was celebrated such marriage cannot be recognized here.
ANALYSIS:
The case was properly decided according to the current and proposed rules of evidence. Changes made
under the proposed rules of evidence did not affect the doctrine of this case.

TABUENA v. COURT OF APPEALS


196 SCRA 650 May 6, 1991
Doctrine: In the adjudication of a case, a court is not authorized to take judicial notice of the contents of the
record of another case except: 1. When in the absence of objection, with the knowledge of the opposing
party, said other case is clearly referred to in a pending action and adopted and read into the record of the
latter, 2. When the original record of the other case is actually withdrawn and admitted as part of the record
of the pending case.
FACTS: In 1926, Juan Peralta sold
mother, Damasa Timtiman to stay on the land, which she did until she died. Following the death of
Timtiman, her son and half brother of Peralta petitioner Tabuena took possession of the lot claiming to be

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the absolute owner through inheritance. Tabuena refused to surrender the property to Tabernilla.
Respondent Emiliano Tabernilla, heir of Alfredo filed a complaint to recover the property. The trial
court ordered Tabuena to vacate the lot.The Court of appeals affirmed and upheld the use of the trial
court of testimony of Tabuena given in an earlier case to bolster its findings.
ISSUE:
1. Whether it was proper for the court to take judicial notice of testimony in a previous case with the
same court? NO.
RATIO: As a general rule, courts are not authorized to take judicial notice of the contents of the records
of other cases, even when such cases have been tried or are pending in the same court, and whether
pending before the same judge. Nevertheless, the court may take judicial notice of records of other cases
only when, in the absence of objection, with the knowledge of the opposing party or at the request or with
the consent of both parties, the case is clearly referred to or the original of the records are withdrawn
from the archives and admitted as part of the records of the pending case.
Here, the court erred since Tabuena was unaware that his testimony in a previous case was being
considered in the present case. The justification of the appellate court in admitting the records is that
such was merely corroborative. However, the evidence which the record is sought to be corroborative is in
itself inadmissible because they were not formally offered into evidence: a letter stating payment of 600
pesos, a Spanish document and a deed of conveyance executed by Tabernilla and Timtiman.
Thus, the Supreme Court here reversed and dismissed the case for recovery of property for failure
of plaintiff.respondents to substantiate their allegations.
ANALYSIS:
The case was properly decided under the current and proposed rules of evidence. The changes in the
proposed rules did not affect the doctrine of this case.

PEOPLE v. GODOY
250 SCRA 676 December 6, 1995
Doctrine: The Court takes judicial cognizance of the fact that in rural areas in the Philippines, young ladies
are strictly required to act with circumspection and prudence. Great caution is observed so that their
reputations shall remain untainted. Any breath of scandal which brings dishonor to their character
humiliates their entire families.
FACTS: This is an automatic review of the decision of the RTC in view of the death sentence imposed
upon Danny Godoy, who was charged in two separate informations with rape and another for kidnapping
with serious illegal detention.
Complainant Mia Taha alleged that Godoy, her Physics Teacher and a married man raped her

pointed a knife at her. As Godoy removed her panties and brought out his penis to rape her, a knife was
pointed at her neck. As such, she was not able to resist. The next day, Godoy came by their house and
asked the permission of her parents if she can join him in soliciting funds, since Mia was a candidate for
brought to the Sunset Garden Motel where she was repeatedly raped again. After three days, they
on where she was kept in a lodging house and was again raped.
During this time, a police blotter had already been placed for the missing Mia. She was later
released by Godoy after a certain Naem interceded and only after her parents agreed to settle the case. It
.legal which found lacerations in her
vagina
she just had sexual intercourse. She and her mother Helen went to the police and
executed sworn statements stating that the accused Godoy had raped and abducted Mia.

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Godoy denied that he raped Mia Taha. He admitted having had sex with her and that they indeed
had consented to their having sex. To support his claim that they were lovers, he presented two letters
supposedly delivered to
explained that it was her parents who forced her to testify against him.
The delivery of the letter was denied by Lorna but the defense presented the provincial jail guard
on duty on the supposed date of the delivery and testified that indeed Lorna had visited Godoy on said
date. Several witnesses were also presented including two former teachers of Mia who knew the
handwriting on the two said letters as belonging to Mia having been their former student and where thus
familiar with her handwriting particularly those made in her test papers. Other witnesses were presented
by the defense attesting that they saw the two together in a manner that was affectionate and cordial,
pri
ISSUE:
1. Whether the guilt of the accused was proven beyond reasonable doubt?

NO.

RATIO: There are three guiding principles that guide an appellate court in the reviewing evidence
presented in a prosecution for rape, namely: a) while rape is a most detestable crime, it must be borne in
mind that it is an accusation easy to be made, hard to be proved, but harder to be defended by the party
accused, though innocent[ b) the testimony of the complainant must be scrutinized with extreme caution[
and c) that the evidence for the prosecution must stand or fall on its own merits and cannot be allowed to
draw strength from the weakness of the evidence for the defense.
Here, the prosecution had failed to prove beyond reasonable doubt the accused had sexual
intercourse with the complainant against her will.

The defense of the accused is the sweetheart theory. Together with the letters sent by the
complainant to the accused and the several inconsistencies in the testimony of the complainant are
strong indications of the innocence of the accused. The letters written by complainant to the accused are
very revealing to the extent that it can be safely presumed that the rape charge was merely an offshoot of
the discovery by her parents of the intimate relationship between her and accused. In order to avoid
retribution from her parents, together with the moral pressure exerted upon her by her mother, she was
forced to concoct her account of the alleged rape.
The Court takes judicial cognizance of the fact that in rural areas in the Philippines, young ladies
are strictly required to act with circumspection and prudence. Great caution is observed so that their
reputations shall remain untainted. Any breath of scandal which brings dishonor to their character
humiliates their entire families. It could precisely be that complainant's mother wanted to save face in the
community where everybody knows everybody else, and in an effort to conceal her daughter's indiscretion
and escape the wagging tongues of their small rural community, she had to weave the scenario of this
rape drama.
ANALYSIS:
The case was properly decided under the current rules of evidence. The doctrine in this case will not be
affected by changes in the proposed rules.

BPI2FAMILY SAVINGS BANK v. COURT OF APPEALS


330 SCRA 507 April 12, 2000
Doctrine: Courts are not authorized to take judicial notice of the contents of the records of other cases, even
when such cases have been tried or are pending in the same court, and notwithstanding the fact that both
cases may have been heard or are actually pending before the same judge. Nevertheless, Section 2 of Rule
129 states that judicial notice should be taken of matters which are ought to be known by judges by reason
of their judicial functions.

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FACTS: This case involves a claim for tax refund in the amount of P112,491. In the 1989 Income Tax
Return of petitioner it appeared that it had a total refundable amount of P297,492. Petitioner declared in
the same tax refund that the total refundable amount was to be applied as tax credit to the succeeding
taxable year of 1990. However, petitioner filed a claim for tax refund because P112,491 of the total
refundable amount was not applied as tax credit because the company had incurred losses in 1990. The
Court of Tax Appeals dismissed the petition on the ground that petitioner failed to present as evidence its
Corporate Annual Income Tax Return for 1990 to establish the fact that it had yet to credit the amount to
its 1990 tax liability. The Court of Appeals affirmed the CTA.
ISSUE:
1. Whether petitioner is entitled to the refund of P112,491, representing excess creditable withholding tax
paid for the taxable year 1989? YES.
RATIO: The Supreme Court found that the petitioner presented sufficient evidence to prove its claim of
certification of its vice.president[ quarterly returns for the first two quarters of 1990. More importantly, a
before the CTA. The said return clearly showed that petitioner incurred losses in 1990.
With regard to judicial notice, petitioner also called the attention of the Court to a decision
rendered by the Tax Court whereby it found that the same petitioner incurred losses in 1990. The
respondents CTA,CA and Commissioner of Internal Revenue however contend that the Supreme Court
should not take judicial notice of the said decision.
records of other cases, even when such cases have been tried or are pending in the same court, and
notwithstanding the fact that both cases may have been heard or are actually pending before the same
judicial notice of matters ought to be known to judges because of their judicial functions. In this case, a
copy of the CTA decision was attached to the Petition for Review filed before the SC. The SC stated
information showing that petitioner did not use its 1989 refund to pay its taxes for 1990.
ANALYSIS:
This case was decided under the current Rules and even if decided under the proposed Rules,
there would be no change to the result thereof considering that there were no amendments made to
Section 2 of Rule 129 on discretionary judicial notice.

2.

Judicial Admissions
(a)
Lucido v. Calupitan
(b)
Torres v. CA

27 Phil. 48
131 SCRA 24

(1984)

(1914)

LUCIDO v. CALUPITAN
27 SCRA 149 March 17, 1914
Doctrine: Pleadings are to be treated as statements of real issues in the cause and hence as admissions of
the parties, having weight according to the circumstances of each case. On the same principle, where
amended pleadings have been filed, allegations in the original pleadings are held admissible, but in such
case the original pleadings can have no effect unless formally offered in evidence.
FACTS: In this case Rosales and Zolaivar were execution purchasers of the properties of Lucido. A public
document was executed and signed by all the parties including the defendant Calupitan, wherein it was
stated that Rosales and Zolaivar, with the consent of Lucido, sold all their rights and obligations

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pertaining to the property in question to Calupitan. On the same day, Lucido and Calupitan executed a
document whereby the latter agreed to furnish a loan in favor of the former. This was done in order for
Lucido to redeem the property from the execution purchasers. The agreement likewise stated that
Calupitan would take possession of the major portion of the land as his security and that Lucido would
be given three years to redeem the property. Thereafter, Lucido filed for the recovery of the properties from
Calupitan. The lower court held that the properties should be returned to Lucido.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the agreement between Lucido and Calupitan was a sale with right to redeem?

YES.

RATIO: The Supreme Court found that the agreement between Lucido and Calupitan was one of sale with
right to redeem. To bolster this finding, the Supreme Court mentioned the fact that Calupitan himself
considered this transaction as a sale with right to redeem as found in his original answer to the
complaint. This original answer was introduced in evidence by the plaintiff Lucido over the objection of
Calupitan. Its admission was proper, especially in view of the fact that it was signed by Calupitan himself,
who was at the time acting as his own attorney.
According to Jones on Evidence, as cited by the Supreme Court, pleadings are to be treated as
statements of real issues in the cause and hence as admissions of the parties, having weight according to
the circumstances of each case. On the same principle, where amended pleadings have been filed,
allegations in the original pleadings are held admissible, but in such case the original pleadings can have
no effect unless formally offered in evidence, as was done in this case.
ANALYSIS:
The decision would be the same under the current as well as the proposed Rules of Evidence. Both
provide t
no such admission was made.

TORRES v. COURT OF APPEALS


G.R. No. L237420 July 31, 1984
Doctrine: If a complaint is amended, the original complaint loses its character as a judicial admission, which
would have required no proof, and becomes merely an extrajudicial admission, the admissibility of which,
as evidence, requires its formal offer.
FACTS: Margarita Torres was married to Claro Santillan. They had two children, Vicente and Antonina.
Claro died and Margarita became a widow. Antonina had six children while Vicente had none. The
children of Antonina and Vicente are the respondents in this case because Antonina died before the case

they had a child named Macaria Torres, who is the petitioner in this case. Years after, Margarita married
Leon. This case is centered on the ownership of Lot No. 551 in Tanza, Cavite. It was originally leased by
the government to Margarita Torres, who was its actual occupant. Subsequently, the government sold it
to Margarita. Margarita then died. Afterwards, Leon Arbole paid several installments of the purchase
price. Before he died, he sold all his rights and interest in one.half (1/2) portion of the lot to Macaria
Torres. Vicente Santillan then executed an Affidavit claiming possession of the lot and a transfer
certificate of title was then issued in the name of the legal heirs of Margarita Torres. Vicente and the
children of Antonina then filed a complaint for Forcible Entry against Macaria with the Justice of the
Peace. The said court decided against Macaria, so she appealed to the Court of First Instance. Macaria
then instituted an action for partition of the lot. The Court of First Instance jointly tried the ejectment and
partition cases and gave Macaria one.third (1/3) potion of the lot and the respondents two.thirds (2/3).
Macaria asked for a reconsideration which was granted based on a finding that Macaria was a legitimated
child of Arbole and Margarita Torres. Her share in the property was increased to two.thirds of the lot.
The private respondents appealed to the Court of Appeals which found that Macaria was not a legitimated
child and reduced her share to half of the lot. Macaria is now claiming she and Vicente and Antonina are

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brothers and sisters and they are the legal heirs and nearest of relatives of Maragarita based on a
plaintiffs are the legal heirs and nearest of kin of Margarita Torres, who died at Tanza, Cavite, on
ISSUE:
1. Whether the statement in the original complaint, after being deleted in the amended complaint, may
still be treated as a judicial admission? NO.
RATIO: When a complaint is amended, the Amended Complaint takes the place of the original. The latter
is regarded as abandoned and ceases to perform any further function as a pleading. The original
complaint no longer forms part of the record. If a party wishes to utilize the original complaint, the said
party should offer it in evidence. Having been amended, the original complaint lost its character as a
judicial admission, which would have required no proof, and became merely an extrajudicial admission,
the admissibility of which, as evidence, required its formal offer. Contrary to Torres' submission, therefore
there can be no estoppel by extrajudicial admission made in the original complaint, for failure to offer it in
evidence.
Teehankee Dissent:
because respondents subsequently deleted the same in their amended complaint. The original complaint,
although replaced by an amended complaint, does not cease to be a part of the judicial record, not having
been expunged therefrom.
ANALYSIS:
According to Rule 10, Section 8 of the Rules of Court, an amended pleading supersedes the pleading that
it amends. It also says that admissions in superseded pleadings may be received in evidence against the
pleader. Rule 129, Section 4 on the other hand, says that a written admission made by a party in the
course of proceedings in the same case does not require proof. Taking these two provisions together, it
stand that the admission continued to be a judicial admission despite being
absent in the amended complaint is the proper interpretation of the evidentiary rule.
The Proposed Rules of Evidence with respect to judicial admissions expanded the coverage of judicial
admissions by using the word oral, instead of verbal to denote what is included. It also expanded the
foundations for contradicting an admission by including the ground that the imputed admission was not
intended. Thus, with respect to the application of this case, both the current and proposed rules of
was decided in 1984, under a different set of evidentiary rules.

III.

Real and Demonstrative Evidence


A.

Rule 130c Sec. 1c Sec. 2


RULES OF ADMISSIBILITY

A. OBJECT (REAL) EVIDENCE


SEC. 1. Object as evidence. Objects as evidence are those addressed to the senses of the court. When an
object is relevant to the fact in issue, it may be exhibited to, examined or viewed by the court.(1a)
B. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
SEC. 2. Documentary evidence. Documents as evidence consist of writings or any material containing
letters, words, numbers, figures, symbols or other modes of written expressions offered as proof of their
contents.(n)
B.

Cases:
1.
Sison v. People

250 SCRA 58

(1995)

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2.
3.

Adamczuk v. Holloway
State v. Tatum

13 A.2d 2
360 P.2d 754

(1940)
(1961)

SISON v. PEOPLE
G.R. Nos. 1082802283 November 16, 1995
Doctrine: Photographs, to be admissible as evidence, can be identified either by the photographer or by any
other competent witness who can testify to its exactness and accuracy. Moreover, as in this case, the use,
by the party against whom the evidence is sought to be admitted, is an admission of the exactness and
accuracy of the photograph.
FACTS: Several informations were filed in court against eleven persons, including Sison, identified as
Marcos loyalists charging them with the murder of Stephen Salcedo, a supporter of Cory Aquino.
After being denied a permit to hold a rally, Marcos loyalists held an impromptu one in Luneta.
When the police was dispersing them because they did not have a permit, Atty. Oliver Lozano, one of the
petitioners in this case, instructed the Marcos loyalists to beat up all supporters of Cory Aquino who had
infiltrated their rally. They were eventually dispersed by the police.
Later that day, movie starlet and Marcos loyalist Annie Ferrer, upon learning of the dispersal,
also egged the crowd to beat up all Cory supporters. When Ferrer was being arrested, a commotion
ensued.
Renato Banculo, a cigarette vendor, saw the loyalists attacking persons in yellow, the color of the
"Coryistas." Renato took off his yellow shirt. He then saw a man wearing a yellow t.shirt being chased by
a group of persons shouting "Iyan, habulin iyan. Cory iyan!" The man in the yellow t.shirt was Salcedo
and his pursuers appeared to be Marcos loyalists. They caught Salcedo and boxed and kicked and
mauled him. Salcedo tried to extricate himself from the group but they again pounced on him and
pummelled him with fist blows and kicks hitting him on various parts of his body. Salcedo begged for his
life by the Marcos loyalists kept on their attack. He was declared dead upon arrival at the Philippine
general Hospital.
The mauling of Salcedo was witnessed by bystanders and several press people, both local and
foreign. The press took pictures and a video of the event which became front.page news the following day,
capturing national and international attention. For their defense, the principal accused denied their
participation in the mauling of the victim and offered their respective alibis.
The Regional Trial Court found Sison and four others guilty as principals for
Ferrer was convicted as an accomplice. On appeal, Ferrer was acquitted but the penalties of those
convicted were increased.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the photographs are admissible as documentary evidence?

YES.

RATIO: The rule in this jurisdiction is that photographs, when presented in evidence, must be identified
by the photographer as to its production and testified as to the circumstances under which they were
produced. The value of this kind of evidence lies in its being a correct representation or reproduction of
the original, and its admissibility is determined by its accuracy in portraying the scene at the time of the
crime. The photographer, however, is not the only witness who can identify the pictures he has taken.
The correctness of the photograph as a faithful representation of the object portrayed can be proved prima
facie, either by the testimony of the person who made it or by other competent witnesses, after which the
court can admit it subject to impeachment as to its accuracy. Photographs, therefore, can be identified
by the photographer or by any other competent witness who can testify to its exactness and accuracy.
This court notes that when the prosecution offered the photographs as part of its evidence,
appellants, through counsel Atty. Alfredo Lazaro, Jr. objected to their admissibility for lack of proper
identification. However, when the accused presented their evidence, Atty. Winlove Dumayas, counsel for
accused Joselito Tamayo and Gerry Neri used them to prove that his clients were not in any of the

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pictures and therefore could not have participated in the mauling of the victim. The photographs were
adopted by appellant Joselito Tamayo and accused Gerry Neri as part of the defense exhibits. And at this
hearing, Atty. Dumayas represented all the other accused per understanding with their respective
counsels, including Atty. Lazaro, who were absent. At subsequent hearings, the prosecution used the
photographs to cross.examine all the accused who took the witness stand. No objection was made by
counsel for any of the accused, not until Atty. Lazaro appeared at the third hearing and interposed a
continuing objection to their admissibility.
The objection of Atty. Lazaro to the admissibility of the photographs is anchored on the fact that
the person who took the same was not presented to identify them. We rule that the use of these
photographs by some of the accused to show their alleged non.participation in the crime is an admission
of the exactness and accuracy thereof. That the photographs are faithful representations of the mauling
incident was affirmed when appellants Richard de los Santos, Nilo Pacadar and Joel Tan identified
themselves therein and gave reasons for their presence thereat.
ANALYSIS:
This case shows the proper application of the current rules of evidence. The ruling will still remain the
same and the case is actually jurisprudence for the proposed rules of evidence. Under Rule 130, Section 2
of the current Rules of Evidence documentary evidence includes any material containing figures or
symbols offered as proof of their contents. Pictures are materials containing proof of their contents.
According to the Rules of Electronic Evidence, photographs which constitute electronic evidence may be
authenticated by the person who took them or by other persons competent to testify on their accuracy. In
this case, the people subject of the photographs are definitely competent to testify on their accuracy.
Thus, interpreting the current rules with the Rules of Electronic Evidence, the pictures in this case were
properly authenticated and are thus admissible in evidence.
The proposed rules would only serve to highlight the correctness of this case. Among those explicitly
mentioned as documentary evidence in the proposed rules are photographs. Photographs in that
provision include among others still pictures and stored images.

ADAMCZUK v. HOLLOWAY
13 A.2d 2 May 6, 1940
ny, in other words,
it must be verified. If a witness is familiar with the scene photographed, and is competent to testify that the
photograph correctly represents it, it should, if relevant, be admitted.
FACTS: Jack Adamczuk brought an action in trespass against defendants Elmer Holloway and Morris
Cohon for personal injuries and property damage arising out of a collision between his car and a car
owned by Cohon, and driven by Holloway.
The accident took place at about 9:30 P.M. on January 31, 1938, in Warren
where Highway Route 6, leading from Portland, Pennsylvania, to New York City, in
practically west to east, is crossed by the Bridgeville Road, leading from Blairstown
Jersey, in a direction which is generally north and south. Adamczuk was driving
Bridgeville Road and Holloway was driving eastwardly on Route 6.

County, New Jersey,


a direction which is
to Phillipsburg, New
southwardly on the

The lower court decided against Adamczuk. His motion for new trial was refused and these
appeals followed. T

ons represented by that


picture truly represent the conditions of the crossing at the time of this accident except for the fact of
.examination it was disclosed that the
witness did not know who took the picture or when it was taken. He stated that when the picture was
taken the location of the camera was on Route 6 but he did not know at what distance from the
intersection. He had no experience in photography. He said he did not know whether the photographer

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tilted the camera up or down when the picture was taken, and he did not know whether the photographer
It was offered in evidence again when Herbert C. Dillard, Civil Engineer and County Surveyor,
was on the stand. At the close of plaintiff's case the picture was again offered in evidence and was
three, which is not clear to the court. There is no proof of who took it, or any identity as to the picture,
other than the physical view thereon[ it isn't shown where the camera was standing, under what
conditions it was taken, and whether it was taken with a view to distorting it or n
taker of this photograph and thus establish it in the legal way with the right of cross.examination to
defendants' counsel of the p
person could see to the west, if he held his head at a 45 degree angle, only a distance of about 200 feet.
The engineer testified that a person at the intersection had a clear, unobstructed view to the west of 793
feet. Adamczuk, in explaining why he did not see the car coming from the west, said that he had his head
turned at a 45 degree angle. The defendants contend that this excuse is of no avail to him and that had
he held his head in a normal position he would have had an unobstructed view to the west of nearly 800
feet.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the photograph should be admitted as evidence?

NO.

RATIO: The rule is well settled that a photograph may be put in evidence if relevant to the issue and if
verified. It does not have to be verified by the taker. Its verification depends on the competency of the
verifying witness and as to that the trial judge must in the first instance decide, subject to reversal for
substantial error.
The map or photograph must first to be admissible, be made a part of some qualified person's
testimony. Someone must stand forth as its testimonial sponsor[ in other words, it must be verified. There
is nothing anomalous or exceptional in this requirement of verification[ it is simply the exaction of those
testimonial qualities which are required equally of all witnesses[ the application merely takes a different
e photographed and is competent to testify that
the photograph correctly represents it, it should, if relevant, be admitted.
There is also a rule giving the trial judge discretion to reject a picture on the ground that the
evidence is cumulative or that the photograph is unnecessary. In Marcinkiewicz v. Kutawich, the court
a fair representation of the objects which it purports to portray, is a question committed to the discretion
While the court might well have admitted the challenged photograph in evidence and have warned
the jury of a photograph's deceptive possibilities, we do not find that its exclusion under the facts of this
other photographs showing the intersection and the roads for some distance on which the plaintiffs and
the defendant Holloway were driving, and, in addition to that, had the lengthy testimony of County
the intersection, as to the objects that would obstruct the vision of persons approaching the intersection,
and he described the curvature on Route 6 near the intersection. The jury had all the testimony they
needed as to the cross.roads and as to the road's curvature.
ANALYSIS:
If this case were decided in the Philippines, either under the present or the proposed rules of evidence,
the results would be the same. Rule 130, Section 2 of the current rules, provide that materials containing
figures or symbols also constitute documentary evidence. Also, the Rules on Electronic Evidence say that
photographs that are electronic evidence may be authenticated by persons other than the one who took
them, provided they are competent to testify on their accuracy.
hotographer

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was not presented, nor any person who could testify on the accuracy and exactness of the photograph.
Thus, the photograph was correctly excluded.
The proposed rules explicitly enumerate photographs as documentary evidence. Still pictures are said
there to be included in the term photographs. Still though, the process of authentication remains the
same. Thus, the photograph in this case will still be excluded.

STATE OF WASHINGTON v. TATUM


360 P.2d 754 April 6, 1961
Doctrine: For a photograph to be admissible in evidence, the authentication required by courts is that some
witness (not necessarily the photographer) be able to give some indication as to when, where, and under
what circumstances the photograph was taken, and that the photograph accurately portray the subject or
subjects illustrated.
FACTS: William Tousin, of Pasco, received monthly welfare checks from the state of Washington. In
February, 1960, Tousin did not receive his check (the checks were generally mailed to a rooming house in
Pasco where Tousin resided.) The mail was normally left on a window ledge in the hallway of the rooming
house. Ralph Tatum resided at the same place. Tousin's February check for $28.90 was endorsed and
cashed at Sherman's Food Store in Pasco by someone other than the payee, Tousin.
An employee of the store, Caroline Pentecost, testified that although she could not specifically
recall the above.mentioned transaction, the initials appearing on the face of the check were hers. She also
testified that whenever a check was presented to her for payment at the store, the store manager had
instructed her to initial it and then insert it into a "Regiscope" machine. This machine is designed to
simultaneously photograph, through two separate lenses, both the check and the person facing the
machine.
When it was discovered that the endorsement of the payee was a forgery, the Regiscope film of the
transaction was sent to the Regiscope distributor in Portland to be developed. The processed film shows
both the check and the person of appellant (from his waist up) with the food store in the background.
objection. He was then convicted of the crime of first.degree forgery and was sentenced to life
imprisonment as a habitual criminal.
ISSUES:
1. Whether the Regiscope films should be admitted as evidence? YES.
2. Whether Phillip Dale, the Regiscope distributor, qualified as an expert witness with respect to the
filming process despite the fact that he was not a photographer by profession? YES.
RATIO: For a photograph to be admissible in evidence, the authentication required by courts is that some
witness (not necessarily the photographer) be able to give some indication as to when, where, and under
what circumstances the photograph was taken, and that the photograph accurately portray the subject or
subjects illustrated. The photograph need only be sufficiently accurate to be helpful to the court and the
jury.
Witness Pentecost testified that she recognized the background shown in the picture as that of
the food store, and, as mentioned previously, she also testified as to the store's standard procedure of
"regiscoping" each individual who cashed a check at the store. Phillip Dale testified at length concerning
the Regiscope process. The testimony of these two witnesses taken together amounted to a sufficient
authentication to warrant the admission of the photograph (both the print and the negative) into evidence.
The authentication supplied by the testimony summarized above, of course, did not preclude
Tatum from attempting to prove that the individual portrayed was someone other than appellant, that the
photograph was inaccurate in one or more respects, that appellant was somewhere else at the moment
the photograph was taken, or any other such defense. But these arguments go to the weight rather than
to the admissibility of the exhibits in question. In our opinion, the Regiscope exhibits, coupled with the

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other evidence produced by the state, sufficed to establish a prima facie case of first.degree forgery. The
fact that Dale was not a professional photographer and may have not understood all of the technical
details of the process, did not, from an evidentiary standpoint, disqualify him from expressing an opinion
in his testimony as to the possibility of altering a given Regiscope print. In view of witness Dale's
testimony that he personally had developed "four to five hundred thousand" individual Regiscope films,
we hardly think that the trial court abused its discretion in this regard.
ANALYSIS:
This case, if it had been a Philippine one, would be a good example of how the law on the admissibility of
photographs under both the current rules of evidence and the proposed rules of evidence should be
interpreted. Under the current rules, Section 2of Rule 130 states that materials containing figures or
symbols are documentary evidence that may be offered as proof of their contents. Photographs, according
to the Rules of Electronic Evidence may be authenticated not only by the person who took them but also
by any other person competent to testify on its accuracy. Pentecost was definitely competent to testify on
tograph was taken. The photograph was
competent to testify and the picture was correctly admitted.
Under the proposed rules, photographs, of which still pictures are included, are part of admissible
documentary evidence. Since the manner authenticating photographs would be the same, if the proposed
rules were applied to this case, the result would be the same.

IV.

Best Evidence Rule

A.
Rule 130, Secs. 228c Rule 132, Secs. 25 and 27c Electronic Commerce Act (R.A. 8792),
Secs. 5, 6215c Rules on Electronic Evidence ("REE"),Rule 2, Sec.1c Rule 3c Rule 4.
RULE 130
B. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
SEC. 2. Documentary evidence. Documents as evidence consist of writings or any material containing
letters, words, numbers, figures, symbols or other modes of written expressions offered as proof of their
contents.(n)
1. BEST EVIDENCE RULE
SEC. 3. Original document must be produced^ exceptions. When the subject of inquiry is the contents of a
document, no evidence shall be admissible other than the original document itself, except in the following
cases:
(a) When the original has been lost or destroyed, or cannot be produced in court, without bad faith on
the part of the offeror[
(b) When the original is in the custody or under the control of the party against whom the evidence is
offered, and the latter fails to produce it after reasonable notice[
(c) When the original consists of numerous accounts or other documents which cannot be examined in
court without great loss of time and the fact sought to be established from them is only the general result
of the whole[ and
(d) When the original is a public record in the custody of a public officer or is recorded in a public
office.(2a)
SEC. 4. Original of document.
(a) The original of a document is one the contents of which are the subject of inquiry.
(b) When a document is in two or more copies executed at or about the same time, with identical
contents, all such copies are equally regarded as originals.
(c) When an entry is repeated in the regular course of business, one being copied from another at or near
the time of the transaction, all the entries are likewise equally regarded as originals.(3a)

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2. SECONDARY EVIDENCE
SEC. 5. When original document is unavailable. When the original document has been lost or destroyed,
or cannot be produced in court, the offeror, upon proof of its execution or existence and the cause of its
unavailability without bad faith on his part, may prove its contents by a copy, or by a recital of its
contents in some authentic document, or by the testimony of witnesses in the order stated.(4a)
SEC. 6. When original document is in adverse party's custody or control. If the document is in the custody
or under the control of the adverse party, he must have reasonable notice to produce it. If after such
notice and after satisfactory proof of its existence, he fails to produce the document, secondary evidence
may be presented as in the case of its loss.(5a)
SEC. 7. Evidence admissible when original document is a public record. When the original of a document
is in the custody of a public officer or is recorded in a public office, its contents may be proved by a
certified copy issued by the public officer in custody thereof.(2a)
SEC. 8. Party who calls for document not bound to offer it. A party who calls for the production of a
document and inspects the same is not obliged to offer it as evidence.(6a)
RULE 132
SEC. 25. What attestation of copy must state. Whenever a copy of a document or record is attested for
the purpose of evidence, the attestation must state, in substance, that the copy is a correct copy of the
original, or a specific part thereof, as the case may be. The attestation must be under the official seal of
the attesting officer, if there be any, or if he be the clerk of a court having a seal, under the seal of such
court.(26a)
SEC. 27. Public record of a private document. An authorized public record of a private document may be
proved by the original record, or by a copy thereof, attested by the legal custodian of the record, with an
appropriate certificate that such officer has the custody .(28a)
R.A. 8792 2 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACT
SECTION 5. Definition of Terms. For the purposes of this Act, the following terms are defined, as follows:
(a) "Addressee" refers to a person who is intended by the originator to receive the electronic data message
or electronic document, but does not include a person acting as an intermediary with respect to that
electronic data message or electronic data document."Computer" refers to any device or apparatus singly
or interconnected which, by electronic, electro.mechanical, optical and/or magnetic impulse, or other
means with the same function, can receive, record, transmit, store, process, correlate, analyze, projects,
retrieve, and/or produce information, data, text, graphics, figures, voice, video, symbols or other modes of
expression or perform any one or more of these functions.
(b) "Electronic data message" refers to information generated, sent, received or stored by electronic,
optical or similar means.
(c) "Information and Communications System" refers to a system for generating, sending, receiving,
storing, or otherwise processing electronic documents and includes the computer system or other similar
device by or in which data is recorded or stored and any procedures related to the recording or storage of
electronic document.
(d) "Electronic signature" refers to any distinctive mark, characteristic and/or sound in electronic from,
representing the identity of a person and attached to or logically associated with the electronic data
message or electronic document or any methodology or procedures employed or adopted by a person and
executed or adopted by such person with the intention of authenticating or approving an electronic data
message or electronic document.
(e) "Electronic document" refers to information or the representation of information, data, figures, symbols
or other modes of written expression, described or however represented, by which a right is established or
an obligation extinguished, or by which a fact may be prove and affirmed, which is receive, recorded,
transmitted, stored, processed, retrieved or produced electronically.
(f) "Electronic key" refers to a secret code which secures and defends sensitive information that crossover
public channels into a form decipherable only with a matching electronic key.

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(g) "Intermediary" refers to a person who in behalf of another person and with respect to a particular
electronic document sends, receives and/or stores provides other services in respect of that electronic
data message or electronic document.
(h) "Originator" refers to a person by whom, or on whose behalf, the electronic document purports to have
been created, generated and/or sent. The term does not include a person acting as an intermediary with
respect to that electronic document.
(i) "Service provider" refers to a provider of.
a. Online services or network access or the operator of facilities therefor including entities offering
the transmission, routing, or providing of connections for online communications, digital or otherwise,
between or among points specified by a user, of electronic documents of the user's choosing[ or
b. The necessary technical means by which electronic documents of an originator may be stored
and made accessible to designated or undesignated third party.
Such service providers shall have no authority to modify or alter the content of the electronic
document received or to make any entry therein on behalf of the originator, addressee or any third party
unless specifically authorized to do so, and who shall retain the electronic document in accordance with
the specific request or as necessary for the purpose of performing the services it was engaged to perform.
CHAPTER II
LEGAL RECOGNITION OF ELECTRONIC DATA MESSAGES AND ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS
SECTION 6. Legal Recognition of Electronic Data Messages. Information shall not be denied validity or
enforceability solely on the ground that it is in the form of electronic data message purporting to give rise
to such legal effect, or that it is merely incorporated by reference in that electronic data message.
SECTION 7. Legal Recognition of Electronic documents. Electronic documents shall have the legal effect,
validity or enforceability as any other document or legal writing, and.
(a) Where the law requires a document to be in writing, that requirement is met by an electronic
document if the said electronic document maintains its integrity and reliability and can be authenticated
so as to be usable for subsequent reference, in that
i. The electronic document has remained complete and unaltered, apart from the addition of any
endorsement and any authorized change, or any change which arises in the normal course of
communication, storage and display[ and
ii. The electronic document is reliable in the light of the purpose for which it was generated and in
the light of all relevant circumstances.
(b) Paragraph (a) applies whether the requirement therein is in the form of an obligation or whether the
law simply provides consequences for the document not being presented or retained in its original form.
(c) Where the law requires that a document be presented or retained in its original form, that requirement
is met by an electronic document if.
i. There exists a reliable assurance as to the integrity of the document from the time when it was
first generated in its final from[ and
ii. That document is capable of being displayed to the person to whom it is to be presented:
Provided that no provision of this Act shall apply to vary any and all requirements of existing laws on
formalities required in the execution of documents fortheir validity.
For evidentiary purposes, an electronic document shall be the functional equivalent of a written document
under existing laws.
This Act does not modify any statutory any statutory rule relating to admissibility of electronic
data massages or electronic documents, except the rules relating to authentication and best evidence.
SECTION 8. Legal Recognition of Electronic Signatures.. An electronic signature on the electronic
document shall be equivalent to the signature of a person on a written document if the signature is an
electronic signature and proved by showing that a prescribed procedure, not alterable by the parties
interested in the electronic document, existed under which.
(a) A method is used to identify the party sought to be bound and to indicate said party's access to the
electronic document necessary for his consent or approval through the electronic signature[
(b) Said method is reliable and appropriate for the purpose for which the electronic document was
generated or communicated, in the light of all circumstances, including any relevant agreement[
(c) It is necessary for the party sought to be bound, in or order to proceed further with the transaction to
have executed or provided the electronic signature[ and
(d) The other party is authorized and enable to verify the electronic signature and to make the decision to
proceed with the transaction authenticated by the same.

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SECTION 9. Presumption Relating to Electronic Signatures.In any proceedings involving an electronic


signature, it shall be presumed that,
(a) The electronic signature is the signature of the person to whom it correlates[ and
(b) The electronic signature was affixed by that person with the intention of signing or approving the
electronic document unless the person relying on the electronically designed electronic document knows
or has noticed of defects in or unreliability of the signature or reliance on the electronic signature is not
reasonable under the circumstances.
SECTION 10. Original Documents..
(1) Where the law requires information to be presented or retained in its original form, that requirement is
met by an electronic data message or electronic document if[
(a) the integrity of the information from the time when it was first generated in its final form, as
an electronic document is shown by evidence aliunde or otherwise[ and
(b) where otherwise it is required that information be resented, that the information is capable of
being displayed to the person to whom it is to be presented.
(2) Paragraph (1) applies whether the requirement therein is in the form of an obligation or whether the
law simply provides consequences for the information not being presented or retained in its original form.
(3) For the purpose of subparagraph (a) of paragraph (1):
(a) the criteria for assessing integrity shall be whether the information has remained
complete and unaltered, apart from the addition of any endorsement and any change which
arises in the normal course of communication, storage and display [ and
(b) the standard of reliability required shall be assessed in the light of purposed for which the
information was generated and in the light of all the relevant circumstances.
SECTION 11. Authentication of Electronic Data Messages and Electronic Documents.R Until the Supreme
Court by appropriate rules shall have so provided, electronic documents, electronic data messages and
electronic signatures, shall be authenticated by demonstrating, substantiating and validating a claimed
identity of a user, device, or another entity is an information or communication system, among other
ways, as follows[
(a) The electronic signatures shall be authenticated by proof than a letter, character, number or other
symbol in electronic form representing the persons named in and attached to or logically associated with
an electronic data message, electronic document, or that the appropriate methodology or security
procedures, when applicable, were
employed or adopted by such person, with the intention of
authenticating or approving in an electronic data message or electronic document[
(b) The electronic data message or electronic document shall be authenticated by proof that an
appropriate security procedure, when applicable was adopted and employed for the purpose of verifying
the originator of an electronic data message or electronic document, or detecting error or alteration in the
communication, content or storage of an electronic document or electronic data message from a specific
point, which, using
algorithms or codes, identifying words or numbers, encryptions, answers back or
acknowledgement procedures, or similar security devices.
The Supreme Court may adopt such other authentication procedures, including the use of
electronic notarization systems as necessary and advisable, as well as the certificate of authentication on
printed or hard copies of the electronic documents or electronic data messages by electronic notaries,
service providers and other duly recognized or appointed certification authorities.
The person seeking to introduce an electronic data message or electronic document in any legal
proceeding has the burden of proving its authenticity by evidence capable of supporting a finding that the
electronic data message or electronic document is what the person claims it to be.
In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the integrity of the information and communication
system in which an electronic data message or electronic document is recorded or stored may be
established in any legal proceeding
a.) By evidence that at all material times the information and communication system or other
similar device was operating in a manner that did not affect the integrity of the electronic data message or
electronic document, and there are no other reasonable grounds to doubt the integrity of the information
and communication system,
b.) By showing that the electronic data message or electronic document was recorded or stored by
a party to the proceedings who is adverse in interest to the party using it[ or
c.) By showing that the electronic data message or electronic document was recorded or stored in
the usual and ordinary course of business by a person who is not a party to the proceedings and who did
not act under the control of the party using the record.

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SECTION 12. Admissibility and Evidential Weight of Electronic Data Message or electronic document. In
any legal proceedings, nothing in the application of the rules on evidence shall deny the admissibility of
an electronic data message or electronic document in evidence
(a) On the sole ground that it is in electronic form[ or
(b) On the ground that it is not in the standard written form, and the electronic data message or
electronic document meeting, and complying with the requirements under Sections 6 or7 hereof shall be
the best evidence of the agreement and transaction contained therein.
In assessing the evidential weight of an electronic data message or electronic document, the
reliability of the manner in which it was generated, stored or communicated, the reliability of the manner
in which its originator was identified, and other relevant factor shall be given due regard.
SECTION 13. Retention of Electronic Data Message or Electronic Document.
Notwithstanding any
provision of law, rule or regulation to the contrary
(a) The requirement in any provision of law that certain documents be retained in their original form is
satisfied by retaining them in the form of an electronic data message or electronic document which
(i) Remains accessible so as to be usable for subsequent reference[
(ii) Is retained in the format in which it was generated, sent or received, or in a format which can
be demonstrated to accurately represent the electronic data message or electronic document generated,
sent or received[
(iii) Enables the identification of its originator and addressee, as well as the determination of the
date and the time it was sent or received.
(b) The requirement referred to in paragraph (a) is satisfied by using the services of a third party, provided
that the conditions set fourth in subparagraph s (I), (ii) and (iii) of paragraph (a) are met.
SECTION 14. Proof by Affidavit, . The matters referred to in Section 12, on admissibility and Section 9, on
the presumption of integrity, may be presumed to have been established by an affidavit given to the best
of the deponent's knowledge subject to the rights of parties in interest as defined in the following section.
SECTION 15. Cross Examination.
(1) A deponent of an affidavit referred to in Section 14 that has been introduced in evidence may be cross.
examined as of right by a party who has introduced the affidavit or has caused the affidavit to be
introduced.
(2) Any party to the proceedings has the right to cross.examine a person referred to in section 11,
Paragraph 4, sub paragraph c.
RULES ON ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE
RULE 2
DEFINITION OF TERMS AND CONSTRUCTION
SECTION 1. Definition of Terms. . For purposes of these Rules, the following terms are defined, as follows:
(a)
means a system capable of generating a secure key pair,
consisting of a private key for creating a digital signature, and a public key for verifying the digital
signature.
(b)
include records of any business, institution, association, profession, occupation,
and calling of every kind, whether or not conducted for profit, or for legitimate purposes.
(c)
means an electronic document issued to support a digital signature which purports to
confirm the identity or other significant characteristics of the person who holds a particular key pair.
(d)
refers to any single or interconnected device or apparatus, which, by electronic, electro.
mechanical or magnetic impulse, or by other means with the same function, can receive, record, transmit,
store, process, correlate, analyze, project, retrieve and/or produce information, data, text, graphics,
figures, voice, video, symbols or other modes of expression or perform any one or more of these functions.
(e)
refers to an electronic signature consisting of a transformation of an electronic
document or an electronic data message using an asymmetric or public cryptosystem such that a person
key can accurately
determine:
(i) whether the transformation was created using the private key that corresponds to the
public key[ and
(ii) whether the initial electronic document had been altered after the transformation was made.
(f)
refers to an electronic document or electronic data message bearing a digital
signature verified by the public key listed in a certificate.

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(g)
refers to information generated, sent, received or stored by electronic, optical
or similar means.
(h)
refers to information or the representation of information, data, figures, symbols
or other modes of written expression, described or however represented, by which a right is established or
an obligation extinguished, or by which a fact may be proved and affirmed, which is received, recorded,
transmitted, stored processed, retrieved or produced electronically. It includes digitally signed documents
and any print.out or output, readable by sight or other means, which accurately reflects the electronic
be used interchangeably
(i)
refers to a secret code which secures and defends sensitive information that crosses
over public channels into a form decipherable only with a matching electronic key.
(j)
refers to any distinctive mark, characteristics and/or sound in electronic form.
Representing the identity of a person and attached to or logically associated with the electronic data
message or electronic document or any methodology or procedure employed or adopted by a person and
executed or adopted by such person with the intention of authenticating, signing or approving an
electronic data message or electronic document. For purposes of these Rules, an electronic signature
includes digital signatures.
(k)
refers to telephone conversations, text messages, chatroom
sessions, streaming audio, streaming video, and other electronic forms of communication the evidence of
which is not recorded or retained.
(l)
refers to a system for generating, sending, receiving, storing
or otherwise processing electronic data messages or electronic documents and includes the computer
system or other similar devices by or in which data are recorded or stored and any procedure related to
the recording or storage of electronic data message or electronic document.
(m)
in an asymmetric cryptosystem refers to the private key and its mathematically related
public key such that the latter can verify the digital signature that the former creates.
(n)
refers to the key of a key pair used to create a digital signature.
(o)
refers to the key of a key pair used to verify a digital signature.
RULE 3
ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS
SECTION 1. Electronic documents as functional equivalent of paperRbased documents. Whenever a rule of
evidence refers to the term of writing, document, record, instrument, memorandum or any other form of
writing, such term shall be deemed to include an electronic document as defined in these Rules.
SEC. 2. Admissibility. An electronic document is admissible in evidence if it complies with the rules on
admissibility prescribed by the Rules of Court and related laws and is authenticated in the manner
prescribed by these Rules.
SEC. 3. Privileged communication. The confidential character of a privileged communications is not
solely on the ground that it is in the form of an electronic document.
RULE 4
BEST EVIDENCE RULE
SECTION 1. Original of an electronic document. An electronic document shall be regarded as the
equivalent of an original document under the Best Evidence Rule if it is a printout or output readable by
sight or other means, shown to reflect the data accurately.
SEC. 2. Copies as equivalent of the originals. When a document is in two or more copies executed at or
about the same time with identical contents, or is a counterpart produced by the same impression as the
original, or from the same matrix, or by mechanical or electronic re.recording, or by chemical
reproduction, or by other equivalent techniques which is accurately reproduces the original, such copies
or duplicates shall be regarded as the equivalent of the original.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, copies or duplicates shall not be admissible to the same extent as
the original if:
(a) a genuine question is raised as to the authenticity of the original[ or
(b) in the circumstances it would be unjust or inequitable to admit a copy in lieu of the original.

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B.

Cases:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Air France v. Carrascoso


Meyers v. United States
People v. Tan
Seiler v. Lucas Film, Ltd.
People vs. Tandoy
U.S. v. Gregorio
Fiscal of Pampanga v. Reyes
Vda. de Corpus v. Brabangco
Compania Maritima v. Allied
Free Workers
Villa Rey Transit v. Ferrer
Michael & Co. v. Enriquez
De Vera v. Aguilar
National Power Corporation
v. Codilla
MCC Industrial v. Sangyong

18 SCRA 155
(1966)
171 F.2d 800
(1948)
105 Phil. 1242 (1959)
797 F.2d 1504 (1986)
192 SCRA 98
(1990)
17 Phil. 522
(1910)
55 Phil 905
(1931)
(C.A.) 59 O.G. 8262 (1963)
77 SCRA 24
25 SCRA 845
33 Phil. 87
218 SCRA 602

(1977)
(1968)
(1915)
(1983)

G.R. No. 170491, April 4, 2007


536 SCRA 418 (2007)

AIR FRANCE v. CARRASCOSO


G.R. No. L221438 September 28, 1966
Doctrine: When the subject is not the actual entry in a document but the fact that the entry was made, it
does not come within the prohibition of the Best Evidence Rule and is therefore admissible in evidence.
FACTS: Rafael Carrascoso, a civil engineer, was a member of a group of 48 Filipino pilgrims that left
Manila for Lourdes on March 30, 1958.
Air France, through its authorized agent, Philippine Air Lines, Inc., issued him a "first class"
round trip airplane ticket from Manila to Rome. From Manila to Bangkok, plaintiff travelled in "first
class", but at Bangkok, the Manager of Air France forced plaintiff to vacate the "first class" seat that he
was occupying because, in the words of the witness Ernesto G. Cuento, there was a "white man", who, the
Manager alleged, had a "better right" to the seat. When asked to vacate his "first class" seat, Carrascoso,
body[ a commotion ensued, and, according to said Ernesto G. Cuento, "many of the Filipino passengers
got nervous in the tourist class[ when they found out that Mr. Carrascoso was having a hot discussion
with the white man manager, they came all across to Mr. Carrascoso and pacified Mr. Carrascoso to give
his seat to the white man" and plaintiff reluctantly gave his "first class" seat in the plane.

The Court of First Instance of Manila awarded Carrascoso damages and the Court of Appeals
affirmed the award.
his record book
notebook." The entry read: "First class passenger was forced to go to the tourist class against his will, and
that the captain refused to intervene."

notes. The lower court and the Court of Ap


ISSUES:
1.
evidence?

YES.

RATIO: Air France charges that the finding of the Court of Appeals that the purser made an entry in his
notebook reading "First class passenger was forced to go to the tourist class against his will, and that the
captain refused to intervene" is predicated upon evidence [Carrascoso's testimony] which is incompetent.

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We do not think so. The subject of inquiry is not the entry, but the ouster incident. Testimony on the
entry does not come within the proscription of the best evidence rule. Such testimony is admissible.
Besides, from a reading of the transcript just quoted, when the dialogue happened, the impact of
the startling occurrence was still fresh and continued to be felt. The excitement had not as yet died down.
Statements then, in this environment, are admissible as part of the res gestae. For, they grow "out of the
nervous excitement and mental and physical condition of the declarant". The utterance of the purser
regarding his entry in the notebook was spontaneous, and related to the circumstances of the ouster
incident. Its trustworthiness has been guaranteed. It thus escapes the operation of the hearsay rule. It
forms part of the res gestae.
At all events, the entry was made outside the Philippines. And, by an employee of Air France. It
would have been an easy matter for Air France to have contradicted Carrascoso's testimony. If it were
really true that no such entry was made, the deposition of the purser could have cleared up the matter.
ANALYSIS:
The best evidence rule simply says that the original of a document must be that which is presented in
in this case was not presented as proof of the contents of the notebook entry. Rather, testimony on the
entry was made simply to prove that such an entry was made. Instead of the contents, the fact that such
a document was made was the heart of the issue. Thus, it is not part of the scope of the best evidence
rule and it was correctly admitted in this case under the present rules.
Under the proposed rules of evidence, the decision on this case would be the same, since the best
evidence rule under the said rules still only applies to instances where what is the subject of the inquiry
is the contents of a document.

MEYERS v. UNITED STATES


171 F. 2d 800
Doctrine: Best evidence rule would apply in cases where the contents of a writing needs to be proven.
FACTS: Meyers, who was an officer of the United States Army stationed at Wright Field, Ohio, organized a
corporation which is known as Aviation Electric Corporation. He paid the sum of $ 500 into its treasury to
cover the authorized capital stocks consisting of 250 shares of common stock which has a par value of $2
each. Several certificates were issued, one was to Miss June Ballaou, who was an employee at Wright
Field, consisting of 224 shares and the remaining shares were divided between one David Johnson and
one Robert L. Pine. The company was engaged in manufacturing parts and accessories for airplanes,
which received orders from the Signal Corps of the United States Army aggregating about $ 20,000.When
the war ended, the company was dissolved and an investigating committee was created by the Senate to
look into the anomalies in the expenses incurred during the war.
During the hearing Meyers and a certain Lamarre testified and because of such they were
charged for perjury for the following testimonies:
(1) Knowingly and willfully testified falsely that Meyers 'was not financially interested in or connected
with the Aviation Electric Corporation of Dayton and Vandalia, Ohio,' during the years 1940 to 1947,
inclusive[
(2) Knowingly and willfully testified falsely that a Cadillac automobile purchased in Washington by
Meyers, and paid for by Aviation Electric Corporation, was purchased for the corporation for its use[
(3) Knowingly and willfully testified falsely that the sum of $ 10,000, paid by means of Aviation
Electric's checks, for decorating and furnishing Meyers' Washington apartment 'was a gift from
himself, Bleriot H. Lamarre.

On appeal, the appellant contends that the trial court made an error in judgment based on the
fact that a certain Mr. Rogers was called to the stand to testify as to the testimonies made by Lamarre
and that it is sufficient that the transcript of stenographic notes be presented based on the best evidence
rule.

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ISSUE:
1. Whether the Best Evidence Rule would apply?

NO.

RATIO: The rule is limited to cases where the contents of a writing are to be proved and in this case there
was no attempt to prove the contents of the transcript but the issue was whether Lamarre made such
statements and not what is contained in the transcript. The transcript was evidence of what he had said
but it was not the only admissible evidence concerning it. The testimony of Rogers, chief counsel to the
committee, was equally competent and admissible whether given before or after the transcript was
received in evidence. Statements alleged to perjuries may be proved by any person who heard them, as
well as, by the reporter who recorded them in shorthand.
ANALYSIS:
There will be no change in the decision of this case under the proposed rules of evidence because the
same principle is being used under the best evidence rule and that the difference only is with the
inclusion of photographs and pictures in the provisions of the rules.

PEOPLE v. TAN
G.R. No. L214257 July 31, 1959
Doctrine: Documents which were produced with the use of carbon sheets are admissible as evidence.
FACTS: Pacita Madrigal.Gonzales and others charged with the crime of falsification of the public
documents, in their capacities as public officials and employees, by having made it appear that certain
relief supplies and/or merchandise were purchased by Pacita Madrigal.Gonzales for distribution to
calamity indigents or sufferers, in such quantities and at such prices and from such business
establishments or persons as are made to appear in the said public documents, when in fact and in truth,
no such distributions of such relief and supplies as valued and supposedly purchased by said Pacita
Madrigal Gonzales in the public and official documents had ever been made.
In order to prove the charge of falsification, the prosecution presented to a witness a booklet of
receipts, which was marked Exh. "D", containing value invoices numbered 101301 to 101400 of the Metro
Drug Corporation, Magallanes corner Jakosalem, Cebu City. The booklet contained the triplicate copies,
and according to said witness the original invoices were sent to Manila office of the company, the
duplicates to the customers, so that the triplicate copies remained in the booklet. Witness further
explained that in preparing receipts for sales, two carbons were used between the three sheets, the
original, the duplicate and triplicate so that the duplicates and the triplicates were filed out by the use of
the carbons in the course of the preparation and signing of the originals. The witness giving the testimony
was the salesman who issued a triplicates marked as Exh. "D.1".
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the carbon copies are admissible as evidence?

YES.

Ratio: If the documents or papers to be introduced in evidence were produced by the use of carbon
sheets, and which thereby produced a facsimile of the originals including the figures and the signatures
on the originals, they are regarded as duplicate originals and may be introduced as such, even without
accounting for the non.production of the other originals.
ANALYSIS:
There will be no change with the decision of the case because such will be included in the definition of
original documents under the proposed rules of evidence.

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SEILER v. LUCASFILM, LTD.


797 F. 2d 1564
Doctrine: Copyrighted drawings offered as evidence are considered as documentary evidence and when
subject of inquiry is the content of the creation the original must be presented.

FACTS: Plaintiff.Appellant claimed that certain creatures depicted in Defendant.


Plaintiff.

copyright. Plaintiff.

.
yright Office, claiming the
reconstructions were of originals that he had created in 1976 and 1977. In an evidentiary hearing that
lasted seven days, the court found that Plaintiff.Appellant had destroyed the originals in bad faith under
the best evidence rule of Federal Rule of Evidence 1004(1). Specifically, the court found that Plaintiff.
judgment in favor of Defendant.Appellee.
ISSUE:

1.

ing the hearing, the court granted summary

Whether the reconstructions are admissible under the best evidence rule?

NO.

RATIO: The best evidence rule applied in copyright infringement case, where plaintiff possessed no
originals of any work he contended was copied, accordingly before subsequent reconstructions were
admissible plaintiff had to establish that the originals were lost or destroyed through no fault of his own.
Our holding is also supported by the policy served by the best evidence rule in protecting against faulty
memory. [Plaintiff.Appellant]s] reconstructions were made four to seven years after the alleged originals[
his memory as to specifications and dimensions may have dimmed significantly. Furthermore,
reconstructions made after the release of the Empire Strikes Back may be tainted, even if unintentionally,
by exposure to the movie. Our holding guards against these problems. In the instant case, the condition
of fact which [Plaintiff.Appellant] needed to prove was that the originals were not lost or destroyed in bad
faith. Had he been able to prove this, his reconstructions would have been admissible and then their
accuracy would have been a question for the jury.
ANALYSIS:
There will be no change with the decision of the court under the proposed rules of evidence because the
same is provided in the law.

PEOPLE v. TANDOY
G.R. No. 80505 December 4, 1990
Doctrine: When the subject of inquiry is the contents of a document then the best evidence rule would apply.
FACTS: The Regional Trial Court of Makati convicted Tandoy for the violation of the Dangerous Drugs Act
of 1972. On the 27th day of May 1986 a buy bust operation was conducted by the Makati Police and there
accused Tandoy was caught in the act of selling marijuana. During the hearing the prosecution presented
a Xerox copy of the marked bill allegedly used in the operation and on appeal the accused raised the issue
of admissibility as to the presentation of the Xerox copy as in contravention of the best evidence rule.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the Xerox copy of the marked bill is admissible as evidence?

YES.

RATIO: The best evidence rule applies only when the contents of the documents are the subject of
inquiry. Where the issue is only as to whether or not such document was actually executed, or exists, or
in the circumstances relevant to or surrounding its execution, the best evidence rule does not apply and
testimonial evidence is admissible. Since in this case the prosecution presented the marked money solely
for the purpose of establishing its existence and not its contents presented the marked money, other

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substitutionary evidence like a Xerox copy is admissible without the need of accounting for the original.
ANALYSIS:
There will be no change in the decision of the case because in the proposed rules the same is provided.

UNITED STATES v. GREGORIO AND BALISTOY


G.R. No. 5791 December 17, 1910
Doctrine: In criminal cases where the document is used as evidence to prove the guilt of the accused, the
best evidence applies.
FACTS: In the suit instituted by Pedro Salazar, as a creditor, against Eustaquio Balistoy, in the justice of
the peace court of Libog, for the payment of a certain sum of money, judgment was rendered, on April 4,
1908, wherein the debtor was sentenced to pay to the plaintiff P275.92, with interest thereon, and the
costs. For the execution of the said judgment, two rural properties belonging to the debtor were attached
and the 27th of May, 1908, was set as the date for the sale and adjudication of the said attached
properties to the highest bidder. On the 18th of the same month, Bernardo Gregorio requested the deputy
sheriff to exclude the said realty from the attachment, alleging that he was the owner of the land situated
in Tambogon, one of the properties levied upon, 400 brazas in circumference, situate in the pueblo of
Bacacay, the location and boundaries of which are expressed in his petition, for the reason that he had
acquired it by purchase from the judgment debtor, Balistoy, in 1905, prior to the filing of the complaint.
By reason of this claim and petition the judgment creditor, Salazar, had to give a bond, in view of which
the sheriff proceeded with the sale of the said property, and of another, also attached for the sum of P300,
and both were adjudicated to the judgment creditor, according to the certificate, Exhibit C.
In order that the claim of intervention presented to the sheriff might prosper, Bernardo Gregorio
attached thereto the document Exhibit D, at the end of which and among other particulars appears the
memorandum dated in Libog as of February 22, 1905, and signed by Eustaquio Balistoy, Lorenzo
Gregorio, and Cirilo Valla, and in which Balistoy states that he bought the land referred to in the said
document from Luis Balistoy and sold it to Bernardo Gregorio for P300, wherefore he signed as such
vendor.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not in a criminal case for the falsification of a document, the original document alleged to
have been falsified must be produced? YES.
Ratio: In criminal proceedings for the falsification of a document, it is indispensable that the judges and
courts have before them the document alleged to have been simulated, counterfeited, or falsified, in order
that they may find, pursuant to the evidence produced in the cause, whether or not the crime of
falsification was committed, and also, at the same time, to enable them to determine the degree of each
defendant's liability in the falsification under prosecution. Through the lack of the original document
containing the memorandum alleged to be false, it is improper to hold, with only a copy of the said
original in view, that the crime prosecuted was committed[ in the absence of the original document, it is
improper to conclude, with only a copy of the said original in view, that there has been a falsification of a
document which was neither found nor exhibited, because, in such a case, even the existence of such
original document may be doubted.
ANALYSIS:
There will be no change in the decision of the court because the same rule applies under the proposed
rules of evidence.

FISCAL OF PAMPANGA v. REYES & GUEVARRA


55 Phil 905 August 5, 1931

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Doctrine: The general rules regarding the admissibility of evidence are applicable to cases of libel or slander.
When such libel or slander was committed through a published article, copies of such article constitute the
best evidence.
FACTS: The provincial fiscal of Pampanga filed two informations for libel against Andres Guevarra,
alleging that the latter intended to impeach the honesty, integrity, and reputation of Clemente Dayrit and
Mariano Nepomuceno by its malicious publication of a squib in verse, together with its Spanish
translation, on page 9 of Ing Mangumasid, a weekly paper, on its July 13, 1930 issue.

The fiscal attempted to present as evidence for the prosecution copies of Ing Mangumasid
containing the libelous articles which were marked as Exhibits A, B,C and D. These evidences were
objected to by the respondents on the ground that the libelous articles are not admissible in as much as
they were not quoted in the information. This objection was sustained by the court. The prosecution
asked for an amendment to the information, but the court denied the petition on the ground that it would
impair the rights of the defendant. Thus, the fiscal filed for a writ of mandamus with the Supreme Court
to compel the respondent judge to admit Exhibits A, B, C and D as evidence contending that the exhibits
in question are the best evidence of libel, the subject matter of the information and therefore should be
admitted.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not Exhibits A, B, C & D are admissible?

YES.

RATIO The general rules regarding the admissibility of evidence are applicable to cases of libel or slander.
The evidence must be relevant not hearsay. This being so, the rule of procedure which requires the
production of best evidence, is applicable to the present case, and the copies of the weekly where the
libelous article was published, and its translation, certainly constitute the best evidence of the libel
charged.
ANALYSIS:
The SC is correct in its ruling. The ruling would still be the same under the Proposed Rules on Evidence.

VDA. DE CORPUS v. BRABANGCO


59 O.G. 8262 February 26, 1963
Doctrine: It is not necessary, in order to admit evidence of the contents of lost instrument, that the witness
should be able to testify with verbal accuracy to its contents^ it is sufficient that they are able to state it in
substance.
FACTS: The defendant Tiburcia Brabangco owns a certain parcel of land which she allegedly sold to
consideration, Php 300.00 was paid upon the execution of deed of sale before witnesses Pablo Albeza and
now deceased Bonifacio Villareal, and acknowledged by Brabangco before also now deceased Notary
Public Jose Tirador. The balance was paid thereafter paid by German in February 1945 as evidenced by a
receipt issued by Tiburcia marked in this case as Exhibit A.

The Corpuses further allege that German has been in possession of the lands since 1925 until his
protection of policemen, entered into the lands and cut down and carried away 1,000 bamboos and 2
sacks of corn.
The defendants disputed these allegations however and claimed that they simply accommodated
the Corpuses and allowed them to build their evacuation cottage in 1942, when the Japanese forces
Despite the fact that the deed of sale, where the cause of action was drawn, was lost during the

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war, the trial court ruled in favor of the Corpuses and upheld its validity. To this ruling the defendants
appealed and contended that the sale never took place since the document of the sale cannot be produced
and the Corpuses have failed to establish the contents of the deed as required by Section 3, Rule 130.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the Corpuses have sufficiently proven the existence, due execution and subsequent loss
of the deed of sale? YES.
2. Whether or not the Corpuses have adduced sufficient evidence to prove the contents of the lost deed of
sale? YES.
RATIO: The existence of the deed of sale was convincingly proven not only by the testimony of the widow,
Heraclea Corpus, but also by the disinterested testimony of Albeza, a municipal councilor of Almodian for
five terms. He testified in a positive
execution. As to the loss of the deed of sale, the Court found the efforts made by Heraclea and her
daughter Lourdes as sufficient to justify their presentation of secondary evidence. After Felix Amijano
illegally took possession of the land, mother and daughter made efforts to trace the whereabouts of Notary
Public Tirador to obtain a copy of a deed of sale whose original was lost during the war. Upon their arrival
in Janiuay, Iloilo however, the children of Judge Tirador told them their parents have already died and
their house where their father kept his documents was burned.
As enunciated in the case of Michael vs. Enriquez:
After proper proof of the due execution and delivery of the instrument and its loss or destruction,
oral evidence may be given of its contents by any person who signed the document, or who read it, or who
heard it read knowing, or it being proved from other sources, that the document so read was the one in
question. Such evidence may also be given by any person who was present when the contents of the
document where talked over between the parties thereto to such an extent as to give him reasonably full
information as to its contents.
It seems that the defendants w
of a full verbatim recital from memory. However, to insist on complete verbal accuracy would be in effect
to prohibit entirely the proof of lost documents by recollection. Thus, it is held sufficient if the witnesses
can recollect and testify to facts showing the presence of essential elements of a contract: (1) consent, (2)
subject matter, (3) consideration, (4) and form in certain instances.
ANALYSIS:
The SC is correct in its ruling. The ruling would still be the same under the Proposed Rules on Evidence.

COMPANIA MARITIMA v. ALLIED FREE WORKERS UNION


77 SCRA 25 May 24, 1977
Doctrine: In order that the exception to the best evidence rule may be invoked it is important to prove the
following: (1) The voluminous character of the records^ and (2) that the records and the accounts should be
made accessible to the adverse party so that the correctness of the summary may be tested on crossR
examination.
FACTS: On August 1952, Ma
latter agreed to render arrastre and stevedoring services for one month, renewable upon agreement, but
subject to termination if the union failed to render proper service. It has been agreed upon by the parties
that AFWU shall only be paid for its arrastre services, which is the hauling of the cargo from the vessel to
the place of the consignee or shipper, while it shall be the owner or consignee who shall pay for the
stevedoring serv
stevedoring services since according to them the bill of lading provided that the unloading of the cargo

Meanwhile, Maritima refused to


contract entered between them. Since, the union workers are in dire need of work, they continued

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rendering their services despite the knowledge that they are not being paid for their stevedoring services.
On 1954, the company Maritima entered into a stevedoring agreement with the Iligan Stevedoring
Association. Because of this, the union picketed in the wharf for nine days and prevented Iligan
Stevedoring from performing its services. Maritima retaliated by filing an action with the union for the
rescission of the 1952 contract, for injunction against the union workers and for damages. This initiated a
protracted litigation between the two. The amended decision of the trial court rendered among others
money judgment against the union. The appeal made by the union attacked the manner in which the trial
court arrived with the sum of 450,000 which Maritima allegedly suffered because of lost freightage,
inefficiency in the services of the union workers, among other causes attributable to the union.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the trial court erred in awarding to the plaintiff company actual damages, moral
hearsay?

NO.

RATIO:
cannot be examined in court without great loss of time and the fact sought to be established from them is
he original writings need not be produced, cannot be invoked in this
was not duly established. For another, the records and the accounts should be made accessible to the
adverse party so that the correctness of the summary may be tested on cross.examination.
or the testimony of, a private auditor, is inadmissible in evidence as proof of original records, books of
to make a preliminary showing as to the difficulty or impossibility attending the production of the records
in court and their examination and analysis as evidence by the court.
ANALYSIS:
The SC is correct in its ruling. The ruling would still be the same under the Proposed Rules on Evidence.

VILLA REY TRANSIT, INC. v. FERRER


25 SCRA 845, October 29, 1968
Doctrine: the requisites for the admissibility of secondary evidence when the original is in the custody of the
original, (3) satisfactory proof of existence, (4) failure or refusal of opponent to produce the original in court.
As to the first element, it is enough that the circumstances are such as to indicate that the original is in the
actual possession of the adversary.
FACTS: Jose M. Villarama was an operator of a bus transportation, under the business name of Villa Rey
Transit, pursuant to certificates of public convenience granted him by the Public Service Commission
which authorized him to operate thirty.two units on various routes or lines from Pangasinan to Manila,
and vice.versa. On January 8, 1959, he sold the aforementioned two certificates of public convenience to
the Pangasinan Transportation Company, Inc. for Php350,000 with the condition, among others, that the
seller "shall not for a period of 10 years...apply for any TPU service identical or competing with the buyer."
Barely three months later, a corporation called Villa Rey Transit, Inc. was organized with
Natividad R. Villarama, wife of Jose M. Villarama,
was the Treasurer as well. In less than a month after its registration with the SEC, the corporation bought
five certificates of public convenience, forty.nine buses, tools and equipment from one Valentin Fernando.
On that same day when the contract of sale was executed, the parties immediately applied with the PSC
for its approval, with a prayer for the issuance of a provisional authority in favor of the vendee
Corporation to operate the service therein involved. On May 19, 1959, the PSC granted the provisional
permit prayed for, upon the condition that "it may be modified or revoked by the Commission at any time,
shall be subject to whatever action that may be taken on the basic application and shall be valid only
during the pendency of said application."

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Before the PSC could take final action on said application for approval of sale however, the Sheriff
of Manila levied on two of the five certificates of public convenience involved...this is pursuant to a writ of
execution issued by the Court of First Instance of Pangasinan in favor of Eusebio Ferrer, a judgment
creditor of Fernando. A public sale was then conducted by the Sheriff of the said two certificates of public
convenience and Ferrer was the highest bidder, and a certificate of sale was issued in his name. He
eventually sold the certificates of public convenience to Pantranco. PSC thereafter issued a ruling
awarding provisional right to operate to Pantranco. The Corporation took issue with this ruling and
elevated the matter to the Supreme Court which ruled that it should be the Corporation who must
provisionally operate the lines until the dispute on ownership is settled by the proper court. The
Corporation then filed a petition to declare th
Thus, Pantranco filed an appeal contending that the Corporation and Jose Villarama are one and the
same, and consequently, the non.competition clause embodied in the deed of sale entered into by Jose
Villarama is also binding to the Corporation. To prove its contention, Pantranco presented photostatic
ssibility of the said ledgers and vouchers contending that it
has no evidentiary value as they are merely photocopies of originals and thus are not the best evidence.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the photostatic ledgers and vouchers are admissible?

YES.

RATIO: Section 5, Rule 130 provides for the requisites for admissibility of secondary evidence when the
notice to opponent to produce the original, (3) satisfactory proof of existence, (4) failure or refusal of
opponent to produce the original in court. In this case, such requisites have been complied with.
Villarama has practically admitted the second and fourth. As to the third, he admitted its previous
existence in the files of the Corporation and had even seen some of them. As to the first, he said that the
originals were missing and the Corporation is no longer in possession of it. However, it is not necessary
for a party seeking to introduce secondary evidence to show that the original is in the actual possession of
his adversary. It is enough that the circumstances are such as to indicate that the writing is in his
possession or under his control. Neither is it required that the party entitled to the custody of the
instrument should, on being notified to produce it, admit having it in his possession. Hence, secondary
evidence is admissible where he denies having it in his possession. The party calling for such evidence
may introduce a copy thereof as in the case of loss. For, among the exceptions to the best evidence rule is
when the original has been lost, destroyed or cannot be produced in court
in question must be deemed to have been lost, as even the Corporation admits such loss. Hence, there
can be no doubt as to the admissibility in evidence of the said photocopies of vouchers & ledgers.
ANALYSIS:
The SC is correct in its ruling. The ruling would still be the same under the Proposed Rules on Evidence.

MICHAEL & CO. v. ENRIQUEZ


33 SCRA 87 December 24, 1915
Doctrine: Trial courts do well in refusing at all times to permit the introduction of incompetent evidence and
particularly secondary evidence of the contents of written instruments unless the facts required by the Code
of Civil Procedure as the conditions precedent for such evidence are clearly shown to exist.
FACTS: The petitioner, E. Michael and Co. claims to be a successor of a sale with a right to repurchase
made by Adriano Enriquez in favor of E. Michael and E. Michael & Co. by virtue of an instrument, duly
executed and delivered to it, transferring property, business and assets of any kind including the land
subject of this litigation. It alleged that the expiration of the right to repurchase...thus, the consolidation
of ownership in the petitioner company.
During the trial, MCI attempted to prove two things which the trial court prevented it from doing:
(1) the execution and delivery of the conveyance transferring to it the land in question and (2) the fact that
the instrument so executed and delivered was lost. Although it was conceded that there were questions

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were questions, however, which were well.framed and whose answers should be allowed, the trial court
nevertheless sustained objections to it and the evidence sought to be adduced was excluded. Thus, when
the CFI of Cebu dismissed the case on the ground of lack of cause of action, the petitioner company filed
this appeal.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the trial court erred in preventing MCI from proving existence and the delivery of the
conveyance transferring to it the land in question?
.
RATIO: Trial courts do well in refusing at all times to permit the introduction of incompetent evidence
and particularly secondary evidence of the contents of written instruments unless the facts required by
the Code of Civil Procedure as the conditions precedent for such evidence are clearly shown to exist.
Section 321 of the Code provides:
If it has been lost, proof of the loss must first be made before evidence can be given of its
contents. Upon such proof being made, together with proof of the due execution of the
writing, its contents may be proved by a copy or by a recital of its contents in some
As will be seen in this section, the writing itself must be produced unless it has been lost or
destroyed in which case, before its contents may be proved by other evidence, it must be shown by the
party offering secondary evidence that: 1.) that the document was duly executed and delivered, where
delivery is necessary, and[ 2.) that it has been lost or destroyed.
The execution or delivery of the document maybe established by the person or persons, who
executed it, by the person before whom its execution was acknowledged, or by any person who was
present and saw it executed and delivered or who, after its execution and delivery, saw it and recognized
the signatures[ or by a person to whom the parties to the instruments have previously confessed the
execution thereof. The destruction of the instrument may be proved by any person knowing the fact. The
loss may be shown by any person who knew the fact of its loss, or by anyone who has made, in the
judgment of the court, a sufficient examination in the place or places where the document or pares of
similar character are usually kept by the person in whose custody the document lost was, and has been
unable to find it[ or who has made any other investigation which is sufficient to satisfy the Court that the
document was indeed lost.
If it appears, on an attempt to prove the loss, that the document is in fact in existence, then the
proof of loss or destruction fails and secondary evidence is inadmissible unless section 322 of the Civil
code of Procedure should be applicable. After proper proof of the due execution and delivery and its loss
or destruction, oral evidence maybe given of its contents by any person who signed the document, or who
read it, or heard it read knowing, or it being proved from other sources, that the document so read was
the one in question. Such evidence may also be given by any person who was present when the contents
of the document was being talked over between the parties thereto to such an extent as to give him
reasonably full information as to its contents[ or the contents maybe proved by any person to whom the
parties to the instrument have confessed or stated the contents thereof[ or by a copy thereof[ or by a
recital of its contents in some authentic document.
ANALYSIS:
The SC is correct in its ruling. The ruling would still be the same under the Proposed Rules on Evidence.

DE VERA v. AGUILAR
218 SCRA 603, February 9, 1993

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Doctrine: Secondary evidence is admissible when the original documents were actually lost or destroyed.
But prior to the introduction of such secondary evidence, the proponent must establish the former existence
of the instrument. The correct order of proof is as follows: (1) existence, (2) execution, (3) loss, (4) contents,
although this order may be changed in the discretion of the court.

A
A

FACTS: The petitioners De Vera and respondent Leona, married to respondent Aguilar, are the children
and heirs of the late Marcosa Bernabe. During her lifetime, she owned the disputed parcel of land in
Camalig, Maycauayan, Bulacan. Two of the petitioners, Basilio and Felipe, mortgaged said land to Atty.
Bordador. When the mortgage matured, the Aguilar spouses redeemed it from Atty. Bordador and were in
turn sold to them by Marcosa, evidenced by a deed of absolute sale. Thereafter, an OCT was issued in
their name. Three years later, the De Veras wrote to the Aguilar spouses demanding for partition of the
disputed land claiming that as children of Marcosa, they were co.owners of the property. They further
claimed that the Aguilar spouses had resold the property to Marcosa. The Aguilar spouses denied all
these allegations by the De Veras.
The De Veras filed a suit for reconveyance of the lot and the trial court ruled in favor of the
petitioners after admitting, over the objection of the Aguilar spouses, a photocopy of an alleged deed of
finding that the loss or destruction of the original deed of sale has not been duly proven by the petitioners
rendering the photocopy of the deed of sale as inadmissible in evidence.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the petitioners have satisfactorily proven the loss of the original deed of sale so as to
allow the xeroxed copy of the same? . YES.
RATIO: Secondary evidence is admissible when the original documents were actually lost or destroyed.
But prior to the introduction of such secondary evidence, the proponent must establish the former
existence of the instrument. The correct order of proof is as follows: (1) existence, (2) execution, (3) loss,
(4) contents, although this order may be changed in the discretion of the court. The sufficiency of proof
offered as a predicate for the admission of an alleged lost deed lies within the judicial discretion of the
trial court under all the circumstances of the particular case. A reading of the decision of the trial court
shows that it merely ruled on the existence and due execution of the alleged deed of sale dated April 28,
2959. It failed to look into the facts and circumstances surrounding the loss or destruction of the original
copies of the alleged deed of sale.
In establishing the execution of a document, the same may be established by the person or
persons who executed it, by the person before whom its execution was acknowledged, or by any person
who was present and saw it executed or who, after its execution saw it and recognized the signatures[ or
by a person to whom the parties to the instrument had previously confessed the execution thereof. The
Court agreed with the findings of the trial court that the petitioners have sufficiently established the due
execution of the alleged deed of sale through the testimony of the notary public.
The destruction of the instrument may be proved by any person knowing the fact. The loss may
be shown by any person who knew the fact of its loss, or by anyone who made, in the judgment of the
court, a sufficient examination in the place or places where the document or papers of similar character
are usually kept by the person in whose custody the document lost was, and has been unable to find it[
or who has made any other investigation which is sufficient to satisfy the court that the instrument is
indeed lost.
ANALYSIS:
The SC is correct in its ruling. The ruling would still be the same under the Proposed Rules on Evidence.

NATIONAL POWER CORPORATION v. CODILLA


G.R. No. 170491 April 4, 2007

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Doctrine: When the subject of inquiry is the contents of documents, no evidence shall be admissible other
than the original documents themselves, except in certain cases specifically enumerated therein.

FACTS: M/V Dibena Win, a vessel of foreign registry owned and operated by Bangpai Shipping Co.,
allegedly bumped and damaged the power barge of the National Power Corporation which was then
moored at the Cebu International Port. Consequently, NAPOCOR filed before the RTC a complaint for
damages against Bangpai for the alleged damages caused on its power barge. Thereafter, NAPOCOR filed
an amended complaint, impleading Wallem Shipping Inc., contending that the latter is a ship agent of
Bangpai. Both Bangpai and Wallem filed a motion to dismiss, however, it was denied.
After adducing evidence during the trial, NAPOCOR filed a formal offer of evidence consisting of
Exhibits A to V together with the sub.marked portions thereof. On the other hand, Bangpai and Wallem
excluding from the records Exhibits A, C, D, E, H and its sub.markings I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P. It argued
that NAPOCOR has been given every opportunity to present the originals of the photocopies of the
documents it offered, but it never produced the originals. Also, the photocopies do not constitute as
electronic evidence as the information was not received, recorded, retrieved or produced electronically.
Moreover, it was not authenticated. Finally, the required affidavit to prove the admissibility and
evidentiary weight of the alleged electronic evidence was not executed, much less presented in evidence.
Therefore, the photocopies must be stricken off the record. Aside from being not properly identified by any
competent witness, the loss of the principals was not established by any competent proof. NAPOCOR filed
a motion for reconsideration, however, it was denied. Petition for certiorari filed with the CA was likewise
denied.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the exhibits should be admitted? NO.
2. Whether or not the photocopies of documents are equivalent to the original documents based on the
Rules on Electronic Evidence? NO.
RATIO: The pieces of documentary evidence by NAPOCOR were not properly identified by any competent
witness. As correctly pointed out by Bangpai, the witnesses did not have personal knowledge of and
participation in the preparation and making of the pieces of documentary evidence. The pieces of the
documentary evidence were merely photocopies of purported documents or papers. Section 3 of Rule 130
of the Rules of Court states that when the subject of inquiry are the contents of documents, no evidence
shall be admissible other than the original documents themselves, except in certain cases specifically
enumerated therein. NAPOCOR has not shown that the non.presentation or non.production of its original
pieces of documentary evidence falls under such exceptions. The pieces of documentary evidence do not
constitute as electronic evidence. The information therein were not received, retrieved, or produced
electronically. NAPOCOR has not properly authenticated such evidence as electronic documents. Lastly, it
has not established by affidavit the admissibility and evidentiary weight of the said documentary
evidence.
ANALYSIS:
The SC is correct in its ruling, both under the Rules of Evidence and Rules of Electronic Evidence. The
ruling would still be the same upon the application of the Proposed Rules of Evidence. The original
document must be produced, subject to the enumerated exceptions therein.

MCC INDUSTRIAL SALES v. SANGYONG


G.R. No. 170633 October 17, 2007
Doctrine: The ter
FACTS: MCC Industrial Sales is a domestic corporation engaged in the business of importing and
wholesaling stainless steel products. One of its suppliers is the Ssangyong Corporation. The two
corporations conducted business through telephone calls and facsimile or telecopy transmissions.
Ssangyon would send the pro forma invoices containing the details of the steel product order to MCC. If

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the latter conforms thereto, its representative affixes his signature on the faxed copy and sends it back to
Ssangyong, again by fax.
Ssangyong sent by fax a letter addressed to Gregory Chan, MCC Manager and President of Sanyo
Seiki Stainless Steel Corporation, in
hot rolled stainless steel under a preferential rate of $1,860 per MT. Chan, on behalf of the corporations,
assented and affixed his signature on the conforme portion of the letter. Ssangyong forwarded to MCC a
pro forma invoice containing the terms and conditions of the transaction. It stated that the payment for
the ordered steel products would be made through an irrevocable letter of credit. MCC sent back by fax to
Ssangyong the invoice bearing the conformity signature of Chan. Because of the confirmed transaction,
Ssangyong placed the order with its steel manufacturer, Pohang Iron and Steel Corporation, in South
Korea and paid the same in full. Ssangyong informed Sanyo Seiki and MCC, by way of fax transmittal,
that it was ready to ship the stainless steel from Korea to the Philippines. It requested that the opening of
the letter of credit be facilitated. Chan affixed his signature on the fax transmittal and returned the same
by fax to Ssangyong. However, both Sanyo Seiki and MCC failed to open the letter of credit.

Thereafter, Ssanyong filed before the RTC a civil action for damages due to breach of contract
against MCC, Sanyo Seiki, and Chan, alleging that the defendants breached their contract when they
refused to open the letter of credit. Defendants filed a demurrer evidence alleging that Ssangyong failed to
present the original copies of the pro forma invoices on which the civil action was based. The RTC
admitted the documentary evidence as electronic evidence and ruled in favor of Ssanyong. Upon appeal to
the CA, the latter affirmed the RTC ruling.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the printout of a facsimile transmission an electronic data message or electronic
document and admissible as such? NO.
RATIO: The Rules on Electronic Evidence provides that an electronic document is considered as an
original document under the Rule on Evidence if it is a printout or output readable by sight or other
means, shown to reflect the data accurately. An electronic document is admissible in evidence if it
complies with the rules on admissibility prescribed by the Rules of Court and related laws, and is
authenticated in the manner prescribed by the said Rules.Thus, to be admissible in evidence as an
electronic data message or to be considered as a functional equivalent of an original document under the
Rule on Evidence, the writing must be an electronic data message or an electronic document.
The Rules on Electronic Evidence defines these terms as follo
to information generated, sent, received or stored by electronic, optical or similar means. On the other
symbols or other modes of written expression, described or however represented, by which a right is
established or an obligation extinguished, or by which a fact may be proved and affirmed, which is
received, recorded, transmitted, stored, processed, retrieved or produced electronically. It includes
digitally signed documents and print.out or output, readable by sight or other means, which accurately
reflects the electronic data message or electronic document. For purposes of these Rules, the term
At first glance, facsimile transmissions are considered as electronic documents because they are
sent by electronic means. However, the following amendment was proposed:
data that is recorded or stored on any medium in or by a computer system or other similar device, which
can be read or perceived by a person or by a computer system or other similar device. It includes a
display, printout or other output of that data. As drafted, it would not apply to telexes or faxes, except
computer.generated faxes, unlike the United Nations model law on electronic commerce. A facsimile is not
a genuine and authentic pleading. It is, at best, an exact copy preserving all the marks of an original.
Without the original, there is no way on determining on its face whether the facsimile pleading is genuine
and authentic and was originally signed by the party and his counsel. It may, in fact be a sham pleading.
Since a facsimile transaction is not an electronic data message or an electronic document and
cannot be considered as electronic evidence, with greater reason is a photocopy of such a fax
transmission not electronic evidence. Therefore, the pro forma invoices, which are mere photocopies of the
original fax transmittals, are not electronic evidence.

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ANALYSIS:
The SC is incorrect in its ruling. Under the Rule on Electronic Evidence, it is clear that the electronic
document refers to information which is received, recorded, transmitted, stored, processed, retrieved, or
produced electronically. It does not provide as a primary requisite that the information must be recorded
or stored alone. Evidently, facsimile transmissions can be considered as electronic evidence.

V.

Parole Evidence Rule


A.

Rule 130, Sec. 9c Art. 1403, Civil Code.

RULE 130
3. PAROL EVIDENCE RULE
SEC. 9. Evidence of written agreements.
When the terms of an agreement have been reduced to
writing, it is considered as containing all the terms agreed upon and there can be, between the parties
and their successors in interest, no evidence of such terms other than the contents of the written
agreement.
However, a party may present evidence to modify, explain or add to the terms of written
agreement if he puts in issue in his pleading:
(a)An intrinsic ambiguity, mistake or imperfection in the written agreement[
(b)The failure of the written agreement to express the true intent and agreement of the parties
thereto[
(c)The validity of the written agreement[ or
(d)The existence of other terms agreed to by the parties or their successors in interest after the
execution of the written agreement.
Therm "agreement" includes wills
CIVIL CODE
CHAPTER 8
UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACTS (n)
Art. 1403. The following contracts are unenforceable, unless they are ratified:
(1) Those entered into in the name of another person by one who has been given no authority or
legal representation, or who has acted beyond his powers[
(2) Those that do not comply with the Statute of Frauds as set forth in this number. In the
following cases an agreement hereafter made shall be unenforceable by action, unless the same, or some
note or memorandum, thereof, be in writing, and subscribed by the party charged, or by his agent[
evidence, therefore, of the agreement cannot be received without the writing, or a secondary evidence of
its contents:
(a) An agreement that by its terms is not to be performed within a year from the making
thereof[
(b) A special promise to answer for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another[
(c) An agreement made in consideration of marriage, other than a mutual promise to
marry[
(d) An agreement for the sale of goods, chattels or things in action, at a price not less
than five hundred pesos, unless the buyer accept and receive part of such goods and
chattels, or the evidences, or some of them, of such things in action or pay at the time
some
part of the purchase money[ but when a sale is made by auction and entry is made
by
the
auctioneer in his sales book, at the time of the sale, of the amount and kind of
property sold, terms of
sale, price, names of the purchasers and person on whose account the sale is made, it is a sufficient
memorandum[
(e) An agreement of the leasing for a longer period than one year, or for the sale of real
property or of an interest therein[
(f) A representation as to the credit of a third person.
(3) Those where both parties are incapable of giving consent to a contract.
B.

Cases:

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Enriquez v. Ramos
Canuto v. Mariano
Yu Tek v. Gonzales
Land Settlement & Dev.
Corp. v. Garcia Plantation
Maulini v. Serrano
PNB v. Seeto
Woodhouse v. Halili
Robles v. Lizarraga
Cruz v. CA
Lechugas v. CA
Inciong v. CA
Ortaez v. CA

6 SCRA 219
37 Phil. 840
29 Phil. 384
7 SCRA 750

(1962)
(1918)
(1915)
(1963)

28 Phil. 640
91 Phil. 756
93 Phil. 526
50 Phil. 387
192 SCRA 209
143 SCRA 335
257 SCRA 578
266 SCRA 561

(1914)
(1952)
(1953)
(1927)
(1990)
(1986)
(1996)
(1997)

ENRIQUEZ v. RAMOS
G.R. No. L218077 September 29, 1962
Doctrine: The rule on parol evidence holds true if there is no allegation that the agreement does not express
the true intent of the parties.

CANUTO v. MARIANO
G.R. No. L211346 March 21, 1918
Doctrine: The rule forbidding the admission of parol or extrinsic evidence to alter, vary, or contradict a
written instrument does not apply so as to prohibit the establishment by parol of an agreement between the
parties to a writing, entered into subsequent to the time when the written instrument was executed,
notwithstanding such agreement may have the effect of adding to, changing, modifying, or even altogether
abrogating the contract of the parties.
FACTS: Espiridiona Canuto executed a deed of sale of the parcel of land to Juan Mariano for the sum of
Php360, reserving the right to repurchase the land for that amount within 1 year from the date of the
deed of sale. Canuto failed to exercise her right to repurchase, the redemption period having elapsed.

Mariano set up a claim of absolute ownership over the land, notwithstanding the insistent
demand of Canuto that she be permitted to exercise her reserved right of repurchase in accordance with
an alleged oral agreement for the extension of the redemption period. Canuto claimed that 2 days before
the expiration of the original redemption period, she asked Mariano for an extension of time for the
repurchase of the land and Mariano agreed. After the expiration of the redemption period, Canuto decided
to repurchase the land, but Mariano failed to appear at the time and place agreed upon for the payment
of the purchase price and has refused to execute a deed of resale, or to reserve the purchase price agreed
upon, de
Canuto.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the parol evidence to alter, vary, or contradict a written instrument can be admitted?
YES.
RATIO: The rule forbidding the admission of parol or extrinsic evidence to alter, vary, or contradict a
written instrument does not apply so as to prohibit the establishment by parol of an agreement between
the parties to a writing, entered into subsequent to the time when the written instrument was executed,
notwithstanding such agreement may have the effect of adding to, changing, modifying, or even altogether
abrogating the contract of the parties as evidenced by the writing[ for the parol evidence does not in any
way deny that the original agreement of the parties was that which the writing purports to express, but

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merely goes to show that the parties have exercised their right to change or abrogate the same, or to make
a new and independent contract.
It makes no difference how soon after the execution of the written contract the parol one was
made. If it was in fact subsequent and is otherwise unobjectionable it may be proved and enforced.
ANALYSIS:
The SC is correct in its ruling. The ruling would still be the same under the Proposed Rules on Evidence.

YU TEK v. GONZALES
G.R. No. L29935 February 1, 1915
Doctrine: While parol evidence is admissible in a variety of ways to explain the meaning of written contracts,
it cannot serve the purpose of incorporating into the contract additional contemporaneous conditions which
are not mentioned at all in the writing, unless there has been fraud or mistake.
FACTS: Yu Tek and Co. and Basilio Gonzales entered into a written contract wherein Gonzales obligated
himself to deliver to Yu Tek 600 piculs of sugar of first and second grade within 3 months in
consideration of the receipt of the sum of Php3,000. However, Gonzales failed to carry out his obligation.

Yu Tek filed an action against Gonzales, proving that no sugar had been delivered that it had not
been able to recover the Php3,000. Meanwhile, Gonzales alleges that the parties intended that the sugar
was to be secured from the crop which he raised on his plantation, and that he was unable to fulfill the
contract by reason of the almost total failure of his crop. The lower court refused to admit the parol
evidence and ruled in favor of Yu Tek.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the parol evidence should be admitted?

NO.

RATIO: Parties are presumed to have reduced to writing all the essential conditions of their contract.
While parol evidence is admissible in a variety of ways to explain the meaning of written contracts, it
cannot serve the purpose of incorporating into the contract additional contemporaneous conditions which
are not mentioned at all in the writing, unless there has been fraud or mistake.
In the case at bar, it is sought to show that the sugar was to be obtained exclusively from the
crop raised by the defendant. There is no clause in the written contract which even remotely suggests
such a condition. Gonzales undertook to deliver a specified quantity of sugar within a specified time. The
contract placed no restriction upon him in the matter of obtaining the sugar. He was equally at liberty to
purchase it on the market or raise it himself. It may be true that Gonzales owned a plantation and
expected to raise the sugar himself, but he did not limit his obligation to his own crop of sugar. The
conclusion is that the condition which the defendant seeks to add to the contract by parol evidence
cannot be considered. The rights of the parties must be determined by the writing itself.
ANALYSIS:
The SC is correct in its ruling. The ruling would still be the same under the Proposed Rules on Evidence.

LAND SETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION V. GARCIA PLANTATION CO. INC.,


AND/OR SALUD GARCIA AND VICENTA B. GARCIA

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G.R. No. L217820 April 24, 1963


Doctrine: When the operation of the contract is made to depend upon the occurrence of an event, which, for
that reason is a condition precedent, such may be established by parol evidence.
FACTS: Land Settlement and Development Corp. (LASEDECO) sold 2 tractors to Garcia Plantation. The
payment of the purchase price was secured by two promissory notes signed by Salud de Gracia. Upon the

The defendants, in their answer, admitted the execution of the two promissory notes, but
contended that the same had been novated by a subsequent agreement contained in a letter (Exh. L) sent
by the manager of the Board of Liquidators of the LASEDECO, giving the defendant Salud C. de Garcia an
extension up to May 31, 1957, within which to pay the account, and since the complaint was filed on
February 20, 1957, they claimed that the action was premature and prayed that the complaint be
dismissed.
At the trial, when the plaintiff presented the Legal Officer of the Board of Liquidators, to testify on
the true agreement and the intention of the parties at the time the letter (Exh. L for the defendants) was
drafted and prepared, the lower court, upon the objection of the counsel for defendants, ruled out said
testimony and prevented the introduction of evidence under the parol evidence rule (Sec. 22, Rule 123).
Plaintiff also intended to present the writer of the letter, to testify on the same matter, but in view of the
ruling of the lower court, it rested its case.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the lower court erred in excluding parol evidence, tending to prove the true intention and
agreement of the parties and the existence of a condition precedent, before the extension granted the
defendants, contained in Exhibit L, could become effective? . YES.
RATIO: The parol evidence consisted of the testimony of Attys. Guinto and Kintanar, to the effect that in
view of the plea of defendant Vicente B. Garcia to give the defendants an extension of time to pay their
accounts, Atty. Kintanar gave the defendants up to May 31, 1957, to coincide with their ramie harvest
"provided that they will make a substantial down payment immediately, with the understanding that
upon non.payment of the substantial amount, the extension shall be deemed as not granted and the
LASEDECO shall feel free to seek redress in court". That there was such condition precedent is
manifested by the second paragraph of the letter Exhibit L, quoted hereunder:
Mrs. Salud de Garcia Tacurong, Cotabato:
Dear Madam^
Please be advised that the Board has granted you an extension up to May 31, 1957, within which to pay
your account.
This matter has been the subject of agreement between your husband and this office.
The subject of agreement alluded to in the second paragraph of the above letter, was the
condition to be complied with or the consideration given for the extension of time, within which the Garcia
spouses pay their account.
The lower court should have admitted the parol evidence sought to be introduced to prove the
failure of the document in question to express the true intent and agreement of the parties. When the
operation of the contract is made to depend upon the occurrence of an event, which, for that reason is a
condition precedent, such may be established by parol evidence.
In the case at bar, reference is made of a previous agreement, in the second paragraph of letter
Exhibit L, and although a document is usually to be interpreted in the precise terms in which it is
couched, Courts, in the exercise of sound discretion, may admit evidence of surrounding circumstances,
in order to arrive at the true intention of the parties.
ANALYSIS:

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The general rule under the current rules (Rule 130 9) is that when the terms of the agreement have been
reduced in writing it is considered as containing all the terms agreed upon and there can be, between the
parties and their successors in interest, no evidence of such terms other than the contents of the written
agreement. One exception to this rule is when a party puts in issue in his pleading the failure of the
written agreement to express the true intent and agreement of the parties thereto. Thus, the court was
correct when it decided that the lower court should have admitted the parol evidence sought to be
introduced to prove the failure of the document in question to express the true intent and agreement of
the parties. The same is provided for by the proposed rules of evidence. However, the petition must be
verified.

MAULINI v. SERRANO
28 PHIL 640 December 16, 1914
Doctrine: If the purpose in presenting an evidence was to show that the contract of indorsement never
existed^ that the minds of the parties never met on the terms of such contract^ that they never mutually
agreed to enter into such contract^ and that there never existed a consideration upon which such an
agreement could be founded it is not prohibited.
FACTS: This is an appeal from a judgment of the Court of First Instance of the city of Manila in favor
of the plaintiff for the sum of P3,000, with interest thereon at the rate of
per cent month from
September 5, 1912, together with the costs.
The action was brought by the plaintiff upon the contract of indorsement alleged to have been made in his
favor by the defendant upon the following promissory note:
jointly and severally agree to pay to
the order of Don Antonio G. Serrano on or before the 5th day of September,
1912, the sum of three thousand pesos (P3,000) for value received for
commercial operations. Notice and protest renounced. If the sum herein
mentioned is not completely paid on the 5th day of September, 1912, this
instrument
when due until the date of its complete payment. The makers hereof agree to
pay the additional sum of P500 as attorney's fees in case of failure to pay the note.
Manila, June 5, 1912.
(Sgd.) For Padern, Moreno & Co., by F. Moreno, member of the firm. For
The note was indorsed on the back as follows:
1912.

to the order of Don Fernando Maulini, value received. Manila, June 5,

ISSUE:
1. Whether Serrano was an accommodation indorser and liable on the note? . NO.
2. Whether the evidence is admissible? . YES.
RATIO: The accommodation to which reference is made in Section 29 is not one to the person who takes
the note but one to the maker or indorser of the note.
It is true, that in the case at bar, it was an accommodation to the plaintiff, in the popular sense,
to have the defendant indorse the note[ but it wasn't the accommodation described in the law but rather a
mere favor to him and one which in no way bound Serrano. In cases of accommodation indorsement,
the indorser makes the indorsement for the accommodation of the maker. Such an indorsement is
generally for the purpose of better securing the payment of the note that is, he lends his name to the

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maker and not the holder.


Parol evidence is admissible for the purposes named. The prohibition against parol evidence is to
prevent alteration, change, modification, or contradiction of the term of a written instrument, admittedly
existing, by the use of some parol evidence except in cases specifically named in the action. The case at
bar is not one where the evidence offered varies, alters, modifies, or contradicts
the terms of indorsement admittedly existing. The evidence was not offered for that purpose. The purpose
was to show that the contract of indorsement ever existed[ that the minds of the parties never met on the
terms of such contract[ that they never mutually agreed to enter into such contract[ and that there never
existed a consideration upon which such an agreement could be founded.
ANALYSIS:
Under our current rules (Rule 130 9), when the terms of the agreement have been reduced in writing it is
considered as containing all the terms agreed upon and there can be, between the parties and their
successors in interest, no evidence of such terms other than the contents of the written agreement. This,
however, does not apply where the purpose of considering the drafts is not to vary, alter, or modify the
agreement, but only to discover the intent of the parties thereto and the circumstances surrounding the
execution of the contract.
The Supreme Court resolved the issue on the admissibility of evidence by discussing that the contention
has some of the appearances of a case in where an indorser seeks prove forgery. That is, where an
indorser claims that his name was forged, parol evidence is admissible to prove that fact, and, if he proves
it, it is a complete defense, the fact being that the indorser never made any such contract, that no such
relation never existed between him and the indorsee, and that there was no consideration whatever to
sustain such a contract. In the case before us we have a condition somewhat similar.
The meaning which the majority opinion apparently wishes to convey, in calling attention to the difference
between what, as it says, was the purpose of the evidence presented by the defendant and what was
sought to be proved thereby, is that the defendant does not endeavor to contradict or alter the terms of
the agreement, which is contained in the instrument and is admitted to exist between the parties[ but to
deny the existence of such an agreement between them, that is, the existence of any indorsement at all,
and that any consideration ever passed to sustain the said indorsement, or, in other words, that the
defendant acknowledged the indorsement as regards the form in which it appears to have been drawn up,
but not with respect to its essence, that is, to the truth of the particular facts set forth in the
indorsement.
Thus, the rule does not really apply there being no agreement. Since this case deals in those where the
purpose is to prove the non.existence of the alleged agreement, necessarily, parol evidence should
likewise be admitted under the proposed rules because it is not excluded.

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BANK v. BENITO SEETO


G.R. No. L24388 August 13, 1952
Doctrine: Any prior or contemporaneous conversation in connection with a note or its indorsement may be
proved by parole evidence. An extrinsic agreement between indorser and indorsee which cannot be
embodied in the instrument without impairing its credit is provable by parole.
FACTS: On March 13, 1948, Seeto presented to PNB at Surigao a P5,000 check, payable to cash or
bearer, and drawn by one Gan Yek Kiao against the Cebu branch of the Philippine National Bank of
Communications. After consultation with the bank employees, Seeto made a general and unqualified
therefore. Upon being presented to the drawee bank for payment, however, the check was dishonored for
emanded refund from Seeto. Seeto, however, refused, claiming that at the time
of the negotiation of the check, the drawer had sufficient funds in the drawee bank, and had not PNB
same would have been paid.

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PNB alleged that Seeto gave assurances that the drawer of the check had sufficient funds with
the bank, and that Seeto had made a general and unqualified indorsement thereon. As evidence, PNB
presented two witnesses at the trial, who testified that the check was cashed due to assurances given by
Seeto and the promise that he would refund the amount paid by PNB should the check be dishonored.
ISSUE:
1. Whether parol evidence with respect to the verbal assurances made by Seeto be admitted as evidence?
. YES.
RATIO: Any prior or contemporaneous conversation in connection with a note or its indorsement may be
proved by parol evidence. An extrinsic agreement between indorser and indorsee which cannot be
embodied in the instrument without impairing its credit is provable by parol. If, therefore, the supposed
assurances that the drawer had funds and that the Seeto would refund the amount of the check if the
drawer had no funds, were the considerations or reasons that induced the branch agency of PNB to go
out of its ordinary practice of not cashing out of town checks and accept the check and to pay its face
value, the may be proved by parol, provided, of course, that the assurances or inducements offered would
not vary, alter, or destroy the obligations attached by law to the indorsement.
In this case, however, there was no express obligation assumed by Seeto that the drawer would
always have funds, or that he would refund the amount of the check even if there was delay in its
presentation. Therefore, such assurances were discharged by the unreasonable delay in the presentation
of the check for payment.
ANALYSIS:
The general rule under the current rules (Rule 130 9) is that when the terms of the agreement have been
reduced in writing it is considered as containing all the terms agreed upon and there can be, between the
parties and their successors in interest, no evidence of such terms other than the contents of the written
agreement. One exception to this rule is when a party puts in issue in his pleading the failure of the
written agreement to express the true intent and agreement of the parties thereto. Thus, the court was
correct when it declared that the supposed assurances that the drawer had funds and that the
respondent herein would refund the amount of the check if the drawer had no funds, were the
considerations or reasons that induced the branch agency of the petitioners to go out of its ordinary
practice of not cashing out of town checks and accept the check and to pay its face value, the same would
be provable by parol, provided, of course, that the assurances or inducements offered would not vary,
alter, or destroy the obligations attached by law to the indorsement.
The same is provided for by the proposed rules of evidence. However, the petition must be verified.

CHARLES F. WOODHOUSE v. FORTUNATO F. HALILI


G.R. No. L24811 July 31, 1953
Doctrine: If an act or statement was not sought to be introduced to change or alter the terms of the
agreement, but to prove the representations or inducements, or fraud, with which or by which he secured
the other party's consent thereto, it is excluded form the parol evidence rule.
FACTS: Plaintiff entered into a written agreement with the defendant to the effect that they shall organize
a partnership for the bottling and distribution of soft drinks, plaintiff to act as industrial partner or
manager, and the defendant a capitalist furnishing the capital necessary therefor. The defendant claims
that his consent to the agreement was secured by the representation of plaintiff that he was the owner, or
was about to become owner, of an exclusive bottling franchise, which representation was false. The fraud
and false representation were sought to be proven by means, among others, of the drafts of the agreement
prior to the final one, which drafts are presumed to have already been integrated into the final agreement.
ISSUE:
1. Whether those prior drafts excluded from the prohibition of the parol evidence rule? . YES.

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RATIO: The purpose of considering the drafts is not to vary, alter, or modify the agreement, but to
discover the intent of the parties thereto and the circumstances surrounding the execution of the
contract. The issue of fact is, did plaintiff represent to defendant that he had an exclusive franchise?
Certainly, his acts or statements prior to the agreement are essential and relevant to the determination of
said issue. The act or statement of the plaintiff was not sought to be introduced to change or alter the
terms of the agreement, but to prove how he induced the defendant to enter into it . to prove the
representations or inducements, or fraud, with which or by which he secured the other party's consent
thereto. These are expressly excluded from the parol evidence rule.
Fraud and false representation are an incident to the creation of a jural act, not to its integration,
and are not governed by the rules on integration. Where parties prohibited from proving said
representations or inducements, on the ground that the agreement had already been entered into, it
would be impossible to prove misrepresentation or fraud. The parol evidence rule expressly allows the
evidence to be introduced when the validity of an instrument is put in issue by the pleadings (sec. 22.a of
Rule 123)
ANALYSIS:
The general rule under the current rules (Rule 130 9) is that when the terms of the agreement have been
reduced in writing it is considered as containing all the terms agreed upon and there can be, between the
parties and their successors in interest, no evidence of such terms other than the contents of the written
agreement. One exception to this rule is when a party puts in issue in his pleading the failure of the
written agreement to express the true intent and agreement of the parties thereto. In this case, there is no
need to apply the provision because the purpose of considering the drafts is not to vary, alter, or modify
the agreement, but only to discover the intent of the parties thereto and the circumstances surrounding
the execution of the contract.
The same is provided for by the proposed rules of evidence. However, if the offeror will attempt to modify,
explain or add terms to the agreement, the petition must be verified.

ZACARIAS ROBLES v. LIZARRAGA HERMANOS


G.R. No. L226173 July 13, 1927
Doctrine: The rule against the admission of parole evidence does not extend so far as to preclude the
admission of extrinsic evidence to show prior or contemporaneous collateral parole agreements between the
parties, but such evidence may be received, regardless of whether or not the written agreement contains
any reference to such collateral agreement, and whether the action is at law or in equity.
FACTS: Anastacia de la Rama, as administratrix of the estate of her husband, leased the hacienda
indemnity at the end of the term, made various improvements and additions to the plant.
Three years before the lease was to expire, Lizarraga Hermanos, a mercantile partnership,
proposed to buy all of the property belonging to the hacienda. As Robles, Jr., still had over two years in
his lease contract, he was asked to surrender such last two years and permit Lizarraga Hermanos to take
possession as buyer. Lizarraga Hermanos agreed to pay him the value of all betterments made on the
hacienda and to buy from him all that belonged to him personally on the hacienda. However, no reference
ng the date when the lease should end, nor of
anything said concerning the improvements or property of a personal nature, was placed in the
instrument of conveyance later executed.

Robles, Jr filed a complaint against Lizarraga Hermanos for the recovery of compensation for
improvements made by him on the hacienda and the value of implements and farming equipment
supplied by him, as well as damages for breach of contract. As evidence, he presented a letter written by
Severiano Lizarraga to him, in which a reference is made to an appraisal and liquidation. Lizarraga
Hermanos, however, assailed the admission of the letter as being prohibited parole evidence.

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ISSUE:
1. Whether the letter admissible as evidence apart from the instrument of conveyance? . YES.
RATIO: The purpose of the parole evidence is to enforce an independent or collateral agreement
constituting an inducement or the making of the sale, or part of the consideration therefore. There is no
rule of evidence of wider application than that which declares intrinsic evidence inadmissible either to
contradict or vary the terms of a written contract, such being deemed to supersede all oral negotiations or
stipulations concerning its terms and the subject.matter which preceded the execution of the instrument,
in the absence of accident, fraud or mistake of fact. However, such rule does not extend so far as to
preclude the admission of extrinsic evidence to show prior or contemporaneous collateral parole
agreements between the parties, but such evidence may be received, regardless of whether or not the
written agreement contains any reference to such collateral agreement, and whether the action is at law
or in equity.
In this case, the deed of conveyance purports to transfer to Lizarraga Hermanos only such
interests in certain properties as had come to the conveyors by inheritance, not those which Robles, Jr.
had acquired by lease or purchase, or those that he had placed thereon by way of improvement. The
verbal contract established in this case is therefore clearly independent of the main contract of
conveyance, and evidence of such is admissible under the doctrine above stated. The written contract is
complete in itself, the oral agreement is also complete in itself, and it is a collateral to the written
contract, notwithstanding the fact that it deals with related matters.
ANALYSIS:
The general rule under the current rules (Rule 130 9) is that when the terms of the agreement have been
reduced in writing it is considered as containing all the terms agreed upon and there can be, between the
parties and their successors in interest, no evidence of such terms other than the contents of the written
agreement. One exception to this rule is when a party puts in issue in his pleading the failure of the
written agreement to express the true intent and agreement of the parties thereto.
The Court was correct when it did not apply the provision in this case because the purpose of considering
the drafts is not to vary, alter, or modify the agreement, but only to discover the intent of the parties
thereto and the circumstances surrounding the execution of the contract.
The same is provided for by the proposed rules of evidence. However, if the offeror will attempt to modify,
explain or add terms to the agreement, the petition must be verified.

LUCIO R. CRUZ v. COURT OF APPEALS


G.R. No. 79962 December 10, 1990
Doctrine: The parole evidence rule is predicated on the existence of a document embodying the terms of an
agreement. A receipt is not such a document as it merely attests to the receipt of money and it is not and
could have not been intended by the parties to be the sole memorial of their agreement.

FACTS: Conrado Salonga filed a complaint for collection and damages against petitioner Lucio Cruz
alleging that in the course of their business transactions of buying and selling fish, the petitioner
borrowed from him an amount of P35,000.00, evidenced by a receipt (Exhibit D). Salonga claimed that of
this amount, only P20,000.00 had been paid. Salonga also claimed that he and Cruz agreed that the
latter would grant him an exclusive right to purchase the harvest of certain fishponds leased by Cruz in
exchange for certain loan accommodations and that pursuant thereto, Salonga delivered to Cruz various
loans totaling P15,250.00, evidenced by four receipts and an additional P4,000.00, the receipt of which
had been lost. Salonga further claimed that Cruz failed to comply with his part of the agreement by
refusing to deliver the alleged harvest of the fishpond and the amount of his indebtedness.
Cruz denied having contracted any loan from Salonga. By way of special defense, he alleged that
he was a lessee of several hectares of a fishpond owned by Nemesio Yabut and that he entered into an

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agreement with Salonga whereby the latter would purchase (pakyaw) fish in certain areas of the fishpond.
They also agreed that immediately thereafter, Salonga would sublease the same fishpond for a period of
one year. Cruz admitted having received the amounts mentioned but he contended that these amounts
were received by him not as loans but as consideration for their "pakyaw" agreement and payment for the
sublease of the fishpond.
Cruz presented an instrument (Exh. I) executed to evidence their "pakyaw" agreement and to fix
its duration. He was corroborated by 2 witnesses. The trial court ruled in favor of the Cruz but the CA
reversed stating that Exhibit "I" is very clear in its non.reference to the transaction behind Exhibit "D."
Thus, its tenor must not be clouded by any parole evidence introduced by the Cruz.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the CA erred in disregarding parole evidence to Exhibits "D" and "I" to explain the real
transaction between the parties? YES.
RATIO: The parole evidence rule is not applicable in the case at bar. Section 7, Rule 130 is predicated on
the existence of a document embodying the terms of an agreement, but Exhibit D does not contain such
an agreement. It is only a receipt attesting to the fact that petitioner received from the private respondent
the amount of P35,000. It is not and could have not been intended by the parties to be the sole memorial
of their agreement. As a matter of fact, Exhibit D does not even mention the transaction that gave rise to
its issuance. At most, Exhibit D can only be considered a casual memorandum of a transaction between
the parties and an acknowledgment of the receipt of money executed by the petitioner for the private
respondent's satisfaction.
The "pakyaw" was mentioned only in Exhibit I, which also declared the petitioner's receipt of
money as consideration for the agreement. The petitioner and his witnesses testified to show when and
under what circumstances the money was received. Their testimonies do not in any way vary or
contradict the terms of Exhibit I. The statement in Exhibit I of the petitioner's receipt of the money is just
a statement of fact. It is a mere acknowledgment of the distinct act of payment made by the private
respondent. Parole evidence may therefore be introduced to explain Exhibit I.
Even if it were assumed that Exhibits D and I are covered by the parole evidence rule, its
application by the CA was improper. The record shows that no objection was made by the private
respondent when the petitioner introduced evidence to explain the circumstances behind the execution
and issuance of the said instruments. For failure of private respondent to object to the evidence
introduced by the petitioner, he is deemed to have waived the benefit of the parole evidence rule.
ANALYSIS:
The Court correctly applied the Revised Rules on Evidence in this case. The Parole Evidence Rule only
applies when a document embodying the agreement between the parties is present. The case would have
been decided the same way if the Proposed Rules of Evidence were applied since there is no change in the
requirements for the Parole Evidence Rule to apply, under the Proposed Rules.

VICTORIA LECHUGAS v. COURT OF APPEALS


G.R. No. L239972 & L240300 August 6, 1986
Doctrine: The parole evidence rule does not apply, and may not properly be invoked by either party to the
litigation against the other, where at least one of the parties to the suit is not party or a privy of a party to
the written instrument in question and does not base a claim on the instrument or assert a right originating
in the instrument or the relation established thereby.
FACTS: Petitioner Lechugas filed a complaint for forcible entry with damages against the private
respondents Lozas, alleging that the latter by means of force, intimidation, strategy and stealth,
unlawfully entered 2 portion of the property owned by the petitioner. Lechugas testified that she bought
the subject land from Leoncia Lasangue as evidenced by a public Deed of Absolute Sale. While Guinta,
tenant of Lechugas, was plowing the land, defendants entered the land and forced him to stop his work

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and threatened him. Lechugas reported the incident to the Chief of Police but the defendants stayed
adamantly on the lot and refused to surrender the possession thereof.
Defendants, on the other hand,
maintain that the land which plaintiff bought from Lasangue is different from the land now subject of this
action. Defendant's evidence in chief shows that Hugo Loza purchased a 2 parcels of land from Victorina
Limor and Emetrio Lasangue and these two lands were consolidated during the cadastral survey. The
Lozas claim that the land bought by Lechugas is south of the land in question.
Furthermore, Leoncia Lasangue (the vendor) testified for the defendants stating that she sold her
inherited property to Lechugas under a public instrument which was prepared at the instance of Victoria
Lechugas and thumbmarked by herself. Although she was illiterate, she was still able to specifically point
out the land which she sold to the petitioner. This property is south of the land in question. The
complaint was dismissed. Petitioner then appealed to the then CFI of Iloilo. While the above appeal was
pending, the petitioner instituted another action before the CFI of Iloilo for recovery and possession of the
same property against the private respondents. CFI dismissed both complaints. CA affirmed. Petitioner
filed a petition for review invoking the parole evidence rule as it imputes grave abuse of discretion on the
part of the CA for admitting and giving credence to the testimony of the vendor regarding the sale of the
disputed lot. The testimony is contrary to the contents of the deed of sale executed by the vendor in favor
of the petitioner.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the CA erred in considering parole evidence in order to vary the subject matter of the deed of
sale? NO.
RATIO: The petitioner's reliance on the parole evidence rule is misplaced. The rule is not applicable where
the controversy is between one of the parties to the document and third persons. The deed of sale was
executed by Leoncia Lasangue in favor of Victoria Lechugas. The dispute over what was actually sold is
between petitioner and the private respondents. In the case at bar, through the testimony of Leoncia
Lasangue, it was shown that what she really intended to sell, but not being able to read and write and
fully relying on the good faith of her first cousin, the petitioner, she just placed her thumbmark on a piece
of paper which petitioner told her was the document evidencing the sale of land. The deed of sale
described the disputed lot instead. From the foregoing, there can be no other conclusion but that
Lasangue did not intend to sell as she could not have sold, a piece of land already sold by her father to
the predecessor.in.interest of the respondents.
ANALYSIS:
The Parole Evidence Rule under the Revised Rules on Evidence is not applicable where the controversy is
between a party to the document in question and third persons. The case was decided correctly under
such Rules as well as under the Proposed Rules on Evidence.

BALDOMERO INCIONG, JR. v. COURT OF APPEALS


G.R. No. 96405 June 26, 1996
Doctrine: For the parole evidence rule to apply, a written contract need not be in any particular form, or be
signed by both parties. What is required is that the agreement be in writing since written evidence is so
much more certain and accurate than that which rests in fleeting memory only.
FACTS: Inciong incurred liability through a promissory note in the amount of P50,000.00 which he
signed with Naybe and Pantanosas, holding themselves jointly and severally liable to private respondent
Philippine Bank of Communications, Cagayan de Oro City branch. The promissors were not able to pay
when the note became due. PBC made demands but when they were not heeded, PBC filed a complaint
for collection against the three obligors.
In his answer, Inciong alleged that he was approached by his friend, Rudy Campos, who told him
that he was a partner of Pio Tio, the branch manager of PBC in Cagayan de Oro City, in the falcata logs
operation business. Campos persuaded petitioner to act as a "co.maker" with Naybe in a loan in order to
buy a chainsaw to contribute to the partnership. Petitioner allegedly acceded but with the understanding

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that he would only be a co.maker for the loan. Petitioner alleged further that 5 copies of a blank
promissory note were brought to him by Campos at his office. He affixed his signature thereto but in one
copy, he indicated that he bound himself only for the amount of P5,000.00. Thus, it was by trickery,
fraud and misrepresentation that he was made liable for the amount of P50,000.00.
appears directly below the signature of the petitioner in the promissory note. The lower court also noted
that petitioner was a holder of a Bachelor of Laws degree and a labor consultant who was supposed to
take due care of his concerns. The CA affirmed the decision of the lower court. Petitioner asserted that
since the promissory note is not a public deed with the formalities prescribed by law but a mere
commercial paper which does not bear the signature of attesting witnesses, parole evidence may overcome
the contents of the promissory note.
ISSUE:
1. Whether Inciong can present parole evidence to prove that he was only liable for P5,000.00 and not for
P50,000.00 as provided in the promissory note? NO.
RATIO: The parole evidence rule does not specify that the written agreement needs to be a public
document. What is required is that the agreement be in writing since written evidence is so much more
certain and accurate than that which rests in fleeting memory only, that it would be unsafe, when parties
have expressed the terms of their contract in writing, to admit weaker evidence to control and vary the
stronger and to show that the parties intended a different contract from that expressed in the writing
signed by them."
Thus, for the parole evidence rule to apply, a written contract need not be in any particular form,
or be signed by both parties. As a general rule, bills, notes and other instruments of a similar nature are
not subject to be varied or contradicted by parol or extrinsic evidence. By alleging fraud in his answer,
petitioner was actually in the right direction towards proving that he and his co.makers agreed to a loan
of P5,000.00 only considering that, where a parole contemporaneous agreement was the inducing and
moving cause of the written contract, it may be shown by parole evidence. However, fraud must be
established by clear and convincing evidence, mere preponderance of evidence, not even being adequate.
Petitioner's attempt to prove fraud must, therefore, fail as it was evidenced only by his own
uncorroborated and, expectedly, self.serving testimony.
ANALYSIS:
Under the Revised Rules on Evidence, the only requirement for the application of the Parole Evidence
Rule is that the agreement be in writing. There is no requirement that the agreement be in a public
document. As such, this case was decided properly. Even under the Proposed Rules on Evidence, this
case will still be decided the same way since there are no additional requirements provided under such
Rules.

RAFAEL S. ORTAEZ v. THE COURT OF APPEALS


G.R. No. 107372 January 23, 1997
Doctrine: Although parole evidence is admissible to explain the meaning of a contract, it cannot serve the
purpose of incorporating into the contract additional contemporaneous conditions which are not mentioned
at all in the writing unless there has been fraud or mistake.
FACTS: The private respondents Inocentes spouses sold to petitioner Ortanez 2 parcels of registered land
in Quezon City for a consideration of P35,000.00 and P20,000.00, respectively. The spouses received the
payments for the above.mentioned lots, but failed to deliver the titles to petitioner. Ortanez demanded
from the former the delivery of said titles. Private respondents, however, refused on the ground that the
title of the first lot is in the possession of another person, and petitioner's acquisition of the title of the
other lot is subject to certain conditions. Petitioner sued private respondents for specific performance
before the RTC.

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In their answer with counterclaim private respondents merely alleged the existence of the
following oral conditions which were never reflected in the deeds of sale: (1) that plaintiff will cause the
segregation of his right of way amounting to 398 sq. m., (2) Plaintiff will submit to the defendants the
approved plan for the segregation, (3) Plaintiff will put up a strong wall between his property and that of
defendants' lot to segregate his right of way, and (4) Plaintiff will pay the capital gains tax and all other
expenses that may be incurred by reason of sale. During trial, private respondent Oscar Inocentes, a
former judge, orally testified that the sale was subject to the above conditions, although such conditions
were not incorporated in the deeds of sale. Despite petitioner's timely objections on the ground that the
introduction of said oral conditions was barred by the parole evidence rule, the lower court nonetheless,
admitted them and eventually dismissed the complaint as well as the counterclaim. On appeal, the CA
ISSUE:
1. Whether parole evidence should be admitted on to establish the alleged oral conditions.precedent to a
contract of sale, when the deeds of sale are silent on such conditions? NO.
RATIO: Private respondents' oral testimony on the alleged conditions, coming from a party who has an
interest in the outcome of the case, depending exclusively on human memory, is not as reliable as written
or documentary evidence. Spoken words could be notoriously unreliable unlike a written contract which
speaks of a uniform language. Considering that the written deeds of sale were the only repository of the
truth, whatever is not found in said instruments must have been waived and abandoned by the parties.
Examining the deeds of sale, we cannot even make an inference that the sale was subject to any
condition. As a contract, it is the law between the parties.
Although parole evidence is admissible to explain the meaning of a contract, it cannot serve the
purpose of incorporating into the contract additional contemporaneous conditions which are not
mentioned at all in the writing unless there has been fraud or mistake. No such fraud or mistake exists in
this case. The deeds of sale are clear, without any ambiguity, mistake or imperfection, much less
obscurity or doubt in the terms thereof. The Record shows that private respondents did not expressly
plead that the deeds of sale were incomplete or that it did not reflect the intention of the buyer and the
seller. Private respondents merely alleged that the sale was subject to 4 conditions which they tried to
prove during trial by parole evidence. Obviously, this cannot be done, because they did not plead any of
the exceptions mentioned in the parole evidence rule. Their case is covered by the general rule that the
contents of the writing are the only repository of the terms of the agreement.
ANALYSIS:
This case was decided properly under the Revised Rules on Evidence since the court applied the Parole
Evidence Rule correctly. There was no fraud or mistake shown in the contract between the parties and so
no parole evidence was admissible to explain the meaning of such. Under the Proposed Rules on
Evidence, the case would have been decided the same way since there is no major revision under such
Rules regarding the Parole Evidence Rule.

VI. Interpretation of Documents


A.

Rule 130, Secs. 10219c Arts. 137021379, Civil Code

RULE 130
4. INTERPRETATION OF DOCUMENTS
SEC. 10. Interpretation of a writing according to its legal meaning.
The language of a writing is to be
interpreted according to the legal meaning it bears in the place of its execution, unless the parties
intended otherwise. (8)
SEC. 11. Instrument construed so as to give effect to all provisions.
In the construction of an
instrument, where there are several provisions or particulars, such a construction is, if possible, to be
adopted as will give effect to all. (9)

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SEC. 12. Interpretation according to intention[ general and particular provisions.


In the construction of
an instrument, the intention of the parties is to be pursued[ and when a general and a particular
provision are inconsistent, the latter is paramount to the former. So a particular intent will control a
general one that is inconsistent with it. (10)
SEC. 13. Interpretation according to circumstances.
For the proper construction of an instrument, the
circumstances under which it was made, including the situation of the subject thereof and of the parties
to it, may be shown, so that the judge may be placed in the position of those who language he is to
interpret. (11)
SEC. 14. Peculiar signification of terms.
The terms of a writing are presumed to have been used in their
primary and general acceptation, but evidence is admissible to show that they have a local, technical, or
otherwise peculiar signification, and were so used and understood in the particular instance, in which
case the agreement must be construed accordingly. (12)
SEC. 15.Written words control printed.
When an instrument consists partly of written words and partly
of a printed form, and the two are inconsistent, the former controls the latter. (13)
SEC. 16. Experts and interpreters to be used in explaining certain writings.
When the characters in
which an instrument is written are difficult to be deciphered, or the language is not understood by the
court, the evidence of persons skilled in deciphering the characters, or who understand the language, is
admissible to declare the characters or the meaning of the language. (14)
SEC. 17. Of Two constructions, which preferred.
When the terms of an agreement have been intended in
a different sense by the different parties to it, that sense is to prevail against either party in which he
supposed the other understood it, and when different constructions of a provision are otherwise equally
proper, that is to be taken which is the most favorable to the party in whose favor the provision was
made. (15)
SEC. 18. Construction in favor of natural right.
When an instrument is equally susceptible of two
interpretations, one in favor of natural right and the other against it, the former is to be adopted. (16)
SEC. 19. Interpretation according to usage.
order to determine its true character. (17)

An instrument may be construed according to usage, in

CIVIL CODE
CHAPTER 5
INTERPRETATION OF CONTRACTS
Art. 1370. If the terms of a contract are clear and leave no doubt upon the intention of the contracting
parties, the literal meaning of its stipulations shall control.
If the words appear to be contrary to the evident intention of the parties, the latter shall prevail over the
former. (1281)
Art. 1371. In order to judge the intention of the contracting parties, their contemporaneous and
subsequent acts shall be principally considered. (1282)
Art. 1372. However general the terms of a contract may be, they shall not be understood to comprehend
things that are distinct and cases that are different from those upon which the parties intended to agree.
(1283)
Art. 1373. If some stipulation of any contract should admit of several meanings, it shall be understood as
bearing that import which is most adequate to render it effectual. (1284)
Art. 1374. The various stipulations of a contract shall be interpreted together, attributing to the doubtful
ones that sense which may result from all of them taken jointly. (1285)

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Art. 1375. Words which may have different significations shall be understood in that which is most in
keeping with the nature and object of the contract. (1286)
Art. 1376. The usage or custom of the place shall be borne in mind in the interpretation of the
ambiguities of a contract, and shall fill the omission of stipulations which are ordinarily established.
(1287)
Art. 1377. The interpretation of obscure words or stipulations in a contract shall not favor the party who
caused the obscurity. (1288)
Art. 1378. When it is absolutely impossible to settle doubts by the rules established in the preceding
articles, and the doubts refer to incidental circumstances of a gratuitous contract, the least transmission
of rights and interests shall prevail. If the contract is onerous, the doubt shall be settled in favor of the
greatest reciprocity of interests.
If the doubts are cast upon the principal object of the contract in such a way that it cannot be
known what may have been the intention or will of the parties, the contract shall be null and void. (1289)
Art. 1379. The principles of interpretation stated in Rule 123 of the Rules of Court shall likewise be
observed in the construction of contracts. (n)
B.

Cases:
(a)
Lambert v. Fox
(b)
Capital Insurance v. Sadang

26 Phil. 588 (1914)


21 SCRA 1183 (1967)

LEON J. LAMBERT v. T. J. FOX


G.R. No. L27991 January 29, 1914
Doctrine: The intention of parties to a contract must be determined, in the first instance, from the words of
the contract itself. Interpretation and construction should be by the instruments last resorted to by a court in
determining what the parties agreed to. Where the language used by the parties is plain, then construction
and interpretation are unnecessary and, if used, result in making a contract for the parties.
FACTS: The firm known as John R. Edgar & Co., engaged in the retail book and stationery business,
found itself in such condition financially that its creditors, including the plaintiff Lambert and the
defendant Fox, together with many others, agreed to take over the business, incorporate it and accept
stock therein in payment of their respective credits. This was done, the plaintiff and the defendant
becoming the two largest stockholders in the new corporation called John R. Edgar & Co., Incorporated. A
few days after the incorporation was completed plaintiff and defendant entered into an agreement
mutually and reciprocally agreeing not to sell, transfer, or otherwise dispose of any part of their holdings
of stock in said corporation until after one year from that date. They further agreed that either party
violating the agreement shall pay to the other the sum of P1,000.00 pesos as liquidated damages, unless
previous consent in writing to such sale, transfer, or other disposition be obtained.
Notwithstanding this contract the defendant Fox sold his stock in the said corporation to E. C.
McCullough, Inc., a strong competitor of the said John R. Edgar & Co., Inc. Plaintiff filed a complaint to
enforce their agreement. The trial court decided the case in favor of the defendant upon the ground that
the intention of the parties as it appeared from the contract in question was to the effect that the
agreement should be good and continue only until the corporation reached a sound financial basis, and
that event having occurred sometime before the expiration of the year mentioned in the contract, the
purpose for which the contract was made and had been fulfilled and the defendant accordingly
discharged of his obligation thereunder.
ISSUE:
1. Whether Lambert can claim liquidated damages from Fox as in their agreement?

YES.

RATIO: The intention of parties to a contract must be determined, in the first instance, from the words of
the contract itself. It is to be presumed that persons mean what they say when they speak plain English.

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Interpretation and construction should be by the instruments last resorted to by a court in determining
what the parties agreed to. Where the language used by the parties is plain, then construction and
interpretation are unnecessary and, if used, result in making a contract for the parties.
In the case at bar the parties expressly stipulated that the contract should last one year. No
reason is shown for saying that it shall last only nine months. Whatever the object was in specifying the
year, it was their agreement that the contract should last a year and it was their judgment and conviction
that their purposes would not be subversed in any less time.
ANALYSIS:
Under the Proposed Rules on Evidence, the ruling would be the same since there are no changes
proposed under the Interpretation of Documents.

CAPITAL INS. AND SURETY CO., INC. v. SADANG


G.R. No. L218857 December 11, 1967
Doctrine: If the contract as actually drafted seems to be vague or ambiguous, the doubt must be resolved
against the party who prepared the document, and in accordance with the real intention of the parties.
FACTS: Capital Insurance entered into a surety agreement with Mateo Pinto wherein the former agreed to
pay Macondray Farms in behalf of Pinto for any obligation that the latter may incur in his lease
agreement with Macondray. For this purpose, Capital issued a bond in the amount of 42,000 Pesos in
favor of Macondray. To protect its interests, Capital entered into an indemnity agreement with Pinto and
the defendant spouses Sadang where the spouses agreed to mortgage their land in favor of Capital to pay
for any expense that it may incur under the suretyship agreement. Pinto later defaulted in his obligations
to Macondray and the Capital was consequently forced to pay 24,000 Pesos as surety. Capital went after
Pinto but after the issuance of two executions in its favor, there was still a deficiency in the amount of
14,000 Pesos.

Capital now sued the Sadangs by virtue of the indemnity agreement and the real estate mortgage
to collect the deficiency. The Sadangs countered that they were only liable for 300 Pesos because Pinto
actually paid 19,700 Pesos to the Macondray Farms and the mortgage agreement provides that their
liability is limited to the "the first P20,000.00 that might be incurred under the bond". The contested
stipulation provides that:
and charges of whatever kind and nature that it may incur or sustain as a consequence of
having acted as surety on the bond referred to above, and or its substitution,
modification, alteration, change and/or renewals. That liability secured by the above
properties is limited to the first P20,000.00 that might be incurred under the bond issued in

Capital on the other hand claimed that the 19,700 Pesos paid by Pinto should not be credited in
favor of the spouses because it was paid before he became in default therefore, no liability ever attached
to Capital under its bond for that amount, and hence it should not be considered as part of, or applied to,
obligation. After hearing, the CFI of Manila ruled in favor of the Sadangs and ordered the payment of 300
Pesos in favor of Capital. Capital appealed to the Supreme Court.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the 19,700 Pesos paid by Pinto should be credited in favor of the spouses pursuant to their
interpretation of the contract? YES.
RATIO:
reflected the real agreement between the parties and that it was Capital who prepared the agreement.

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Esteban Sadang:
see the written document prepared by Atty. Achacoso with Atty. Nera as his companion and in the
presence of one, the mestizo who was supposed to be the manager of the Bonding Department. At that time,
I was made to understand that if I would consent to be one of the bondsmen I would only answer to the first
P20,000.00 of the total P42,000.00 bond which the Capital Insurance was supposed to underwrite to Mateo
Pinto in favor of Macondray Farms and I told Atty. Achacoso in the presence of
the mestizo, the then
Manager of the Bonding Department, that I was only supposed to answer to the first P20,000.00 of the total
bond indebtedness of P42,000.00. That the moment the first P20,000.00 is paid the bonding company
Esteban agreed to be an indemnitor only on condition that he would answer for the "first
P20,000.00 of the total P42,000.00 bond," and that "the moment the first P20,000.00 is paid the bonding
company automatically releases my responsibility to them." The trial court found the said testimony to be
uncontradicted. Moreover, if the mortgage contract as actually drafted seems to be vague or ambiguous,
the doubt must be resolved against Capital, whose lawyer prepared the document, and in accordance
with the real intention of the parties as explained by defendants.
ANALYSIS:
any significant changes with respect to the ruling which
was made in this case since it has not made any amendment with respect to the Revised Rules of

VII.

Qualifications of Witnesses
A.

Mental Incapacity or Immaturity


1.
Rule 130, Secs. 20 & 21
C. TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE
1. QUALIFICATION OF WITNESSES

SEC. 20.Witnesses[ their qualifications.


Except as provided in the next succeeding section, all persons
who can perceive, and perceiving, can make their known perception to others, may be witnesses.
Religious or political belief, interest in the outcome of the case, or conviction of a crime unless
otherwise provided by law, shall not be ground for disqualification. (18a)
SEC. 21. Disqualification by reason of mental incapacity or immaturity.
The following persons cannot be
witnesses:
(a)Those whose mental condition, at the time of their production for examination, is
such
that they are incapable of intelligently making known their perception to others[
(b)Children whose mental maturity is such as to render them incapable of perceiving
the
facts respecting which they are examined and of relating them truthfully. (19a)
2.
3.
4.

People v. De Jesus
People v. Salomon
People v. Mendoza

129 SCRA 4
(1984)
229 SCRA 402 (1993)
254 SCRA 18
(1996)

PEOPLE v. DE JESUS
G.R. No. L239087 April 27, 1984
Doctrine: Mental illness does not automatically disqualify a witness from testifying. It is sufficient that the
witness can perceive and communicate in her own way her perceptions.
FACTS: Clara Mina, a feeble.minded single woman of 28, lived with her parents in barrio Amistad, Alicia,

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Isabela. At around 2:00 in the afternoon of January 3, 1974, Clara was left in the house when members
o
force, raped the feeble.
and caught De Jesus in the act. The latter managed to escape. Simon reported the incident to the police
and had her daughter examined by the municipal health officer. De Jesus subsequently surrendered.
During trial, De Jesus testified in his defense. He claimed that he only admitted to the authorities
that he had sexual intercourse with Clara due to his maltreatment by the jail guards. De Jesus also
other hand testified for the prosecution and narrated the events leading to her rape albeit with some
difficulty because of her mental condition. Giving great weight to the testimony of Clara, the Circuit
Criminal Court of Isabela found De Jesus guilty of rape. The accused appealed to the Supreme Court
challenging the competency of Clara as a witness.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the feeble.minded Clara qualifies as a competent witness?

YES.

RATIO: It is undisputed that Clara is mentally.ill. However, there is no showing that she could not convey
her ideas by words or signs. Clara gave sufficiently intelligible answers. The Court was satisfied that Clara
can perceive and transport in her own way her perceptions. The ruling of the lower court was affirmed.
ANALYSIS:
The Proposed Rules of Evidence has omitted the current rule on Disqualification by Reason of
Mental Incapacity or Immaturity under Section 21 Rule 130 of the Revised Rules of Evidence. This
demonstrates an adherence to Supreme Court decisions like People v. De Jesus where the Court
deliberately overlooked the fact of mental illness of the witness and determined his competence on the
basis of his capacities of perception, recollection, and relation. Despite the omission, the Proposed Rules
has no foreseeable impact on the ruling in this case because its provision on the qualification of witnesses
has faithfully retained the wording of Section 20 Rule 130 of the Revised Rules of Court which provides
the main standard in determining the competency of a witness.

PEOPLE v. SALOMON
G.R. No. 96848 January 21, 1994
Doctrine: The acceptance of a witness depends on the quality of his perceptions and the manner he can
make them known to the court.
FACTS: Alejandro Salomon and Feliciano Conge were charged with the rape of Sylvia Soria, a 20 year.old
mental retardate. The complaint alleged that while Sylvia was walking along the Maharlika Highway at
Gandara, Samar, the retardate was accosted and taken by the two accused to a nearby rice field where
she was raped by Salomon with the assistance of Conge. After the rape, Sylvia reported her ordeal to her
father Restituto who later initiated the rape complaint in behalf of Sylvia and had her examined at the
Gandara General Hospital. Three days later, Salomon and Conge went missing. The two were arrested in
Masbate after four months.
During trial, Sylvia served as the principal witness for the prosecution. She described how she
because the two were stronger than her and Conge was holding a bolo. Her low mentality was
The devil with him, it is not an icedrop

as no

for not being able to borrow a lamp) and the latter retaliated and tried to disable her by inserting his hand
into her vagina. The accused also assailed the credibility of Sylvia by alleging that her testimony was
flawed and unworthy of belief because of her mental state and her previous confinement in a mental
institution. The RTC of Calbayog City found the accused guilty of rape. Salomon and Conge appealed to

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ISSUE:
1. Whether the testimony of Sylvia should be given credence despite her mental illness and her previous
confinement in a mental institution? YES.
RATIO: The acceptance of a witness depends on the quality of his perceptions and the manner he can
make them known to the court. The testimony of Soria was positive, clear, plain, coherent and credible
despite her slurred speech and the use of leading questions. Also, the Court took judicial notice of the fact
that a Filipino woman does not ordinarily expose herself in a rape trial unless she was truly wronged.
ANALYSIS:
The Proposed Rules of Evidence has omitted the current rule on Disqualification by Reason of Mental
Incapacity or Immaturity under Section 21 Rule 130 of the Revised Rules of Evidence. This demonstrates
an adherence to Supreme Court decisions like People v. De Jesus and People v. Salomon where the Court
deliberately overlooked the fact of mental illness of the witness and determined his competence on the
basis of his capacities of perception, recollection, and relation. Despite the omission, the Proposed Rules
has no foreseeable impact on the ruling in this case because its provision on the qualification of witnesses
has faithfully retained the wording of Section 20 Rule 130 of the Revised Rules of Court which provides
the main standard in determining the competency of a witness.

PEOPLE v. MENDOZA
G.R. No. 113791 February 22, 1996
Doctrine: For a child witness to be competent, it must be shown that he has the capacity of (1) observation,
(2) of recollection, and (3) of communication.
FACTS: Rolando Mendoza was charged with Parricide in the RTC of Malolos for killing his wife Gina
Mendoza who died of hypostatic pneumonia and infected fourth degree burns. During trial, the testimony
of Paul Mendoza, the 5 year.old son of Rolando and Gina Mendoza, was presented by the prosecution.
Paul declared that one evening, inside their house, the accused boxed his mother on her mouth and tied
her up. However, the child refused to testify further and appeared to be bothered by the presence of the
accused in the court room. During his rebuttal testimony, Paul finally revealed the entire story. The child
testified that the accused tied Gina and set her on fire using kerosene because of a heated quarrel. For
difficulties.
The RTC of Malolos convicted the accused of Parricide. Rolando Mendoza appealed to the
Rolando attacked the competency of Paul as a witness because of his unintelligible and contradicting
his very young age.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the tender age of the child witness and his unintelligible and contradicting statements make
him incompetent and unworthy of belief? NO.
RATIO: The child witness is competent and credible. Underhill states that a child is presumptively
incompetent but if shown otherwise, his age is immaterial. According to Wigmore on the other hand, there
is no rule defining any particular age as conclusive of capacity. Wigmore believes that for a child witness
to be competent, it must be shown that he has the capacity of (1. observation, (2) of recollection, and (3)
of communication. It is the trial court who is called upon to make this determination. In this case, the
RTC of Malolos determined the capacity of Paul Mendoza correctly. The testimony of Paul shows that he is
of above average intelligence, that he is capable of giving responsive answers, of recalling events, and of
influence over the testimony of Paul and the sometimes contradicting statements of the child can be

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ANALYSIS:
The Proposed Rules of Evidence has omitted the current rule on Disqualification by Reason of Mental
Incapacity or Immaturity under Section 21 Rule 130 of the Revised Rules of Evidence. This demonstrates
an adherence to Supreme Court decisions like People v. De Jesus and People v. Salomon where the Court
deliberately overlooked the fact of mental illness of the witness and determined his competence on the
basis of his capacities of perception, recollection, and relation. Despite the omission, the Proposed Rules
has no foreseeable impact on the ruling in this case because its provision on the qualification of witnesses
has faithfully retained the wording of Section 20 Rule 130 of the Revised Rules of Court which provides
the main standard in determining the competency of a witness.
However, it is interesting to note that the Rule on Examination of a Child Witness has effectively rejected
ase. Under Section

B.

Spousal Immunity
(1) Rule 130, Section 22

SEC. 22. Disqualification by reason of marriage.


During their marriage, neither the husband nor the
wife may testify for or against the other without the consent of the affected spouse, except in a civil case
by one against the other, or in a criminal case for a crime committed by one against the other or the
latter's direct descendants or ascendants. (20a)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

People v. Castaeda
People v. Francisco
Lezama v. Rodriguez
Alvarez vs. Ramirez

88 SCRA 562
78 Phil. 694
23 SCRA 1166
473 SCRA 72

(1979)
(1947)
(1968)
(2005)

PEOPLE v. CASTANEDA
G.R. No. L246306 February 27, 1979
Doctrine: When a spouse commits an offense against the other spouse which vitally and directly impairs the
conjugal relation, the two are no longer covered by the Marital Disqualification Rule.
FACTS: Victoria Manaloto filed a complaint against her husband Benjamin Manaloto and the latter was
charged with Falsification of a Public Document for forging the signature of Victoria in a deed of sale
disposing their conjugally.owned house and lot. During trial, Victoria was called to testify by the
prosecution but the defendant moved to disqualify her under the Marital Disqualification Rule. The trial
filed a petition for certiorari in the Supreme Court to quash the grant of the said motion.
ISSUE:
1.

NO.

RATIO: This case falls under the exception to the Marital Disqualification Rule. The defendant lost his
privilege under the rule wh
charged and when his wife filed the complaint. According to the American case of Cargill v. State, the rule
that the injury must amount to a physical wrong to preclude the effect of the marital disqualification rule
is too narrow. The better rule is that when an offense directly and vitally impairs the conjugal
relationship, it comes within the exception to the disqualification rule. In this case, Victoria is a victim of
the defend
plaint herself so strained the marital relation that there

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is no more marital harmony to be preserved. In the first place, the preservation of this harmony is one of
the principal reasons behind the disqualification rule. The public policy to prevent a husband from
committing fraud against his wife and the state overrides the public policy considerations behind the
ANALYSIS:
The Marital Disqualification and the Marital Privilege Rules under the Proposed Rules on Evidence do not
appear to have any bearing on the ruling in this case since the Proposed Rules have retained the
provisions of the current rules on Marital Privilege and Disqualification except with respect to the
dispensation of the consent requirement in testifying FOR the other spouse which the Revised Rules on
Evidence currently provide for.

PEOPLE v. FRANCISCO
78 Phil. 694 July 16, 1947
Doctrine: By his testimony imputing the commission of the crime against his wife, the husband is considered
to have waived all his objections to the testimony of his wife. It is to be expected that after giving such a
testimony, it is but normal for his wife to rebut the allegation.
FACTS: Pacifico was previously arrested for robbery charges and was being held as detention prisoner in
the municipal jail. He requested permission to go home from the chief of police and was allowed to go with
Sergeant Pacifico Pimentel as his guard detail. Upon reaching his house, Sgt. Pimentel allowed Pacifico to
see his wife in a room inside the house while he remained at the foot of the stairs. Thereafter, Sgt.
which was bleeding Sgt. Pimentel then saw Pacifico lying down with his son Romeo, 1 yrs old, on his
breast. Pacifico also had a wound in his belly while the child, who was dead, had a wound in his back.
The prosecution submitted the following pieces of evidence: Exhibit C, a confession of the
accused, Exhibit D, record of the justice of peace of the arraignment of the accused in which he pleaded
guilty, and the rebuttal testimony of the wife of Pacifico.
Exhibit C contains the declaration of the accused that because of his father.in.
he will be killed because he brought shame to the family, he stabbed his wife and child before stabbing
himself. The accused also declared that he confessed to Sgt. Pimentel. Sgt. Pimentel for his part also
attests to the fact the accused confessed to him. The voluntariness of the making of the statement was
also attested to by the justice of the peace.
ISSUE:
1. Whether exhibit C was executed through violence and intimidation?
2.
ife is admissible or not? YES.

NO.

RATIO:
statements in the exhibited were extracted through the use of violence and intimidation. In this case,
testimony was given the day after the fatal event when suddenly, almost a year later, after
having the time to reflect, he repudiates his confession. The SC fails to find from the evidence sufficient
proof to destroy the categorical testimony of the justice of the peace that the said exhibit was signed by
appellant voluntarily and with a full understanding. Moreover, said testimony was corroborated by the
As to this testimony, the Rules of Court have prohibited husbands or wives from being a witness
against the other for the following reasons: 1) identity of interest, 2) consequent danger of perjury, 3)
where a want of domestic tranquilly exists, there is danger of punishing one spouse through the hostile
testimony of the other, and 4) the policy of the law which deems it necessary to guard the security and
confidences of private life even at the risk of an occasional failure of justice. Hence, the evidence
(testimony of the husband or wife) is rejected because it would lead to domestic disunion and
unhappiness.

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However, as with all general rules, this one has its own exceptions, both in civil actions between
the spouses and in criminal cases for offenses committed by one against the other. Where the marital and
domestic relations are so strained that there is no more harmony to be preserved nor peace and
tranquility of interests disappears and the consequent danger of perjury based on that identity is non.
existent, the security and confidence of private life which the law seeks to protect has no basis.
Note that the prosecution refrained from presenting the wife as a witness and did only so when
the appellant had imputed the killing of the child to his wife. By all rules of justice and reason, this gave
the prosecution a right to rebut, as it did, the allegation against the wife. The husband, in testifying
against his wife, must be taken to have expected that the most natural reaction of his testimony was that
his wife would deny upon rebuttal, the new matter which he has alleged. By his testimony, the husband
objection to an incompetency is waived (failure to object, presenting an incompetent witness allows the
other party to examine s
ANALYSIS:
The current rules were applied properly. The general rule is that a husband or a wife may not testify
against the other except in a civil case by one against the other, or in a criminal case for a crime
expressly stated, the general rules on waivers of objections are still observed. Hence, by making such an
allegation, the accused in this case knowingly waives his obligation because it is to be expected as a
natural reaction that his wife will rebut it. Moreover, the crime in this case is parricide committed against
their child and thus, falls under the exception to the disqualification that is a crime committed against
Under the proposed rules, the decision would turn out to be the same. The exceptions to the
disqualification were still retained. What was changed was that only a testimony by a wife or husband
against the other is prohibited, whereas in the old rule, testimony for or against the other was prohibited.
The testimony in this case is against the other spouse so the general rule of disqualification would apply.
But since the presence
descendant is present, the wife may still testify.

LEZAMA v. RODRIGUEZ
23 SCRA 1166 June 27, 1968
Doctrine: The basis for the disqualification is the relationship of the spouses and not their pecuniary interest.
In the cases wherein a spouse is allowed to be examined by the adverse party as a hostile witness when
the spouses are parties to the action, the interests of the spouses are separate. The spouse offered as a
witness is merely a nominal party and is allowed to do so only as a concession from t the marital
disqualification rule for the sake of discovery.
FACTS: Jose Dineros as receiver of La Paz Ice Plant filed an action for the annulment of judgment against
the La Paz Ice Plant. The defendants were Mariano Roque, in whose favor the judgment sought to be
annulled was rendered, and the spouses Jose Manuel and Paquita Lezama. The complaint alleged that
because of the mismanagement of the Lezama spouses the company was brought under the receivership
of Dineros. And during the pendency of such receivership, Roque brought an action against the plant for
the recovery the amount which he supposedly lent to it. The summons was not served on the receiver but
on the spouses Lezama instead, and that through collusion of the Lezamas, Roque was able to obtain
judgment by default against the company.
The defendants admitted that the company was placed under receivership but that nevertheless,
Jose Manuel Lezama remained to be the president and that as such he had authority to receive the
summons. Also, it is alleged that the loan is not fictitious. At the hearing, Dineros asked the court to
granted
over the objection of the petitioners on the ground of marital disqualification. The trial court required the
wife to testify. The CA dismissed their petition for certiorari.

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ISSUE:
1. Whether Paquita Lezama, who is a co.defendant, may testify as adverse party?

YES.

RATIO: The basis for the disqualification is the relationship of the spouses and not their pecuniary
interest. In the cases wherein a spouse is allowed to be examined by the adverse party as a hostile
witness when the spouses are parties to the action, the interests of the spouses are separate. The spouse
offered as a witness is merely a nominal party and is allowed to do so only as a concession from the
marital disqualification rule for the sake of discovery. This exception to the disqualification rule should
not be expanded when examining a spouse would result in straining the marital relations.
ANALYSIS:
One of the reasons for the disqualification under the current rules is the interrelated interests of
the spouses. Hence, if such a situation exists as in this case, undoubtedly the marital disqualification
rule will apply even if the spouses are co.defendants and one of them is to be presented as an adverse
witness. The same will hold true under the proposed revised rules. The marital disqualification rule was
carried over to the proposal with minute changes. Note that under the proposed revised rules, the reasons
for the marital disqualification rule are still present and thus, interrelation or similarity of interests
between the spouses is still a ground for disqualification.

ALVAREZ v. RAMIREZ
473 SCRA 72 October 14, 2005
Doctrine: When the relations between the spouses are already so strained, there is no reason to apply the
marital disqualification rule because the peace and harmony the rule seeks to protect no longer exists.
FACTS: Susan Ramirez filed a case of arson against Maximo Alvarez who is the husband of her sister,
Ezperanza. The private prosecutor called Esperanza Alvarez as a witness against her husband. Maximo
and his counsel raised no objected. It was testified by Esperanza that as she was standing by the window
setting it on fire. Esperanza was able to properly identify her husband in court. 9 days after the
testimony, Maximo and his counsel filed a motion to disqualify Esperanza on the ground of marital
disqualification. The lower court disqualified Esperanza. The CA reversed the lower court.
ISSUE:
1. Whether Esperanza Alvarez may testify against her husband?

YES.

RATIO: The reasons for the rule on marital disqualification are as follows: 1) identity of interests between
husband and wife[ 2) if one were to testify for or against the other, there is consequent danger of perjury[
3) the policy of the law is to guard the security and confidences of private life even at the risk of an
occasional failure of justice, and to prevent domestic disunion and unhappiness[ and 4) where there is
want of domestic tra
But like other general rules, the marital disqualification rule has its own exceptions. For instance,
where the marital and domestic relations are so strained that there is no more harmony to be preserved
nor peace and tranquility which may be disturbed, the reason for preservation of such peace and
tranquility fails. In such case, identity of interests disappears and the consequent danger of perjury is
non.existent.
In Ordoo vs Daquigan, the SC held that as adopted from the case of Cargil vs State (35 ALR 133,
rule is that, when an offense directly attacks, or directly and vitally impairs, the conjugal relation, it comes
Obviously, the offense of arson directly impairs the conjugal relation between him and his wife
Esperanza. It should be stressed that as shown by the records, prior to the commission of the offense, the
relationship between Maximo and his wife was already strained. In fact, they were separated de facto
almost 6months before the incident.

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ANALYSIS:
The decision is proper under the current rules and would have to be the same under the proposed revised
rules. The reason for marital disqualification, which was carried over to the proposed revised rules, was to
protect the sanctity of the marriage. This is because to allow one spouse to testify against the other would
undoubtedly result in disrupting the peace and harmony of the home. Clearly, when such peace and
harmony in the home that the law seeks to protect no longer exists, there is no reason for the rule to be
applied. In fact, this is why exceptions have been provided in the law for this. When there is a civil case
ascendants or descendants, the peace and harmony of the home is already disrupted. In the same way,
even if no such case is pending between the spouses or no offense has been committed against the spouse
or his or her direct ascendants or descendants, when there is no peace and harmony in the home to
speak of, the marital disqualification rule should not apply.

C.

Dead Man's Statute


(1) Rule 130, Section 23

SEC. 23. Disqualification by reason of death or insanity of adverse party.


Parties or assignor of parties
to a case, or persons in whose behalf a case is prosecuted, against an executor or administrator or other
representative of a deceased person, or against a person of unsound mind, upon a claim or demand
against the estate of such deceased person or against such person of unsound mind, cannot testify as to
any matter of fact occurring before the death of such deceased person or before such person became of
unsound mind. (20a)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

Guerrero v. St. Claire's Realty & Co.


Abraham v. Recto.Kasten
Goi v. CA
Tongco v. Vianzon
Lichauco v. Atlantic Gulf
Razon v. IAC

124 SCRA 553


4 SCRA 298
144 SCRA 222
50 Phil. 698
84 Phil. 330
207 SCRA 234

(1983)
(1962)
(1986)
(1927)
(1949)
(1992)

GUERRERO v. ST. CLAIRE'S REALTY & CO.


124 SCRA 553 1983
of the deceased or against the person of an unsound mind.

e there is a claim or demand against the estate

FACTS: Isidro Guerrero verbally willed that the subject parcel of land be adjudicated in favor of his son,
Andres. By virtue of this verbal will, and
cultivated it through his tenant, Dominador Ramirez. After the Japanese occupation, he entrusted the
irs
subsequently discovered that the land was in the name of their cousin, Manuel Guerrero, by virtue of a

rs are now asking the court to annul the aforementioned sales and to award the
as to a loan which Manual granted Cristina, and as to the fact that the land was lent by Cristina to
ISSUE:
1.

NO.

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RATIO: In this case, no claim or demand is being made against the estate of Manuel Guerrero. Also, the
Guerreros are not the executors or administrators of the deceased. The Guerreros are being sued int heir
individual capacities as claimants of ownership of the subject lot which is not a part of the estate. The
administrator or executor are being sued in their representative and not personal capacity. The use of the
deceased at the time the case was brought and that, therefore, it is only his rights that are to be asserted
and defended in the litigation by person representing him, not the personal right of such relatives.
ANALYSIS:
Under the current rules, this case was decided properly. The current Rules of Court expressly provides
apply there must be a claim or demand against the estate of the
deceased person or against such person of unsound mind. Hence, when the action is clearly not directed
against the estate of the deceased person as in this case when it is for the reconveyance of property, the

n the
proposed revised rules in the sense that the statement of the deceased person or person of unsound mind
may now be received subject to certain conditions. What has not changed however, is that before this may
be allowed the action must be based on a claim or demand against the estate of the deceased person or
against the person of the unsound mind. And as already stated, since this case is not a claim or demand
against the estate of the deceased person, even under the proposed revised rules, the Dead
cannot apply.

ABRAHAM v. RECTO2KASTEN
4 SCRA 298 January 31, 1962
disqualified from testifying.
FACTS: Juan Ysmael obtained a loan from Alfonso Abraham Sr., and executed a promissory note in favor
signature as witness. A demand was made upon its due date, but Juan Ysmael failed to pay. Alfonso
Abraham and Juan Ysmael later on died with the note still being left unpaid. During the settlement of
demanding payment of the amount represented by the note. During the hearing before the commissioner,
the counsel of administratix Priscilla Recto.Kasten interposed a general and continuing objection to the
, the
counsel of Ysmael lengthily cross.examined her on the very matters in which he interposed a general
objection.
ISSUE:
1.

YES.

RATIO: Note that counsel for the administratix did not present evidence to destroy the alleged
prohibition when the counsel for the administratix extensively cross.examined the witness on the matters
subject of the prohibition. It was for this reason that the trial judge overruled the continuing object and
admitted the testimony of the accused.
ANALYSIS:
should be inadmissible. However, as with all other rules, objections to the admissibility of these pieces of
(testimonial) evidence may be waived. And in this case, the counsel of the administratix in choosing to
cross.examine the petitioner effectively waives the objection.

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The same principle applies under the proposed revised rules. Objections may be waived. However, the
difference lies in that even without the objection and subsequent waiver of such objection, the testimony
of Florencia Abraham would now have been admissible provided the statement was made upon the
personal knowledge of the deceased person and while his recollection was clear. And as long as there are
no circumstances that would indicate untrustworthiness the statement is admissible.

GONI v. COURT OF APPEALS


G.R. No. L227434 September 23, 1986
counterclaim.

Rexamination or by a

FACTS: 3 haciendas known as San Sebastian, Sarria and Dulce Nombre de Maria were originally owned
by the Compania General de Tabacos de Filipinas [Tabacalera]. Sometime in 1949, Praxedes Villanueva
negotiated with Tabacalera for the purchase of said haciendas. However, as he did not have sufficient
funds to pay the price, Villanueva obtained the consent of Tabacalera to sell Hacienda Sarria to Joaquin
Villegas. In this transaction, Gaspar Vicente stood as guarantor for Villegas in favor of Tabacalera.
Either because the amount realized from the transaction between Villanueva and Villegas still fell
short of the purchase price of the 3 haciendas, or in consideration of the guaranty undertaken by Vicente,
Villanueva contracted or promised to sell to the latter fields nos. 3, 4 and 13 of Hacienda Dulce Nombre
de Maria for the sum of P13,807. This agreement was reduced to writing and signed by petitioner Genaro
Goni as attorney.in.fact of Villanueva. However, as only the amount of P12,460 was actually needed to
It is alleged by petitioners that subsequent to the execution of the promise to sell, Villanueva was
able to raise funds by selling another property. He thus went to Vicente for the purpose of rescinding the
promise to sell. However, as the amount of P12,460 had already been
was agreed that lots 4 and 13 of the Hacienda Dulce Nombre de Maria would merely be leased to Vicente
for a period of 5 years. Tabacalera executed a deed of sale covering the 3 haciendas in favor of
Villanueva. Fields Nos. 3, 4 and 13 of the Hacienda Dulce Nombre de Maria were thereafter registered in
the name of Villanueva.
After some time, Villanueva died. Intestate proceedings followed. Among the properties included
in the inventory submitted to the court were fields nos. 3, 4 and 13 of Hacienda Dulce Nombre de Maria.
Vicente instituted an action for recovery of property and damages against Goi in his capacity as
administrator of the intestate estate of Villanueva. In his complaint, Vicente sought to recover field no. 3
of the Hacienda Dulce Nombre de Maria, basing his entitlement thereto on the promise to sell executed by
the late Villanueva in his favor. The CFI rendered a decision in favor of Vicente. CA affirmed.
ISSUE:
1. May Vicente testify on matters of fact occurring before the death of Villanueva, which constitutes a
YES.
RATIO:
However, in this case, there was a waiver.
The object and purpose of the rule is to guard against the temptation to give false testimony in
regard to the transaction in question on the part of the surviving party and further to put the two parties
to a suit upon terms of equality in regard to the opportunity of giving testimony. It is designed to close the
lips of the party plaintiff when death has closed the lips of the party defendant, in order to remove from
the surviving party the temptation to falsehood and the possibility of fictitious claims against the
deceased.
Such protection, however, was effectively waived when counsel for petitioners cross.examined Vicente. "A
waiver occurs when plaintiff's deposition is taken by the representative of the estate or when counsel for

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the representative cross.examined the plaintiff as to matters occurring during deceased's lifetime. It must
further be observed that petitioners presented a counterclaim against Vicente. When Vicente thus took
the witness stand, it was in a dual capacity as plaintiff in the action for recovery of property and as
defendant in the counterclaim for accounting and surrender of fields nos. 4 and 13. Evidently, as
defendant in the counterclaim, he was not disqualified from testifying as to matters of fact occurring
before the death of Villanueva, said action not having been brought against, but by the estate or
representatives of the estate/deceased person.
Likewise, under a great majority of statutes, the adverse party is competent to testify to
transactions or communications with the deceased or incompetent person which were made with an
agent of such person in cases in which the agent is still alive and competent to testify. But the testimony
of the adverse party must be confined to those transactions or communications which were had with the
agent. The promise to sell under consideration was signed by petitioner Goi as attorney.in.fact of
Villanueva. He was privy to the circumstances surrounding the execution of such contract and therefore
could either confirm or deny any allegations made by private respondent Vicente with respect to said
contract. The inequality or injustice sought to be avoided by the rule, where one of the parties no longer
has the opportunity to either confirm or rebut the testimony of the other because death has permanently
sealed the former's lips, does not actually exist in the case at bar, for the reason that Goi could and did
not negate the binding effect of the promise to sell. Thus, while admitting the existence of the said
promise to sell, Goi testified that the same was subsequently novated into a verbal contract of lease over
fields nos. 4 and 13 of the Hacienda Dulce Nombre de Maria.
ANALYSIS:

ved under the exceptions to the


hearsay rule. Under the proposed rule, a party or assignor of a party or a person in whose behalf the case
is prosecuted may testify on a matter of fact occurring before the death of the deceased person or before
the person became of unsound mind, on any statement of the latter if such statement was made upon the
personal knowledge of the deceased or person of unsound mind at a time when the matter had been
recently perceived by him and while his recollection was clear. If there indicates lack of trustworthiness,
such statement shall be inadmissible as hearsay even if cross examination is made.

TONGCO v. VIANZON
G.R. No. 27498 September 20, 1927
or other representative of a deceased person.

ainst an executor or administrator

FACTS: Marcelino Tongco and Anastacia Vianzon contracted marriage. The husband later on died,
leaving the Vianzon as his widow. The niece of the deceased, Josefa Tongco, was named administratrix of
the estate. It appears that shortly before the death of Marcelino, he had presented claims in a cadastral
case in which he had asked for titles to certain properties in the name of the conjugal partnership
consisting of himself and his wife, and that corresponding decrees for these lots were issued in the name
of the conjugal partnership not long after his death.
However, Anastacia, in the same cadastral case, presented a motion for the revision of the
decrees. The cadastral court annulled and set aside its former decision, and issued new certificate of
titles to the same lots in favor of Anastacia as the exclusive owner. The administratrix of the estate began
action against Anastacia for the recovery of specified property and for damages.
ISSUE:
1. Is Anastacia barred from testifying based o

NO.

RATIO: It is true that by reason of the provisions of the Civil Code the presumption is that all the
property of the spouses is partnership property in the absence of proof that it belongs exclusively to the
husband or to the wife. Tongco asserts that if the testimony of the widow be discarded, as it should be,
then the presumption of the Civil Code, fortified by the unassailable character of Torrens titles, arises,

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Statute which provides that "Parties or assignors of parties to an action or proceeding, or persons in
whose behalf an action or proceeding is prosecuted, against an executor or administrator or other
representative of a deceased person, . . ., upon a claim or demand against the estate of such deceased
person . . ., cannot testify as to any matter of fact occurring before the death of such deceased person . . .
."
Tongco is correct in emphasizing that the object and purpose of this statute is to guard against
the temptation to give false testimony in regard to the transaction is question on the part of the surviving
party. She has, however, neglected the equally important rule that the law was designed to aid in arriving
at the truth and was not designed to suppress the truth.
The law twice makes use of the word "against." The actions were not brought "against" the
administratrix of the estate, nor were they brought upon claims "against" the estate. In the cadastral case,
the action is one by the administratrix to enforce demand "by" the estate. In the property case at bar, the
same analogy holds true for the claim was presented in cadastral proceedings where in one sense there is
no plaintiff and there is no defendant.
ANALYSIS:
hearsay rule. Just like in the current rules, this rule applies only in cases filed against an executor or
administrator or other representative of a deceased person, or against a person of unsound mind.

LICHUACO v. ATLANTIC, GULF AND PACIFIC COMPANY


G.R. No. L22016 August 23, 1949
te, officers and/or stockholders of a corporation are not disqualified
from testifying, for or against the corporation which is a party to an action upon a claim or demand against
the estate of a deceased person, as to any matter of fact occurring before the death of such deceased
person.
FACTS: Richard Fitzsimmons was the president and one of the largest stockholders of Atlantic, Gulf and
Pacific Company when the Pacific war broke. He held 1,000 shares of stocks, of which 545 shares had not
been fully paid for, but for which he had executed promissory notes in favor of the company aggregating
P245,250, at the rate P450 a share. In 1941, the sum of P64,500 had been credited in his favor on
account of the purchase price of the said 545 share of stock out of bonuses and dividends to which he
was entitled from the company. Under his agreements with the company, should he die without having
fully paid for the said 545 shares of stock, the company, at its option, may either reacquire the said 545
shares of stock by returning to his estate the amount applied thereon, or issue in favor of his estate the
corresponding number of the company's shares.
Later on, he died. In the settlement of his estate, the company filed a claim of P63,000 and P868.
The company offered to require the 545 shares sold to the deceased Fitzsimmons upon return to his
estate of the amount of P64,500 paid thereon, and asked the court to authorize the setoff of the amount
of its claim of P63,868.67 from the amount of P64,500 returnable to the estate. To establish the claim of
the company, it presented as witness, among others, Mr. Belden and Mr. Garmezy, vice.president.
treasurer and president, respectively, of the claimant company, to testify on the status of the personal
account of the deceased Fitzsimmons with the company. But upon objection of the administrator, the
trial court refused to admit their testimony on that point on the ground that said witnesses were
ders and members of the
board of directors but also vice.president.treasurer and president, respectively, of the claimant company.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the officers of a corporation which is a party to an action against an executor or administrator
of a deceased person are disqualified from testifying as to any matter of fact occurring before the death of
such deceased person? NO.

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RATIO: Inasmuch as section 26(c) of Rule 123 disqualifies only parties or assignors of parties, we are
constrained to hold that the officers and/or stockholders of a corporation are not disqualified from
testifying, for or against the corporation which is a party to an action upon a claim or demand against the
estate of a deceased person, as to any matter of fact occurring before the death of such deceased person.
It resulted that the trial court erred in not admitting the testimony of Messrs. Belden and Garmezy.
ANALYSIS:
hearsay rule. Officers of a corporation which is a party to an action against an executor or administrator
of a deceased person may now testify provided that he will testify on a matter of fact occurring before the
death of the deceased person or before the person became of unsound mind, on any statement of the
latter if such statement was made upon the personal knowledge of the deceased or person of unsound
mind at a time when the matter had been recently perceived by him and while his recollection was clear.

RAZON v. IAC
G.R. No. 74306 March 16, 1992
an estate upon a claim against the estate of the deceased person.
FACTS: Enrique Razon organized the E. Razon, Inc. for the purpose of bidding for the arrastre services in
South Harbor, Manila. A stock certificate for 1,500 shares of stock of E. Razon, Inc. was issued in the
name of Juan T. Chuidian. On the basis of the 1,500 shares of stock, the late Juan T. Chuidian and after
him, the Vicente Chidian, were elected as directors of E. Razon, Inc. This case was instituted by plaintiff,
seeking that Razon be compelled to deliver the said stock certificate.
From the time the certificate of stock was issued on April 1966 up to April 1971, Razon had not
questioned the ownership by Juan Chuidian of the shares of stock in question and had not brought any
action to have the certificate of stock over the said shares cancelled. The certificate of stock was in the
possession of Razon who refused to deliver said shares to the plaintiff, until the same was surrendered by
Razon and deposited in a safety box in Philippine Bank of Commerce.
The stock certificate was delivered by the late Chuidian to Razon because it was the latter who
paid for all the subscription on the shares of stock in the defendant corporation and the understanding
was that he (Razon) was the owner of the said shares of stock and was to have possession thereof until
such time as he was paid therefor by the other nominal incorporators/stockholders. The CFI declared
Razon as the owner. IAC reversed and ruled that Chidian is the owner of the shares. Razon now assails
the appellate court's decision on its alleged misapplication of the dead man's statute. According to him,
the dead man's statute rule is not applicable to the instant case.
ISSUE:
1.

NO.

RATIO: The rule is only applicable to a case against the administrator or its representative of an estate
upon a claim against the estate of the deceased person. In the instant case, the testimony excluded by the
appellate court is that of the Razon to the affect that the late Juan Chuidian and Razon agreed in the
lifetime of Juan Chuidian that the 1,500 shares of stock in E. Razon, Inc. are actually owned by the
Razon unless the deceased Juan Chuidian opted to pay the same which never happened. The case was
filed by the administrator of the estate of the late Juan Chuidian to recover shares of stock in E. Razon,
Inc. allegedly owned by the late Juan T. Chuidian.
It is clear, therefore, that the testimony of the petitioner is not within the prohibition of the rule.
The case was not filed against the administrator of the estate, nor was it filed upon claims against the
estate. Furthermore, the records show that the private respondent never objected to the testimony of the
petitioner as regards the true nature of his transaction with the late elder Chuidian. The petitioner's
testimony was subject to cross.examination by the private respondent's counsel. Hence, granting that the

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petitioner's testimony is within the prohibition of Section 20(a), Rule 130 of the Rules of Court, the private
respondent is deemed to have waived the rule.
ANALYSIS:
hearsay rule and removed from the qualification of witnesses. The same rule applies that it is only
applicable to a case against the administrator or its representative of an estate upon a claim against the
estate of the deceased person.

VIII.
A.

Privileged Communications

Marital Privilege
(a)
Rule 130, Sec. 24(a)

SEC. 24. Disqualification by reason of privileged communication.


The following persons cannot testify as
to matters learned in confidence in the following cases:
(a)The husband or the wife, during or after the marriage, cannot be examined without the consent
of the other as to any communication received in confidence by one from the other during the marriage
except in a civil case by one against the other, or in a criminal case for a crime committed by one against
the other or the latter's direct descendants or ascendants[
(b)

People v. Carlos

47 Phil. 626 (1925)

PEOPLE v. CARLOS
G.R. No. L222948 March 17, 1925
Doctrine: Where a privileged communication from one spouse to another comes into the hands of a third
party, whether legally or not, without collusion and voluntary disclosure on the part of either of the spouses,
the privilege is thereby extinguished and the communication, if otherwise competent, becomes admissible.
FACTS: Dr. Pablo Sityar, in Mary Chiles Hospital, performed a surgical operation upon the defendant's
wife for appendicitis and certain other ailments. She remained in the hospital until the 18th of the same
month, but after her release therefrom she was required to go several times to the clinic of Doctor Sityar
for the purpose of dressing the wounds caused by the operation. On these occasions she was
accompanied by her husband, the defendant. The defendant states that on one of the visits, Doctor Sityar
sent him out on an errand to buy some medicine, and that while defendant was absent on this errand
Doctor Sityar outraged the wife. The defendant further states that his wife informed him of the outrage
shortly after leaving the clinic. Notwithstanding this it nevertheless appears that he again went there to
consult the deceased about some lung trouble from which he, the defendant, was suffering. He was given
some medical treatment.
Later on, the defendant, suffering from some stomach trouble, entered the PGH. While in the
hospital, her wife received a letter from Doctor Sityar asking the immediate settlement of the account for
the professional services rendered his wife. Shortly after his release from the hospital the defendant
sought an interview with Doctor Sityar and went to the latter's office several times without finding him in.
On one of these occasions he was asked by an employee of the office if he had come to settle his account,
to which the defendant answered that he did not believe he owed the doctor anything.
Several days later, defendant again went to the office of the deceased and found him there alone.
According to the evidence of the prosecution, the defendant then, without any preliminary quarrel
between the two, attacked the deceased with a fan.knife and stabbed him twice. The deceased made an
effort to escape but the defendant pursued him and overtaking him in the hall outside the office, inflicted
another wound upon him and as a consequence if the three wounds he died.

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The defendant admits that he killed the deceased but maintains that he did so in self.defense. He
explains that he went to Doctor Sityar's office to protest against the amount of the fee charged by the
doctor and, in any event, to ask for an extension of the time of payment[ that during the conversation
upon that subject the deceased insulted him by telling him that inasmuch as he could not pay the
amount demanded he could send his wife to the office as she was the one treated, and that she could
then talk the matter over with the decease[ that he assumed a threatening attitude and challenged the
deceased to go downstairs with him and there settle the matter[ that the deceased thereupon took a
pocket.knife from the center drawer of his desk and attacked the defendant.
The trial court found that the crime was committed with premeditation and therefore constituted
murder. This finding was based on a letter written to the defendant by his wife and seized by the police in
searching his effects on the day of his arrest. It is dated two days before the commission of the crime and
shows that the writer feared that the defendant contemplated resorting to physical violence in dealing
with the deceased.
Counsel for the defendant argues vigorously that the letter was a privileged communication and
therefore not admissible in evidence. The numerical weight of authority is, however, to the effect that
where a privileged communication from one spouse to another comes into the hands of a third party,
whether legally or not, without collusion and voluntary disclosure on the part of either of the spouses, the
privilege is thereby extinguished and the communication, if otherwise competent, becomes admissible.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the letter made by the wife was admissible against the husband?

NO.

RATIO: The letter must be excluded. The letter was written by the wife of the defendant and if she had
testified at the trial the letter might have been admissible to impeach her testimony, but she was not put
on the witness.stand and the letter was therefore not offered for that purpose. If the defendant either by
answer or otherwise had indicated his assent to the statements contained in the letter it might also have
been admissible, but such is not the case here[ the fact that he had the letter in his possession is no
indication of acquiescence or assent on his part. The letter is therefore nothing but pure hearsay and its
admission in evidence violates the constitutional right of the defendant in a criminal case to be confronted
with the witnesses for the prosecution and have the opportunity to cross.examine them. In this respect
there can be no difference between an ordinary communication and one originally privileged.
The question is radically different from that of the admissibility of testimony of a third party as to
a conversation between a husband and wife overheard by the witness. Testimony of that character is
admissible on the ground that it relates to a conversation in which both spouses took part and on the
further ground that where the defendant has the opportunity to answer a statement made to him by his
spouse and fails to do so, his silence implies assent. That cannot apply where the statement is contained
in an unanswered letter.
ANALYSIS:
The rule on marital communication has not been changed by the proposed rules.

B. Attorney2Client Privilege
(1) Rule 130, Section 24(b)
SEC. 24. Disqualification by reason of privileged communication.
The following persons cannot testify as
to matters learned in confidence in the following cases:
(b) An attorney cannot, without the consent of his client, be examined as to any communication made by
the client to him, or his advice given thereon in the course of, or with a view to, professional employment,
nor can an attorney's secretary, stenographer, or clerk be examined, without the consent of the client and
his employer, concerning any fact the knowledge of which has been acquired in such capacity[
(2)

Uy Chico v. Union Life

29 Phil. 163

(1915)

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(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)

Regala v. Sandiganbayan
Barton v. Leyte Asphalt
and Mineral Oil Co.
Orient Insurance v. Revilla
Hickman v. Taylor
Upjohn Company v. U.S.
In re Grand Jury Investigation
U.S. v. McPartlin
U.S. v. Gordon.Nikkar
U.S. vs. Nobles
People vs. Sandiganbayan

262 SCRA 124 (1996)


46 Phil. 938
(1924)
54 Phil. 919
329 U.S. 495
449 U.S. 383
732 F.2d 447
595 F.2d 1321
518 F.2d 972
422 US 225
275 SCRA 505

(1930)
(1947)
(1981)
(1983)
(1979)
(1975)
(1975)
(1997)

UY CHICO v. THE UNION LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, LIMITED, ET AL


G.R. No. L29231 January 6, 1915
Doctrine: A communication made by a client to his attorney for the express purpose of its being
communicated to a third person is essentially inconsistent with the confidential relation. Such
communication is between the third person and the client, the attorney being merely an agent.
FACTS: The plaintiff seeks to recover the face value of two insurance policies upon a stock of dry goods
destroyed by fire. It appears that the father of the plaintiff died in 1897, at which time he was conducting
a business under his own name, Uy Layco. The plaintiff and his brother took over the business and
continued it under the same name, "Uy Layco." Sometime before the date of the fire, the plaintiff
purchased his brother's interest in the business and continued to carry on the business under the
father's name. At the time of the fire "Uy Layco" was heavily indebted and subsequent thereto the
creditors of the estate of the plaintiff's father. During the course of these proceedings, the plaintiff's
attorney surrendered the policies of insurance to the administrator of the estate, who compromised with
the insurance company for one.half their face value, or P6,000. This money was paid into court and is
now being held by the sheriff. The plaintiff now brings this action, maintaining that the policies and goods
insured belonged to him and not to the estate of his deceased father and alleges that he is not bound by
the compromise effected by the administrator of his father's estate.
The defendant insurance company sought to show that the plaintiff had agreed to compromise
settlement of the policies, and for that purpose introduced evidence showing that the plaintiff's attorney
had surrendered the policies to the administrator with the understanding that such a compromise was to
be effected. The plaintiff was asked, while on the witness stand, if he had any objection to his attorney's
testifying concerning the surrender of the policies, to which he replied in the negative. The attorney was
then called for that purpose. Whereupon, counsel for the plaintiff formally withdrew the waiver previously
given by the plaintiff and objected to the testimony of the attorney on the ground that it was privileged.
Counsel, on this appeal, base their argument of the proposition that a waiver of the client's privilege may
be withdrawn at any time before acted upon
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the testimony is privileged?

NO.

RATIO: It will be noted that the evidence in question concerned the dealings of the plaintiff's attorney
with a third person. Of the very essence of the veil of secrecy which surrounds communications made
between attorney and client, is that such communications are not intended for the information of third
persons or to be acted upon by them, put of the purpose of advising the client as to his rights. It is
evident that a communication made by a client to his attorney for the express purpose of its being
communicated to a third person is essentially inconsistent with the confidential relation. When the
attorney has faithfully carried out his instructions be delivering the communication to the third person for
whom it was intended and the latter acts upon it, it cannot, by any reasoning whatever, be classified in a
legal sense as a privileged communication between the attorney and his client. It is plain that such a
communication, after reaching the party for whom it was intended at least, is a communication between
the client and a third person, and that the attorney simply occupies the role of intermediary or agent.

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It is manifest that the objection to the testimony of the plaintiff's attorney as to his authority to
compromise was properly overruled. The testimony was to the effect that when the attorney delivered the
policies to the administrator, he understood that there was a compromise to be effected, and that when
he informed the plaintiff of the surrender of the policies for that purpose the plaintiff made no objection
whatever. The evidence is sufficient to show that the plaintiff acquiesced in the compromise settlement of
the policies. Having agreed to the compromise, he cannot now disavow it and maintain an action for the
recovery of their face value.
ANALYSIS:
Under the Proposed Rules of Evidence, the ruling would have been the same. It should be noted that in
this case, the communication was intended to be given in favor of a third person and the lawyer merely
between the lawyer and his client to speak of.

REGALA v. SANDIGANBAYAN
G.R. No. 105938 September 20, 1996

to convict an individu
FACTS: The matters raised herein are an offshoot of the institution of the Complaint on July 31, 1987
before the Sandiganbayan by the Republic of the Philippines, through the Presidential Commission on
Good Government against Eduardo M. Cojuangco, Jr., as one of the principal defendants, for the recovery
of alleged ill.gotten wealth, which includes shares of stocks in the certain corporations.
Among the defendants named in the case are herein petitioners Teodoro Regala, Edgardo J.
Angara, Avelino V. Cruz, Jose C. Concepcion, Rogelio A. Vinluan, Victor P. Lazatin, Eduardo U. Escueta
and Paraja G. Hayudini, and herein private respondent Raul S. Roco, who all were then partners of the
law firm Angara, Abello, Concepcion, Regala and Cruz Law Offices (hereinafter referred to as the ACCRA
Law Firm). ACCRA Law Firm performed legal services for its clients, which included, among others, the
organization and acquisition of business associations and/or organizations, with the correlative and
incidental services where its members acted as incorporators, or simply, as stockholders. More
specifically, in the performance of these services, the members of the law firm delivered to its client
documents which substantiate the client's equity holdings, i.e., stock certificates endorsed in blank
representing the shares registered in the client's name, and a blank deed of trust or assignment covering
said shares. In the course of their dealings with their clients, the members of the law firm acquire
information relative to the assets of clients as well as their personal and business circumstances. As
members of the ACCRA Law Firm, petitioners and private respondent Raul Roco admit that they assisted
in the organization and acquisition of the companies included in the complaint, and in keeping with the
office practice, ACCRA lawyers acted as nominees.stockholders of the said corporations involved in
sequestration proceedings.
PCGG moved to amend its complaint which excluded private respondent Raul S. Roco as party.
defendant on his undertaking that he will reveal the identity of the principal/s for whom he acted as
nominee/stockholder in the companies involved.
Petitioners ACCRA lawyers moved that respondent PCGG similarly grant the same treatment to
them (exclusion as parties.defendants) as accorded private respondent Roco. In its "Comment,"
respondent PCGG set the following conditions precedent for the exclusion of petitioners, namely: (a) the
disclosure of the identity of its clients[ (b) submission of documents substantiating the lawyer.client
relationship[ and (c) the submission of the deeds of assignments petitioners executed in favor of its clients
covering their respective shareholdings. Sandiganbayan promulgated the Resolution, herein questioned,
denying the exclusion of petitioners in the complaint, for their refusal to comply with the conditions
required by respondent PCGG.
The ACCRA lawyers then filed this petition for certiorari invoking the attorney.client privilege.

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ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the identity of the client is covered by the attorney.client privileged?
Exception.

YES by

RATIO:
premise, the general rule in our jurisdiction as well as in the United States is that a lawyer may not
invoke the privilege and refuse to divulge the name or identity of his client. The reasons advanced for the
general rule are well established. First, the court has a right to know that the client whose privileged
information is sought to be protected is flesh and blood. Second, the privilege begins to exist only after the
attorney.client relationship has been established. The attorney.client privilege does not attach until there
is a client. Third, the privilege generally pertains to the subject matter of the relationship. Finally, due
process considerations require that the opposing party should, as a general rule, know his adversary.
party suing or sued is entitled to know
against unknown forces. Notwithstanding these considerations, the general rule is however qualified by
some important exceptions. 1) Client identity is privileged where a strong probability exists that revealing
2) Where disclosure would open the client to civil liability, his identity is privileged. 3) Where the
said name would furnish the only link that would form the chain of testimony necessary to convict an
From these conditions, particularly the third, we can readily deduce that the clients indeed
consulted the petitioners, in their capacity as lawyers, regarding the financial and corporate structure,
framework and set.up of the corporations in question. In turn, petitioners gave their professional advice
shareholdings. Furthermore, under the third main exception, revelation of the client's name would
obviously provide the necessary link for the prosecution to build its case, where none otherwise exists.
ANALYSIS:
Under the Proposed Rules of Evidence, the ruling would have been the same. Nowhere in the Proposed
Rules made mention that the name of the client is by exception privileged in character when revealing
such name would furnish the prosecution the only link to build its case. Such non.inclusion could mean
that such doctrine remains as a jurisprudential exception to the general rule that the name of the client is
not a privileged matter. Under the Current and Proposed Rules, the communications between the counsel
and his client are privileged with a few exceptions. However, in the instant case, such information is
generally not privileged unless it falls under certain exceptions.

JAMES D. BARTON, v. LEYTE ASPHALT & MINERAL OIL CO., LTD.


G.R. No. L221237 March 22, 1924
Doctrine: The privilege which protects communications between attorney and client does not extend to a
copy of a letter written by the client to his attorney which comes to the hands of the adverse party. Where
the authenticity of such documents is admitted, the court will take no notice of the manner in which it was
obtained.
FACTS: The plaintiff is a citizen of the United States, resident in the City of Manila, while the defendant is
a corporation organized under the law of the Philippine Islands with its principal office in the City of
Cebu, Province of Cebu, Philippine Islands. Leyte Asphalt appears to be the owner by a valuable deposit of
bituminous limestone and other asphalt products, located on the Island of Leyte and known as the Lucio
mine. On April 21, 1920, one William Anderson, as president and general manager of the defendant
company, addressed a letter Exhibit B, to the plaintiff Barton, authorizing the latter to sell the products of
the Lucio mine in the Commonwealth of Australia and New Zealand upon a scale of prices indicated in
said letter.

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Barton filed an action in the CFI of Manila to recover damages for the alleged breach of contract.
Exhibit 14, which was offered in evidence by the defendant, consists of a carbon copy of a letter dated
June 13, 1921, written by the plaintiff to his attorney, Frank B. Ingersoll, Esq., of Manila, and in which
plaintiff states, among other things, that his profit from the San Francisco contract would have been at
the rate of eighty.five cents (gold) per ton. The authenticity of this city document is admitted, and when it
was offered in evidence by the attorney for the defendant the counsel for the plaintiff announced that he
had no objection to the introduction of this carbon copy in evidence if counsel for the defendant would
explain where this copy was secured. Upon this the attorney for the defendant informed the court that he
received the letter from the former attorneys of the defendant without explanation of the manner in which
the document had come into their possession. The trial judge thereupon excluded the document on the
ground that it was a privileged communication between client and attorney.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not Exhibit 14 is privileged communication?

NO.

RATIO: We are of the opinion that this ruling was erroneous[ for even supposing that the letter was
within the privilege which protects communications between attorney and client, this privilege was lost
when the letter came to the hands of the adverse party. And it makes no difference how the adversary
acquired possession. The law protects the client from the effect of disclosures made by him to his attorney
in the confidence of the legal relation, but when such a document, containing admissions of the client,
comes to the hand of a third party, and reaches the adversary, it is admissible in evidence.
The law provides subjective freedom for the client by assuring him of exemption from its processes of
disclosure against himself or the attorney or their agents of communication. This much, but not a whit
more, is necessary for the maintenance of the privilege. Since the means of preserving secrecy of
communication are entirely in the client's hands, and since the privilege is a derogation from the general
testimonial duty and should be strictly construed, it would be improper to extend its prohibition to third
persons who obtain knowledge of the communications. One who overhears the communication, whether
with or without the client's knowledge, is not within the protection of the privilege. The same rule ought to
apply to one who surreptitiously reads or obtains possession of a document in original or copy.
In the dissenting opinion of Justice Malcolm however it was stated that in the case of Uy Chico vs. Union
Life, the communications made by a client to his attorney was for the purpose of being communicated to
others. Such purpose is wanting in this case, hence the dissent argues that the privilege should thereby
still apply.
ANALYSIS:
Under the Proposed Rules of Evidence, the ruling would have been the same. There is nothing in the
Proposed Rules that provides for a privileged character those documents surreptitiously acquired by third
persons.

ORIENT INSURANCE COMPANY v. E. P. REVILLA


G.R. No. 34098 September 17, 1930
Doctrine: Contracts between attorneys and clients are inherently personal and private matters, but they are
a constant subject of litigation, and contracts relating to fees are essentially not of a privileged nature. In
other words, the terms of employment between attorney and client are not of a privileged nature.
FACTS: The respondent Teal Motor Co., Inc. is plaintiff in a civil action instituted in the Court of First
Instance of Manila for the purpose of recovering upon two fire insurance policies issued by the Orient
Insurance Company upon a stock of merchandise which was destroyed by a fire. In one of the clauses of
the policies sued upon is a stipulation to the effect that all benefit under the policy would be forfeited if, in
case of loss, the claim should be rejected by the insurer and action or suit should not be commenced
within three months after such rejection. In the answer of the Orient Insurance Company, interposed in
the civil case mentioned, it is alleged, by way of defense, that the company rejected the claim on April 15,
1929, that notice of such rejection was given to the plaintiff by letter on the same day, and that suit was
not instituted on the policy until August 3, 1929, which was more than three months after the rejection of
the claim.

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Plaintiff admitted that the adjusters of the defendant company had, on April 15, 1929, notified
the plaintiff that the Orient Insurance Company would not pay the claim, basing refusal upon alleged
incendiarism and fraud on the part of the plaintiff[ and by way of avoidance, it was alleged in the
replication that, after notification of denial of liability by the insurance company, one E. E. Elser, as
representative of the company, expressly requested the plaintiff to defer judicial action until after the
following July 31, stating that three were great possibilities that an extrajudicial compromise might be
arranged in the matter[ and it was further asserted, in the replication, that the plaintiff had deferred
action, relying upon this request.
In course of trial, the witness E. M. Bachrach, president of the Teal Motor Co., Inc., while being
examined in chief by the attorneys for the plaintiff said that he had reported certain conversations to
plaintiff's attorneys, and he added: "I waited for about a week longer and not having heard anything about
it, in the meantime, on the 13th of July, I received a letter from our attorneys, Guevara, Francisco &
Recto, urging me to file these cases." Orient caused the letter to be marked as Exhibit 49 and moved for
the reading of the same. Upon being asked about the other part of the letter, the witness said that the
other part contained private matter. The trial judge allowed only the reading of the part on which
During the cross.examination, Orient tried again to have the whole letter read but to no avail, the
judge declaring that he had already ruled on the matter. Orient procured a subpoena duces tecum to be
issued by the clerk of court requiring the attorneys for the plaintiff to produce in court certain papers
including the letter which gave rise to the present controversy. The court, on motion of the attorneys for
the plaintiff, quashed said subpoena.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the whole letter (Exhibit 49) can be read for the record without violating the attorney.
client privilege? YES.
RATIO: Contracts between attorneys and clients are inherently personal and private matters, but they are
a constant subject of litigation, and contracts relating to fees are essentially not of a privileged nature.
But, even supposing that the matter contained in the letter and withheld from the inspection of the
adversary was originally of a privileged nature, the privilege was waived by the introduction in evidence of
part of the letter. The provision in section 283 of the Code of Civil Procedure making the whole of a
declaration, conversation, or writing admissible when part has been given in evidence by one party,
makes no exception as to privileged matter[ and the jurisprudence on the subject does not recognize any
exception.
ANALYSIS:
Under the Proposed Rules of Evidence, the ruling would have been the same. The proposed rules does not
allow a situation where a party can offer as evidence a part of a document and then subsequently claim
as privileged matter the rest of the document.

HICKMAN v. TAYLOR
329 U.S. 495 January 13, 1947
Doctrine: Memoranda, statements, and mental impressions in anticipation of litigation fall outside the scope
of the attorneyR
erly administration of justice that a burden rests on the one
who seeks to invade such privacy to establish reasons to justify their production.
FACTS: On February 7, 1943, the tug "J. M. Taylor" sank while engaged in helping to tow a car float of
the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad across the Delaware River at Philadelphia. The accident was apparently
unusual in nature, the cause of it still being unknown. Five of the nine crew members were drowned.
Three days later, the tug owners and the underwriters employed a law firm, of which respondent
Fortenbaugh is a member, to defend them against potential suits by representatives of the deceased crew
members and to sue the railroad for damages to the tug.

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A public hearing was held at which the four survivors were examined. This testimony was
recorded and made available to all interested parties. Shortly thereafter, Fortenbaugh privately
interviewed the survivors and took statements from them with an eye toward the anticipated litigation.
Ultimately claims were presented by representatives of all five of the deceased[ four of the claims,
however, were settled without litigation. The fifth claimant, petitioner herein, brought suit.
The tug owners, through Fortenbaugh, answered all of the interrogatories except No. 38. While
admitting that statements of the survivors had been taken, they declined to summarize or set forth the
contents. They did so on the ground that such requests called "for privileged matter obtained in
preparation for litigation," and constituted "an attempt to obtain indirectly counsel's private files." It was
claimed that answering these requests "would involve practically turning over not only the complete files,
but also the telephone records and, almost, the thoughts, of counsel." Upon their refusal, the court
adjudged them in contempt and ordered them imprisoned until they complied.
In urging that he has a right to inquire into the materials secured and prepared by Fortenbaugh,
petitioner emphasizes that the deposition.discovery portions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are
designed to enable the parties to discover the true facts, and to compel their disclosure wherever they
may be found. On the premise that the attorney.client privilege is the one involved in this case, petitioner
argues that it must be strictly confined to confidential communications made by a client to his attorney.
And, since the materials here in issue were secured by Fortenbaugh from third persons, rather than from
his clients, the tug owners, the conclusion is reached that these materials are proper subjects for
discovery under Rule 26.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the 38th interrogatory is covered by the Attorney.client privilege?

NO.

RATIO: Discovery, like all matters of procedure, has ultimate and necessary boundaries. As indicated by
Rules 30(b) and (d) and 31(d), limitations inevitably arise when it can be shown that the examination is
being conducted in bad faith or in such a manner as to annoy, embarrass, or oppress the person subject
to the inquiry. And, as Rule 26(b) provides, further limitations come into existence when the inquiry
touches upon the irrelevant or encroaches upon the recognized domains of privilege.
We also agree that the memoranda, statements, and mental impressions in issue in this case fall
outside the scope of the attorney.client privilege, and hence are not protected from discovery on that
basis. It is unnecessary here to delineate the content and scope of that privilege as recognized in the
federal courts. For present purposes, it suffices to note that the protective cloak of this privilege does not
extend to information which an attorney secures from a witness while acting for his client in anticipation
of litigation. Nor does this privilege concern the memoranda, briefs, communications, and other writings
writings which reflect an attorney's mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories.
But the impropriety of invoking that privilege does not provide an answer to the problem before
us. Petitioner has made more than an ordinary request for relevant, non.privileged facts in the possession
of his adversaries or their counsel. He has sought discovery as of right of oral and written statements of
witnesses whose identity is well known and whose availability to petitioner appears unimpaired.
Here is simply an attempt, without purported necessity or justification, to secure written
statements, private memoranda, and personal recollections prepared or formed by an adverse party's
counsel in the course of his legal duties. As such, it falls outside the arena of discovery and contravenes
the public policy underlying the orderly prosecution and defense of legal claims. Not even the most liberal
of discovery theories can justify unwarranted inquiries into the files and the mental impressions of an
attorney.
ANALYSIS:
Should the case have been decided in the Philippines using the Current Rules of Evidence, the decision
would have been the same. Nowhere in our rules provide that the mental impression and notes of a
lawyer acquired through third persons in anticipation of a litigation are of a privileged matter. As in this
case, the information sought by the plaintiff is readily available and there is thus no compelling reason to
produce such documents in the possession of the adverse party. Under the Proposed Rules of Evidence,
the ruling would have been the same. The proposed rules also do not make mental impressions and notes
as aforementioned privileged matters.

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UPJOHN CO. v. US
449 U.S. 383
Doctrine: Communications made by a client to its counsel in anticipation of possible litigation shall be
covered by the attorneyRclient privilege even though the managers of the parent stateside company were the
ones who hired the counsel and the persons responding to the queries were its foreign employees.
FACTS: The Upjohn Pharmaceutical Company discovered that its foreign subsidiaries made questionable
payments to government officials in order to secure government business. The stateside company started
an internal investigation and part of which was sending questionnaires to all foreign managers seeking
detailed answers about any such transactions. Based on a report the company made to the government,
the Internal Revenue Service began an investigation to determine the tax consequences of such payments.
The IRS then issued subpoenas in order to secure the questionnaires, memoranda and notes the counsels
of Upjohn made in connection with the investigation.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the documents made by the counsels are covered by the attorney client privilege?
YES.
2. Whether or not the work.product doctrine applies? YES.
RATIO: The documents were essentially communications between employees of the clients and their
corporate duties and given to the counsels at the direction of their superiors in order to secure legal
advice from counsel. D
by the privilege because they possessed the information necessary to prepare for possible litigation.
Moreover, they acted under the direction of the stateside corporate superiors effectively making the
The work.
mental processes in evaluating the case. The federal rules of civil procedure accords special protection to
work.products from disclosure and Hickman v. Taylor makes it clear that such products cannot be
disclosed simply on a showing of substantial need or inability to obtain the equivalent without undue
hardship.
ANALYSIS:
If the case were to be decided locally, the decision will be the same under the current rules of evidence.
The attorney.client privilege is one of the most sacrosanct of doctrines in the rules of procedure so much
so that any violation shall cause the evidence to be excluded.
If the case were to be decided under the proposed revised rules of evidence, the decision would still be the
same because even though the provision on attorney.client privilege was altered, it was not done so in a
manner preventing the application of the work.product doctrine.

IN RE: GRAND JURY INVESTIGATION NO. 8322235


723 F.2d 447 1983
privilege save in narrowly construed exceptions.
FACTS:
disclosure of the endorser of the check violated the attorney.client privilege.

Rclient

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ISSUE:
1.
privilege?

torney.client

NO.

RATIO: The attorney.client privilege is established to promote the freedom of consultation between
counsel and client. As a general rule, the identity of the client is beyond the protection of the attorney.
client privilege, most especially when there is a continuing illegal act or advice is sought in furtherance
thereof. This rule admits certain exceptions.
One of the exceptions is when the disclosure of the identity is material only for the purpose of showing an
acknowledgment of guilt on the part of the accused for the very matter that the legal advice was sought
for. Another would be when so much of the communication had already been disclosed, by other
independent sources, that identification of the client amounts to a disclosure of a confidential
information. A third exception is when the identity of the client serves as the last link in an existing chain
of these circumstances which amount to a disclosure of confidential information.
ANALYSIS:
If the case was to be decided locally, the decision rendered would be the same under the current rules of
evidence. Even though the crime.fraud exception is not explicitly mentioned in the Rules of Evidence,
local jurisprudence recognizes is existence. If the case was to be decided under the proposed revised rules
of evidence, the decision will still be the same because the provision on crime.fraud exception is now
contained in the proposed rules.

U.S. v. McPARTLIN
595 F.2d 1321 April 23, 1979
Doctrine: Matters that are divulged to a coR
confidence remains to be privileged information between the client and his attorney.
FACTS: Legislator McPartlin and the Ingram Corporation entered into a deal wherein the latter would give
multi.million dollar contract for the hauling of sewage. Benton, a vice.president of Ingram Corp., was
privy to all the exchanges of money between the McPartlin group and Ingram and in certain instances was
the go.between.
A federal grand jury investigated these dealings. Benton was an unindicted co.defendant who
served as a witness for the prosecution. The prosecution relied heavily on testimonies of Benton and the
contents of a business calendar he kept detailing the transactions.
rtlin with the consent of his counsel for the
privilege.

.client

ISSUE:
1. Whether or not McPartlin is entitled to the attorney.client privilege in objecting to the inclusion of the
YES.
RATIO: McPartlin was entitled to the attorney.client privilege because his statements were made in
confidence to the counsel of a co.defendant for a common purpose related to both defenses. In fact
the lawyer subsequently shares them with co.defendants for the purpose of a common defense.
Uninhibited communication among joint parties and their counsel about matters of common
concern is often important to the protection of their interests. In criminal cases, it can be necessary to a
fai
.
attorney for a common purpose.

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ANALYSIS:
If the case was to be decided locally, the decision rendered would be the same. The application of
American jurisprudence holds suggestive influence and guidance in deciding local cases especially in
cases where our locally law is similar to or culled from US law. If the case was to be decided under the
proposed revised rules of evidence, the decision will still be the same for the same reason mentioned
above.

US v. GORDON2NIKKAR
518 F.2d 972 September 5, 1975
Doctrine: The attorneyRclient privilege does not apply to parties stranger to the attorneyRclient relationship.
Also, the privilege likewise does not apply in cases where the communication was made in
contemplation of an illegal act, such as perjury in this case.
FACTS: The defendant was found guilty of drug charges based on testimony given by co.defendant
Marchand. It was alleged that the testimony did not fall under the attorney.client privilege for such
relationship was not established between Marchand and Gordon.
testimony of Marchand was a recollection of what she heard in the office of Estrumsa while he was with
his client Gordon.
latter and his clients when he gave instructions to them to perjure statements in defense of the charges
filed against them.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the s
persons are protected by the attorney.client privilege?

NO.

RATIO: A communication divulged to strangers can scarcely be considered a communication between


attorney and client. Even if the communication was intended to be privileged, it would still be outside the
ambit of its protection. The communication dealt with the conspiracy to perjure in court, a continuing
illegality explicitly outside of the privilege. The policy underlying the attorney.client privilege is to promote
the administration of justice. Extending the privilege to the acts intended to frustrate justice would be a
perversion of the doctrine.
ANALYSIS:
If the case were to be decided locally, the decision will be the same under the current rules of evidence.
The rules are explicit in instructing that only communications made between counsels and their clients
are covered by the privilege. Moreover, jurisprudence admits that communications between lawyer and
client intended to pursue an illegal act shall not be covered by the privilege.
If the case were to be decided under the proposed revised rules of evidence, the decision will still be the
same because the provision on attorney.client privilege now specifically states the crime.fraud exception
to the privilege.

US v. NOBLES
422 U.S. 225 June 23, 1975
onal communications. Also, the workRproduct privilege may be
waived when the defense presents its investigator as a witness thus opening the investigator, along with
the product of his work, to crossRexamination.
FACTS: Nobles was charged for and convicted of robbing a bank. The prosecution presented two
witnesses who identified the defendant. In the course of preparing his defense, an investigator was hired

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to interview the witnesses and made a written report of the essential parts of the interview. During the
cross.examination of the witnesses, the defense counsel relied on certain statements contained in the
report were apparent, the court allowed the witnesses to refer to the written investigation report to verify
ISSUE:
1.
investigator to be used against the defendant? YES.
2. Whether or not the work.product doctrine applies in this case?

NO.

RATIO: The work.product privilege shelters the mental processes of the attorney providing a privileged
area within which he can analyze and
work.product doctrine is distinct and broader than the attorney.client privilege. The work.product
doctrine also applies to materials prepared by the agents of the lawyer. However, the privilege derived
from the work.product doctrine is not absolute.
The respondent sought to adduce the testimony of the investigator and contrast his recollection of
is work.
product and use it as testimony unilaterally in much the same way that a person cannot take the witness
stand and then refuse to be cross.examined on matters he testified on.
ANALYSIS:
If the case was to be decided locally, the decision will be the same under the current rules of evidence.
The Rules on Evidence does not sanction the unilateral presentation of evidence by one party. Once a
.examination.
If the case were to be decided under the proposed revised rules of evidence, the decision will still be the
same because the rules respect the same privilege enunciated in jurisprudence and the suggestive
application of foreign jurisprudence.

PEOPLE v. SANDIGANBAYAN
275 SCRA 505 July 16, 1997
Doctrine: The crimeRfraud exception to the attorneyRclient privilege. A distinction must be made between
confidential communications relating to past crimes already committed, and future crimes intended to be
committed by the client. The announced intention of the client to commit a crime is not included within the
confidences which his attorney is bound to respect.
FACTS: Paredes was successively the provincial attorney of Agusan del Sur, then the governor and now
the congressman. Sansaet was a practicing attorney and Honrado was the acting stenographer of the
MCTC. Paredes applied for a free patent over a lot and was granted one. Later, the Director of Lands filed
an action for the cancellation of his patent and certificate of title. The land was actually reserved for a
school site. The trial court rendered judgment nullifying the patent and title after it was discovered that
Paredes obtained it by fraud. Sansaet served as his counsel in that case.
Later, a perjury case was filed against Paredes. This was dismissed on the ground of prescription.
violation of the Anti.Graft and Corrupt Practices Act. He allegedly used his position as provincial attorney
to influence and induce the Bureau of Lands officials to grant him a free patent. This case was also
dismissed. Gelacio (the same person who initiated the charges against Paredes) sent a letter to the
Ombudsman seeking the investigation of Paredes, Sansaet and Honrado for falsification of public
documents. Allegedly, these people simulated and certified as true copies certain documents purporting
to be a notice of arraignment and transcript of stenographic notes supposedly taken during arraignment
would constitute double jeopardy. Gelacio attached to his letter a certification that no notice of
arraignment was ever received by the fiscal of Agusan del Sur and a certification of the presiding judge

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that the perjury case pending in his court never reached the arraignment stage.
Sansaet made an affidavit confirming that Paredes did try to make it appear that there was
already double jeopardy. He, however, claimed that he did so upon the instigation and inducement of
Paredes. This affidavit of his was intended to make him be discharged as a government witness. The
ombudsman approved the filing of charges against all the private respondents herein (Paredes, Sansaet,
stature, in the absence of an intent to conspire, would be unwittingly induced by another to commit a
crime. The Ombudsman also pointed out that the would.be testimony or confession of Sansaet would be
under the mantle of privileged communication between attorney and client. The case was then filed with
the Sandiganbayan.
The petitioner, People, filed a motion to have Sansaet discharged from the case and be a state
witness. Sandiganbayan denied this motion on the ground of attorney.client privilege. Hence this petition.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the projected testimony of Sansaet is barred by the attorney.client privilege?

NO

RATIO: Firstly, it may be correctly assumed that there was a confidential communication made by
Paredes to Sansaet. Even if the fact that Sansaet was called to witness the preparation of the falsified
documents is not exactly a verbal nor a written communication, it must be noted that the law makes no
distinction between verbal and non.
Even if the communication was intended to be confidential, the case does not fall under the
privilege. A distinction must be made between confidential communications relating to past crimes
already committed, and future crimes intended to be committed by the client. The announced intention of
the client to commit a crime is not included within the confidences which his attorney is bound to
respect.
It was error for the respondent court to believe that the case deals with a past crime and that
Sansaet is set to testify on the acts that constitute the same. It is true that by now the crime was
necessarily already consummated. But for the application of the attorney.client privilege, the period to be
considered is the date when the communication was made
respect to a crime that the former has committed, he is given the protection of a virtual confessional seal
ich
a client intends to commit thereafter.
The testimony sought to be elicited from Sansaet as state witness is concerned with
communications made to him by Paredes at the time he was about to falsify, or was already in the
process of falsifying. Clearly therefore, this communication pertains to a crime not yet consummated.
It must also be noted that Sansaet himself was a conspirator in the crime. In order that a
communication between a lawyer and his client may be privileged, it must be for a lawful purpose. Every
communication made by a client to his attorney for a criminal purpose is a conspiracy which is not only
lawful to divulge, but which the attorney may be bound to disclose in the interest of justice.
ANALYSIS:
If the case were to be decided under the proposed rules, the ruling would be the same. In fact, the same
would even have more support under the proposed rules, because it explicitly states that the crime.fraud
exception prevents the attorney.client privilege from attaching.

C. Physician2Patient Privilege
(1) Rule 130, Section 24 (c)
SEC. 24. Disqualification by reason of privileged communication.
to matters learned in confidence in the following cases:

The following persons cannot testify as

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(c) A person authorized to practice medicine, surgery or obstetrics cannot in a civil case, without the
consent of the patient, be examined as to any advice or treatment given by him or any information which
he may have acquired in attending such patient in a professional capacity, which information was
necessary to enable him to act in capacity, and which would blacken the reputation of the patient[
(2)
(3)

Lim v. Court of Appeals


Krohn v. Court of Appeals

214 SCRA 273 (1992)


233 SCRA 146 (1994)

LIM v. COURT OF APPEALS


214 SCRA 273 September 25, 1992
Doctrine: In order that the disqualification by reason of physicianRpatient privilege be successfully claimed,
the following requisites should concur: (1) the privilege is claimed in a civil case^ (2) the person against
whom the privilege is claimed is one duly authorized to practice medicine, surgery or obstetrics^ (3) such
person acquired the information while he was attending to the patient in his professional capacity^ (4) the
information was necessary to enable him to act in that capacity^ (5) the information was confidential and if
disclosed, would blacken the reputation of the patient.
Only disclosures which would have been made to the physician to enable him safely and efficaciously to
treat his patient are covered by the privilege. Only the tenor of the communication is privileged. The mere
fact of making a communication, as well as date of consultation and the number of consultations are NOT
privileged, so long as the subject of the communication is not stated.
The physicianRpatient privilege is not violated by permitting the physician to give expert opinion testimony.
But the physician must base his opinion solely upon the facts hypothesized in the question, excluding from
consideration his personal knowledge of the patient acquired through their relationship.
FACTS: Nelly Lim and Juan Sim were lawfully married. Juan Sim filed in the RTC a petition for
annulment of marriage on the ground that Nelly Lim had been suffering from schizophrenia, before,
during and after the marriage, until the present.
Juan Sim presented 3 witnesses, before taking the stand himself. Among these witnesses was Dr.
Lydia Acampado, the Chief of the Female Services of the National Mental Hospital, who also specializes in
nsel opposed to the motion to subpoena Dr. Acampado on the ground that the
testimony sought to be elicited from her is privileged since Dr. Acampado examined Nelly Lim in a
professional capacity. The subpoena was nevertheless issued.
A motion to quash th
that Dr. Acampado was to be presented as an expert witness. Dr. Acampado was allowed to testify,
because the trial court denied the motion. Dr. Acampado never revealed the illness she examined Nelly
Lim for, nor did she disclose the results of the medical examinations. She was only asked hypothetical
questions.
Case was elevated to the CA to prohibit the lower court from proceeding with the reception of Dr.
court denied the case on the ground that the matters testified to do not fall
within the realm of a privileged communication, for she never disclosed anything she obtained in the
course of her examination, interview and treatment of her patient.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the CA committed reversible error in allowing Dr. Acampado to testify?

NO.

RATIO: The rule on the physician.patient privilege is intended to facilitate and make safe and full
confidential disclosure by the patient to the physician of all facts, circumstances and symptoms
unrestricted by their apprehension in disclosure to the end that a physician may form an opinion and be
enabled to safely and effectively treat his patient. It rests on public policy.
The following requisites must concur: (1) the privilege is claimed in a civil case[ (2) the person

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against whom the privilege is claimed is one duly authorized to practice medicine, surgery or obstetrics[
(3) such person acquired the information while he was attending to the patient in his professional
capacity[ (4) the information was necessary to enable him to act in that capacity[ (5) the information was
confidential and if disclosed, would blacken the reputation of the patient. The physician is considered to
be acting in his professional capacity when he attends to the patient for curative, preventive or palliative
treatment. Only the disclosures which would have been made to the physician to enable him safely to
treat his patient are covered by the privilege. Only the tenor of the communication is privileged. The mere
fact of making a communication, as well as date of consultations is not privileged from disclosure, so long
as the subject communicated is not stated.
He who claims the privilege must prove the presence of the requisites. Nelly Lim failed to
discharge that statement. In the first place, Dr. Acampado was presented as an expert witness. She also
did not disclose anything obtained in the course of her examination, interview and treatment of Nelly Lim.
The facts alleged in the hypothetical problem did not refer to and had no bearing on whatever information
or findings the doctor obtained while attending to the patient.
Secondly, Nelly Lim was never interviewed alone. Her interviews were always conducted in the
presence of third parties (her husband and father). This removes such information from the mantle of the
privilege.
her reputation, nothing specific was shown to prove this claim.
Finally, Nelly Lim made no claim that her counsel objected to a question asked to Dr. Acampado
counsel may interpose any objection to the testimony once it becomes apparent that the testimony sought
is covered by the privileged communication. Petition denied.
ANALYSIS:
Under the proposed rules of evidence, this case would have been decided with the same result. However,
the requisites would be changed in the sense that the following shall no longer be required: Under
number (2), the person against whom the privilege is claimed need not be one
duly
authorized
to
practice medicine, surgery or obstetrics. Under number (5), the information need not blacken the
reputation of the patient In addition, the second ground relied upon by the court will not be valid. While it
husband and father. Under the proposed rules, these people are also covered by the privilege. The third
ground relied upon the court (that the information did not blacken the reputation of the patient) would
also no longer hold water, since this is no longer required under the new rules. Even so, the ruling would
be the same since Dr. Acampado was presented as an expert witness, and not as physician of the patient,
Nelly Lim. Her testimony would therefore still be admissible.

KROHN v. COURT OF APPEALS


223 SCRA 146 June 14, 1994
document executed by medical practitioners, his testimony does not have the force and effect of the
testimony of the physician who examined the patient and executed the report. Plainly, this does not fall
within the prohibition.
FACTS: Edgar Krohn, Jr. and Ma. Paz Fernandez.Krohn (petitioner) were married, with 3 children. The
relationship became problematic and they separated in fact. Ma. Paz underwent psychological testing to
ease the marital pain.
Edgar was able to secure a copy of the psychiatric report on Ma. Paz prepared and signed by Drs.
Banaag and Reyes. Using this report, he succeeded in obtaining a decree from the Tibunale
Metropolitanum Matrimonale in Manila nullifying his church marriage with Ma. Paz on the ground of

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Edgar then petitioned the CFI for annulment of marriage on the ground of psychological
incapacity. He cited the Confidential Psychiatric Evaluation Report in his petition which Ma. Paz merely
denied in her answer on the ground that it was unfounded or irrelevant. Edgar took the witness stand to
testify on the contents of the report. This was objected to on the ground that it violated the rule on
privileged communication between physician and patient. The trial court issued an order admitting the
report, because the very issue in this case is whether or not Ma. Paz was suffering from psychological
incapacity.
The case was elevated to the CA, which dismissed the same. In this petition, Ma. Paz argues that
to allow her husband to testify would be a circumvention of the rule. On the other hand, Edgar argues
that the rules sanction his testimony considering that a husband may testify against his wife in a civil
case filed by one against the other. He also argues that Ma. Paz waived the privileged communication in
that she gave her consent to use the report in the church annulment and in her answer, she merely aid
that the report was unfounded or irrelevant, which is therefore tantamount to a waiver for failure to
interpose a timely objection at the earliest opportunity .
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not husband can testify on the psychiatric report prepared of his wife by the physician?
YES.
RATIO: As held in Lim v. CA, the following requisites must concur in order that the privilege may be
invoked: (1) the privilege is claimed in a civil case[ (2) the person against whom the privilege is claimed is
one duly authorized to practice medicine, surgery or obstetrics[ (3) such person acquired the information
while he was attending to the patient in his professional capacity[ (4) the information was necessary to
enable him to act in that capacity[ (5) the information was confidential and if disclosed, would blacken the
reputation of the patient.
In this case, the person against whom the privilege is claimed is not one duly authorized to
practice medicine, surgery or obstetri
document executed by medical practitioners. This does not fall within the prohibition. Neither is his
testimony a circumvention of the prohibition because his testimony cannot have the force and effect of
testimony as hearsay. In failing to object to the testimony on this ground, this was in effect a waiver to
make an objection, hence the evidence (the report) is admissible. Petition denied. CA ruling affirmed.
ANALYSIS:
Under the proposed rules of evidence, this case would not be decided with the same result.
Firstly, the requisites would be changed in the sense that the following shall no longer be required. Under
number (2), the person against whom the privilege is claimed need not be one duly authorized to practice
medicine, surgery or obstetrics[ and under number (5), the information need not blacken the reputation of
the patient
Secondly, the proposed rules state that the privilege also applies to persons including the members of the
regards the psychiatric report.

he privilege, and hence, he cannot be allowed to testify as

D. State Secrets
(1) Rule 130, Section 24 (e)
SEC. 24. Disqualification by reason of privileged communication.
The following persons cannot testify as
to matters learned in confidence in the following cases:
(e) A public officer cannot be examined during his term of office or afterwards, as to communications

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made to him in official confidence, when the court finds that the public interest would suffer by the
disclosure. (21a)
(2)
(3)
(4)

U.S. v. Nixon (A.B.)


Banco Filipino v. Monetary Board
People vs. Ong

418 U.S. 683


(1974)
142 SCRA 523 (1986)
432 SCRA 470 (2004)

US v. NIXON
418 US 683, 94 S.Ct. 3090 July 24, 1974
Doctrine: When the ground for asserting the privilege as to subpoenaed materials sought for use in a
criminal trial is based only on the generalized interest in confidentiality, unsupported by a claim of the need
to protect military, diplomatic or sensitive national security secrets, it cannot prevail against a
demonstrated, specific need for the documents/recordings needed and over the fundamental demands of
due process of law in the administration of criminal justice. The generalized assertion of the privilege must
yield to the demonstrated need for evidence in a pending criminal trial.
FACTS: A grand jury of the US District Court of Columbia returned an indictment charging seven
individuals with various offenses, including conspiracy to defraud the US and to obstruct justice.
Although not indicted, Nixon, the President, was named as a conspirator.
The prosecutor through a motion asked the court that a subpoena duces tecum be issued, which
the court granted. This subpoena sought the production of certain tapes, memoranda, papers,
transcripts, or other writings relating to identified meetings between the president and other people. The
counsel filed a motion to quash the subpoena, accompanied by a formal claim of privilege. Other motions
protective orders against the disclosure of that information were file
The court denied the motion to quash and further ordered the president or any subordinate
officer or employee who has custody and control of the documents or the objects subpoenaed. The district
court rejected the contention that it was without authority to review an assertion of the executive privilege
by the president. To this, the court said that the judiciary, not the president, was the final arbiter of a
claim of executive privilege. The court also noted that the presumption that communications of the
compel the court to warrant judicial examination in the chambers. The president appealed this ruling of
the district court to the court of appeals. The prosecutors filed a petition for certiorari with the US
Supreme Court.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the documents or objects required by the subpoena are considered privileged
communications? NO.
RATIO: It was the contention of the president that the subpoena should be quashed because it demands
conversations between him and his advisors and it would be inconsistent with public interest. It was also
alleged that there is a need for protection of communications between government officials and his
advisers for the reason of possible detriment to their decision.making.
However, it must be pointed out that there is no unqualified presidential privilege of immunity
from judicial processes under all circumstances. It is true that the president has a need for complete
privilege depends solely on the broad claim that the confidentiality of the communications would affect
public interest, other values must also be considered. Absent a claim of need to protect military,
diplomatic, or sensitive national security secrets, it is difficult to accept the argument that even the
important interest of confidentiality of presidential communications is diminished by the production of
such material for inspection by the courts.
The courts must weigh the importance of the general privilege of confidentiality of presidential

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communications in the performance of his responsibilities against the inroads of such a privilege on the
administration of criminal justice. The allowance of the privilege to withhold evidence that is
demonstrably relevant in a criminal trial would cut deeply into the guarantee of due process of law and
gravely im
will not be vitiated by disclosure of a limited number of conversations preliminarily shown to have some
bearing on the pending criminal cases.
ANALYSIS:
If the case were to be decided under Philippine law, the ruling would be the same. This case, in fact,
continues to be good law, for our very own courts base their rulings on the doctrines determined in the
case. If the case were to be decided under the proposed rules on evidence, the ruling would also be the
same. The case relates to the provision on state secrets, which did not go under substantial changes
under the proposal.

BANCO FILIPINO v. MONETARY BOARD


142 SCRA 523 July 8, 1986
Doctrine: The privilege under Section 21, Rule 130 is intended not for the protection of public officers but for
the protection of public interest. Where there is no public interest that would be prejudiced, this rule will not
be applicable. The rule that a public officer cannot be examined as to communications made to him in official
confidence does not apply when there is nothing to show that the public interest would suffer by the
disclosure question.
Confidential communications are not necessarily absolute and privileged.
The public officer who is asked to disclose certain documents relevant to the case has the burden of proof to
show that public interest will be adversely affected thereby.
FACTS: [This is an off.shoot of the case regarding the closure of Banco Filipino] The subject of the
petition is the Order of RTC Makati which granted the motion of Banco Filipino for the production,
inspection, and copying of certain papers and records which it claims are needed for the preparation of its
comments, objections and excep
produced include copies of tapes and transcripts of the Monetary Board (MB) deliberations on the closure
of Banco Filipino among others.
In issuing the order, the RTC considered the documents sought to be produced as not privileged
because they constitute or contain evidence material to the issues present. Respondents Monetary Board
and Central Bank take exception to the order and pray for the reversal and setting aside of the same. One
of the grounds they invoked is that the tapes and transcripts of the Monetary Board deliberations are
confidential pursuant to Sections 13 and 15 of the Central Bank Act.
In its comment, Banco Filipino argued that the respondents cannot claim privilege in refusing to
produce the records sought because it is based only on generalized interest in confidentiality. It cited US
v. Nixon, stating that when the ground for asserting the privilege as to subpoenaed materials sought for
use in a criminal case is based only on the generalized interest in confidentiality, it cannot prevail over
documents is to prove that th CB Governor closed BF without an MB Resolution and without the
no application, because the present case is not a claim of privilege only on a generalized interest. Rather,
the MB deliberations are considered privileged under the rules of evidence (Section 21, Rule 130),
precisely because of the Central Bank Act which states that they are confidential.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not the documents sought to be produced are considered privileged?

NO.

RATIO: The documents are no privileged. Any statute declaring in general terms that official records are
confidential should be liberally construed to have an implied exception for disclosure when needed in a
court of justice. The deliberations may indeed be confidential but not necessarily absolute and privileged.
There is no specific provision in the Central Bank Act which prohibits absolutely the courts from

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conducting an inquiry on said deliberations when these are relevant or material to a matter subject of a
suit pending before it. The disclosure here is not intended to obtain information for personal gain. There
is no indication that the disclosure would cause detriment to the government, to the bank or to third
parties.
The privilege under Section 21, Rule 130 is intended not for the protection of public officers but
for the protection of public interest. Where there is no public interest that would be prejudiced, this
invoked rule will not be applicable. The rule that a public officer cannot be examined as to
communications made to him in official confidence does not apply when there is nothing to show that the
public interest would suffer by the disclosure question. In the present case, respondents have not
established that public interest would suffer by the disclosure of the papers and documents sought by
petitioner. Considering that petitioner bank was already closed as of January 1985, any disclosure of the
letters, reports, transcripts at this time impose no danger or peril to our economy. On the contrary, public
interests will be best served by the disclosure of the documents.
ANALYSIS:
If the case were to be decided under the proposed rules, the ruling would be the same. No substantial
changes were made.
PEOPLE v. ONG
G.R. No. 137348 June 21, 2004
Doctrine
purpose of such privilege is the furtherance and protection of the public interest in effective law enforcement.
The privilege recognizes the obligation of citizens to communicate their knowledge of crimes and encourages
them to perform such obligation by preserving their anonymity.
by balancing the s
his defense.
FACTS: Accused William Ong Li and Ching De Ming were charged with violating provisions of The
Dangerous Drugs Act for unlawfully selling or offering for sale 980.50 grams of Methyl Amphetamine
Hydrochloride. Upon arraignment, they pleaded not guilty. The records do not show whether they had
sufficient knowledge of the English language. In the course of the trial, they were given the services of a
Chinese interpreter. After an evaluation of the confidential information, Chief Inspector (CI) Ferro decided
to conduct a buy.bust operation.
The two accused denied the version of the prosecution as to the narration of facts of what
happened during the buy.bust operation. They gave their own versions of what happened on July 24,
2004, the day of the buy.bust operation. The trial court convicted appellants as charged and imposed on
them the penalty of death.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not their guilt was proven beyond reasonable doubt? NO.
2. Whether or not there was a need to present the informant? YES.
RATIO: The prosecution evidence failed to prove that appellants willfully and unlawfully sold or offered to
e lone testimony of SPO1 Gonzales. He was the
designated poseur.buyer in the team formed for the buy.bust operation. But a careful reading of his
testimony will reveal that he was not privy to the sale transaction that transpired between the CI and
appellant William Ong, the alleged pusher. Since only the CI had personal knowledge of the offer to
purchase shabu, the acceptance of the offer and the consideration for the offer, we hold that SPO1
.
liveryman. His testimony therefore on
material points of the sale of shabu is hearsay and standing alone cannot be the basis of the conviction of
the appellants.
The prosecution evidence about the buy.bust operation was also incomplete. The confidential
informant who had sole knowledge of the alleged illegal sale of shabu started and how it was perfected
was not presented as witness. His testimony was given instead by SPO1 Gonzales who had no personal

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knowledge of the same. Thus, it is hearsay and has no probative value. There are compelling
considerations why confidential informants are usually not presented by the prosecution. One is the need
to hide their identity and preserve their invaluable service to the police. Another is the necessity to protect
them from being objects or targets of revenge by the criminals they implicate once they become known. All
these however, have to be balanced with the right of an accused to a fair trial. In the case at bar, the
crime charged against appellants is capital in character and can result in the imposition of the death
penalty. Where the testimony of the informer is indispensable, it should be disclosed.
ANALYSIS:
current rules of Evidence. The proposed rules did not also include the privilege.

E. Parental & Filial Privilege


(1) Rule 130, Section 25c Art. 215, Civil Code
RULE 130
2. TESTIMONIAL PRIVILEGE
SEC. 25. Parental and filial privilege.
No person may be compelled to testify against his parents, other
direct ascendants, children or other direct descendants. (20a)
FAMILY CODE
Art. 215. No descendant shall be compelled, in a criminal case, to testify against his parents and
grandparents, except when such testimony is indispensable in a crime against the descendant or by one
parent against the othe
(2)

People v. Publico

17 CAR (2s) 703 (1972)

PEOPLE v. PUBLICO
G.R. No. 088812CR May 25, 1972
Doctrine: Information given to a witness by the wife and child of the accused is in the nature of evidence
against the accused and should not be admitted in evidence.
FACTS: At about noontime of August 1, 1965, herein appellant Aurelio Publico was walking towards his
home on a road at Catotoran, Camalaniugan, Cagayan. When Publico reached the store of the spouses
Valdez, he came along now deceased Alfredo Lagat and Leonardo Publico, who were engaged in a heated
latter at the back at his waist line. Lagat unsheathed his bolo from his waist and fearing that Lagat would
attack him with his weapon, the appellant ran away but Lagat chased the appellant, who jumped over an
about two.foot high barb wire fence. Eventually, after a chase, appellant looked back and he saw that
Lagat was already near him and so the appellant turned around and at that time, Lagat was in the act of
stabbing the appellant with his bolo. In the end, Publico stabbed Lagat. Publico surrendered to the police
authorities with the bolo with whi
.
.defense in killing Lagat, the prosecution cites the
testimony of defense witness Patrolman Julian Urmatan who said that the wife and children of appellant
said that the bolo used in the killing was indeed the bolo which they were using in their kitchen.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not such testimony of the patrolman as to the declarations of the wife and children may be
admitted? NO.
RATIO: It is unjust to admit in evidence against the appellant the alleged information supposedly given to

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against the appellant and therefore, insofar as the information allegedly given by the wife is concerned,
the same is covered by the evidentiary rule of exclusion that a wife cannot be examined for or against her
husband without his consent and insofar as the supposed information allegedly give
is concerned, the same is covered by the exclusionary rule of evidence that no descendant can be
compelled, in a criminal case, to testify against his parents and ascendants.
ANALYSIS:
This case was properly decided under the current rules of evidence. If the proposed revisions to the rules
of evidence were in force at the time of the decision, which revisions provided for exceptions stated in the
following wise,
erson or by one parent
the decision would still have been the same. It is because the crime in question was

F. Newsman's Privilege
(1) R.A. 53, as amended by R.A. 1477
AN ACT AMENDING SECTION ONE OF REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED FIFTY.THREE, ENTITLED "AN ACT
TO EXEMPT THE PUBLISHER, EDITOR, COLUMNIST OR REPORTER OF ANY PUBLICATION FROM
REVEALING THE SOURCE OF PUBLISHED NEWS OR INFORMATION OBTAINED IN CONFIDENCE"
SECTION 1. Section one of Republic Act Numbered Fifty. three is amended to read as follows:
"Section 1. Without prejudice to his liability under the civil and criminal laws, the publisher,
editor, columnist or duly accredited reporter of any newspaper, magazine or periodical of general
circulation cannot be compelled to reveal the source of any news.report or information appearing in said
publication which was related in confidence to such publisher, editor or reporter unless the court or a
House or committee of Congress finds that such revelation is demanded by the security of the State."
SECTION 2.

This Act shall take effect upon its approval.


(2)

Matter of Farber (A.B.)

394 A.2d 330

(1978)

FARBER v. JASCALEVICH
394 A.2d 330 (1978)
Doctrine: The Shield Law prevails over this statute. The legislative intent in adopting this statute in its
present form as seeking to protect the confidential sources of the press as well as information so obtained
by reporters and other news media representatives to the greatest extent permitted by the Constitution.
FACTS: The New York Times Company and Myron Farber, a reporter employed by the newspaper,
challenge judgments entered against them in two related matters, one a proceeding in aid of a litigant and
contributed largely to the indictment and prosecution of Dr. Mario Jascalevich for murder. An order was
entered directing that the subpoenaed material be produced for In camera inspection by the court.
inspection, Judge Arnold issued an order directing appellants to show cause why they should not be
deemed in contempt of court. Dr. Jascalovich essentially contends that although there is a shield law, the
same must yield to the Federal and the State constitutions that grant the accused the right to have
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses and evidence in his favor.
ISSUE:

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1. Whether or not requiring newsmen to appear and testify before state or federal grand juries abridge
freedom of speech? NO.
RATIO: Testimonial privileges, whether they derive from common law or from statute, which allow
witnesses to withhold evidence seem to conflict with Constitutional provision requiring the attendance of
witnesses if summoned. This Court holds that the Shield Law prevails over this statute. The legislative
intent in adopting this statute in its present form as seeking to protect the confidential sources of the
press as well as information so obtained by reporters and other news media representatives to the
greatest extent permitted by the Constitution of the United States and that of the State of New Jersey.
The ends of criminal justice would be defeated if judgments were to be founded on a partial or speculative
presentation of the facts. The very integrity of the judicial system and public confidence in the system
depend on full disclosure of all the facts, within the framework of the rules of evidence.
ANALYSIS:
their facts. Thus, when this case was decided, resort had to be made to a special law or statute to justify
the privilege granted to a journalist. However, the proposed revision to the Rules on Evidence has now

G.

(1)

People vs. Ong

G.R. No. 137348


(June 21, 2004)

PEOPLE v. ONG
G.R. No. 137348 June 21, 2004
Doctrine: There are compelling considerations why confidential informants are usually not presented by the
prosecution. One is the need to hide their identity and preserve their invaluable service to the police. Another
is the necessity to protect them from being objects or targets of revenge by the criminals they implicate once
they become known. All these however, have to be balanced with the right of an accused to a fair trial.
FACTS: Accused William Ong Li and Ching De Ming were charged with violating provisions of The
Dangerous Drugs Act for unlawfully selling or offering for sale 980.50 grams of Methyl Amphetamine
Hydrochloride. Upon arraignment, they pleaded not guilty. The records do not show whether they had
sufficient knowledge of the English language. In the course of the trial, they were given the services of a
Chinese interpreter. After an evaluation of the confidential information, Chief Inspector (CI) Ferro decided
to conduct a buy.bust operation.
The two accused denied the version of the prosecution as to the narration of facts of what
happened during the buy.bust operation. They gave their own versions of what happened on July 24,
2004, the day of the buy.bust operation.
The trial court convicted appellants as charged and imposed on them the penalty of death.
ISSUE:
1. Whether or not their guilt was proven beyond reasonable doubt? NO.
2. Whether or not there was a need to present the informant? YES.
RATIO: The prosecution evidence failed to prove that appellants willfully and unlawfully sold or offered to
designated poseur.buyer in the team formed for the buy.bust operation. But a careful reading of his
testimony will reveal that he was not privy to the sale transaction that transpired between the CI and
appellant William Ong, the alleged pusher. Since only the CI had personal knowledge of the offer to
purchase shabu, the acceptance of the offer and the consideration for the offer, we hold that SPO1
.
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the appellants.
The prosecution evidence about the buy.bust operation was also incomplete. The confidential
informant who had sole knowledge of the alleged illegal sale of shabu started and how it was perfected
was not presented as witness. His testimony was given instead by SPO1 Gonzales who had no personal
knowledge of the same. Thus, it is hearsay and has no probative value.
There are compelling considerations why confidential informants are usually not presented by the
prosecution. One is the need to hide their identity and preserve their invaluable service to the police.
Another is the necessity to protect them from being objects or targets of revenge by the criminals they
implicate once they become known. All these however, have to be balanced with the right of an accused to
a fair trial. In the case at bar, the crime charged against appellants is capital in character and can result
in the imposition of the death penalty. Where the testimony of the informer is indispensable, it should be
disclosed.
ANALYSIS:
current rules of Evidence. However, through this case, the proposed revisions have included information
obtained from an informant to be considered as privileged communication.

H.

Trade Secrets
(1)
Air Philippines v. Pennswell

540 SCRA 217 (2007)

AIR PHILIPPINES CORPORATION v. PENNSWELL, INC.


G.R. No. 172835 December 13, 2007
Doctrine: A trade secret is defined as a plan or process, tool, mechanism or compound known only to its
owner and those of his employees to whom it is necessary to confide it. It is indubitable that trade secrets
constitute proprietary rights. The inventor, discoverer, or possessor of a trade secret or similar innovation
has rights therein which may be treated as property.
FACTS: Petitioner Air Philippines Corporation is a domestic corporation engaged in the business of air
transportation services. On the other hand, respondent Pennswell, Inc. was organized to engage in the
business of manufacturing and selling industrial chemicals, solvents, and special lubricants. Respondent
Pennswell delivered and sold to petitioner sundry goods in trade. For failure of the petitioner to comply
with its obligation under said contracts, respondent filed a Complaint for a Sum of Money with the RTC.
Petitioner contended that its refusal to pay was not without valid and justifiable reasons. It contends that
had respondent been forthright about the identical character of the products, it would not have
purchased the items complained of.
During the pendency of the trial, petitioner filed a Motion to Compel respondent to give a detailed
list of the ingredients and chemical components of the several products subject of the contract. RTC
secrets and are privileged in character. Petitioner filed a petition for certiorari under Rule 65 with theca.
CA affirmed the RTC. Motion for reconsideration was again denied, hence this appeal.
ISSUE:
1.
industrial secrets and are not subject to compulsory disclosure?

YES.

RATIO: A trade secret is defined as a plan or process, tool, mechanism or compound known only to its
owner and those of his employees to whom it is necessary to confide it. It is indubitable that trade secrets
constitute proprietary rights. The inventor, discoverer, or possessor of a trade secret or similar innovation
has rights therein which may be treated as property, and ordinarily an injunction will be granted to
prevent the disclosure of the trade secret by one who obtained the

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special lubricants are trade secrets within the contemplation of the law. By and large, the value of the
informati
place it at an undue disadvantage. The
Court finds that there is clearly a glaring intent on the part of respondent to keep the information
confidential and not available to the prying public. Furthermore, Rule 27 of the Rules of Court sets an
unequivocal proviso that the documents, papers, books, accounts, letters, photographs, objects or
tangible things that may be produced and inspected should not be privileged. The documents must not be
privileged against disclosure.
ANALYSIS:
Trade secrets are of a privileged nature. However, trade secrets were not included among those listed in
the current Rules on Evidence covering privileged matters. Trade secrets are now included in the
proposed rules on Evidence.

IX.

Admissions and Confessions


A.

Admissions Against Interest


(a) Rule 130, Sections 26 & 32

3. ADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS


SEC. 26. Admission of a party.
The act, declaration or omission of a party as to a relevant fact may be
given in evidence against him. (22)
SEC. 32. Admission by silence.
An act or declaration made in the presence and within the hearing or
observation of a party who does or says nothing when the act or declaration is such as naturally to call
for action or comment if not true, and when proper and possible for him to do so, may be given in
evidence against him. (23a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

Viacrucis v. CA
Keller & Co. v. COB
People v. Paragsa
People v. Alegre
People v. Mejia
Griffin v. California

44 SCRA 176
141 SCRA 86
84 SCRA 105
94 SCRA 109
275 SCRA 127
380 U.S. 853

(1972)
(1986)
(1978)
(1979)
(1997)
(1965)

VIACRUCIS v. COURT OF APPEALS


44 SCRA 176 March 29, 1972
Doctrine: The previous recognition by a party in physical possession of the property in dispute of the
ownership in another constitutes a declaration against the interest of the former and ay be received in
evidence not only against such party who made the declaration or his successors in interest but also
against 3rd persons.
FACTS: Private respondents Orais and spouse brought an action to establish their title to a land of about
4 hectares in Leyte. They alleged that it is part of a bigger lot sold to them by its registered owner, Pedro
Sanchez, by virtue of a deed of sale. They sought to recover the land from Viacrucis. Viacrucis claims that
the deed of sale was simulated.
The lower court and the appellate court ruled in favor of Orais, considering, among others, the
admission of one Mrs. Costelo. Mrs. Costelo stated that although the land in dispute was physically in the
possession of her deceased husband, they still recognized Orias as the owner of the land. The court also

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another.

claiming that he can not be prejudiced by an act or declaration of

ISSUE:
1. Whether the admission of Mrs. Costelo was binding on Viacrucis?

YES.

RATIO: The testimony and the public document constitute declarations of the Costelos adverse to their
interest which is admissible in evidence, pursuant to the rule on declarations against interests. Viacrucis
has no reason whatsoever to object to the consideration in favor of Orais of said admission, the same
having been made in 1936, more than 5 years before
picture. Such admission may be received in evidence, not only against the party who made it or his
successors in interest, but also against third persons.
ANALYSIS:
Under the current rules of evidence, the case was correctly decided by the Supreme Court. The case was
decided using the rule on declarations against interest (now Rule 130, Section 38), which must be noted
is an exception to the hearsay rule, and not an exception to the res inter alios acta rule. The court
considered the declaration of Mr. Costelo, who was deceased, as admissible against third person. We
learn that this particular exception to the hearsay rule can also be used to answer challenges that one
can not be prejudiced by the declarations or admissions of another. Under the proposed rules of evidence,
the case will still be decided in the same way, given that the proposed changes to the rule on declarations
against interest revolve around criminal liability.

EDWARD A. KELLER & CO., LTD v. COB GROUP MARKETING, INC.


141 SCRA 86 January 16, 1986
Doctrine: The admissions of the president of a company are binding on the company under the rule that
admissions of liability by a party may be given against it.
FACTS: Keller appointed COB Group Marketing as exclusive distributor of its household products in
Panay and Negros. Keller sold on credit its products to COB. As security, one Asuncion Mahan mortgaged
her land to Keller. Lorenzo also mortgaged his land to Keller for another sales on credit agreement.
After a couple of years, the board of directors of COB found out that COB owed Keller more than
P179,000. They wanted to settle the obligations. Hence, Keller and COB, through their President Bax,
settled the debt, agreeing, among others, that COB would chattel mortgage its trucks to Keller.
So, COB, through their President Bax, executed the chattel mortgage in favor of COB. Also, the
stockholders of COB, Adao and Lorenzo, wrote a letter to Keller proposing to pay the debt and to
mortgages of Manahan and Lorenzo, but the trial court did not allow it, nullifying the admissions of
liability of Bax and actually stating that it was Keller who owed COB for alleged overpayments.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the admissions should be considered?

YES.

RATIO: The pieces of documentary evidence (chattel mortgage, settlement of the debt, letters of Adao and
Lorenzo) are sufficient to prove the liability of COB and to justify the foreclosure of the two mortgages
executed by Manahan and Lorenzo. The act, declaration or omission of a party as to a relevant fact may
f Bax, these
are also supported by the documentary evidence, and binding on COB.
ANALYSIS:
Under the current rules of evidence, the case was correctly decided by the Supreme Court. We learn that
ompany itself. Under the proposed rules of
evidence, the case will still be decided in the same way, given that the rule of admissions of a party was

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not amended.

PEOPLE v. PARAGSA
84 SCRA 105 July 20, 1978
Doctrine: The rule allowing silence of a person to be taken as an implied admission of the truth of the
statements uttered in his presence is applicable in criminal cases.
FACTS: This was a case of rape. Mirasol Magallanes, a 12 year old girl, was the alleged victim. Paragsa
was the suspect. Mirasol claimed that Paragsa entered her house with a hunting knife and had
intercourse with her. However, she also stated that Paragsa was not holding on to the knife when he had
er the incident, but
that was all that the aunt stated. In fact, the aunt stated that Mirasol did not really tell her anything
regarding the alleged rape. Paragsa admitted that they had sexual intercourse, but claimed it was
consensual. He claimed that they were sweethearts. This claim was corroborated by two other witnesses.
When Paragsa claimed that they were sweethearts, Mirasol did not do anything she just remained quiet.
ISSUE:
1.

YES.

RATIO: Mirasol did not bother at all to rebut the testimony of Paragsa and his witnesses to the effect that
the accused and Mirasol were actually sweethearts and had previous sexual communications.The rule
allowing silence of a person to be taken as an implied admission of the truth of the statements uttered in
his presence is applicable in criminal cases. They must however comply with the following requisites: 1.
That one heard and understood the statement, 2. That he was at liberty to interpose a denial, 3. That the
statement was in respect to some matter affecting his rights or in which he was then interested, and
calling, naturally, for an answer, 4. The facts were within his knowledge, and 5. That the fact admitted or
the inference to be drawn from his silence would be material to the issue.Hence, the silence of Mirasol on
the facts asserted by the accused and his witnesses may be safely construed as an admission of the truth
of such assertion. Paragsa was acquitted of rape.
ANALYSIS:
Under the current rules of evidence, the case was correctly decided by the Supreme Court. Under the
proposed rules of evidence, the case will still be decided in the same way, given that the rule on
admissions by silence was not changed.

PEOPLE v. ALEGRE
94 SCRA 109 November 7, 1979
Doctrine: The silence of an accused while in custody must not be taken against him.
FACTS: This case arose from the death of Adelina Sajo, a 57 year old spinster whose body was found in
her home, which was ransacked. Alegre rented a room in the house of Sajo. One Cudillan was found with
the jewelry of Sajo some time later. Cudillan executed two extrajudicial statements. In the first, he
admitted that he was involved in the murder of Sajo. In the second, he identified appellants Alegre,
Comayas and Medalla. According to the second statement, Cudillan went near the cell within the Office of
the Investigation Section, Secret Service Division, and identified Ramiro Alegre, Jesus Medalla and Mario
Comayas as the persons he referred to as Jesus Medalla, "Rami" and "Mario" in his declaration.
During the trial, Sgt. Isla of the Pasay police testified that when Cudillan identified the appellants
as the perpetrators, they just stared at him and said nothing.
Cudillan later repudiated his statements, claiming they were done in duress. The appellants each
had their own alibis. However, the trial court gave credence to the testimony of Sgt. Isla and stated that

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the appellants should have denied the charges when they were identified.
ISSUE:
1.
2. Whether the silence of the appellants may be taken against them?

NO.

NO.

RATIO: On the first issue, the extrajudicial confessions of Cudillan on the basis of which the trial court
was able to reconstruct how Melecio Cudillan committed the crime in question, cannot be used as
evidence and are not competent proof against appellants Ramiro Alegre and Jesus Medalla, under the
principle of "res inter alios acta alteri nocere non debet" there being no independent evidence of
conspiracy. As a general rule, the extrajudicial declaration of an accused, although deliberately made, is
not admissible and does not have probative value against his co.accused. It is merely hearsay evidence as
far as the other accused are concerned.
On the second issue, the Court stated that he settled rule is that the silence of an accused in
criminal cases, meaning his failure or refusal to testify, may not be taken as evidence against him, and
that he may refuse to answer an incriminating question. It has also been held that while an accused is
under custody, his silence may not be taken as evidence against him as he has a right to remain silent[
his silence when in custody may not be used as evidence against him, otherwise, his right of silence
would be illusory.
Hence, the silence of an accused (or in this case, the three appellants) under custody, or his
failure to deny statements by another implicating him in a crime, especially when such accused is neither
asked to comment or reply to such implications or accusations, cannot be considered as a tacit
confession of his participation in the commission of the crime. Such an inference of acquiescence drawn
from his silence or failure to deny the statement would appear incompatible with the right of an accused
against self.incrimination.
ANALYSIS:
Under the current rules of evidence, the case was correctly decided by the Supreme Court. Under the
proposed rules of evidence, the case will still be decided in the same way, given that the rule on
admissions by silence was not changed.

PEOPLE v. MEJIA
275 SCRA 127 July 7, 1997
Doctrine: An offer of compromise, in a criminal proceeding, is not an implied admission of guilt if done
without the consent or ratification of the accused.
FACTS: In the evening of 10 March 1994, along the expressway at Barangay Ventinilla, Sta. Barbara,
Pangasinan, several persons on board a passenger jeepney driven by Teofilo Landingin attacked the latter
and a passenger, Virgilio Catugas, thereby inflicting upon them multiple stab wounds. Landingin was
pulled out from his seat and dumped on the shoulder of the road. One of the attackers took the wheel of
the jeepney and drove away. The accused are alleged to be those attackers.
During the course of the trial, the court found that there were in fact two groups involved in the
incident the group of the appellants and the group of Caliquim. It is the theory of the appellants that
they are not members of the latter group. In finding for the guilt of the appellants, the trial court relied on
an offer of compromise done by the parents of the accused to the survivor Catugas. The offer was for an
amount of P80,000. It found that it was an implied admission of guilt.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the offer of compromise can be used against the accused?

NO.

RATIO: The trial court gave credence to the version of the prosecution and even took the incident as offer
of compromise, which may be considered an implied admission of guilt. Said court misapplied Section 27
of Rule 130 of the Rules of Court. There is no evidence whatsoever that any of the appellants authorized

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his parents to approach Catugas or knew the matter of payment of P80,000. Moreover, if one were to
believe the explanation of Catugas that the amount of P80,000 represented the expenses he incurred for
his hospitalization and medical bills, then the offer to reimburse it is not admissible in evidence as proof
of criminal liability pursuant to the last paragraph of Section 27 of Rule 130. The Supreme Court found
that the appellants were not part of the Caliquim group because it was by mere chance that they were all
in the same jeepney together. The Court found that the appellants were not part of the criminal design
performed so viciously by the Caliquim group. The appellants were acquitted.
ANALYSIS:
Under the current rules of evidence, the case was correctly decided by the Supreme Court. The case
follows the rule that the offer of compromise by a 3 rd party must be done with the consent or ratification
of the accused. Under the proposed rules of evidence, the case will still be decided in the same way, given
that the amendment to the rule on offers of compromise does not affect the particular facts of this case.

GRIFFIN v. CALIFORNIA
380 U.S. 690 April 28, 1965
Doctrine: Comment to the jury by a prosecutor in a state criminal trial upon a defendant's failure to testify as
to the matters which he can reasonably be expected to deny or explain because of facts within his
knowledge or by the court that the defendant's silence under those circumstances evidences guilt violates
the SelfRIncrimination Clause of the Fifth Amendment of the Federal Constitution.
FACTS: During trial in a criminal case for first.degree murder, petitioner invoked his 5th amendment
privilege against self.incrimination and chose to remain silent during the trial. Because of this, the
prosecutor made a comment to the jury that upon a defendant's failure to testify as to the matters that he
can reasonably be expected to deny or explain because of facts within his knowledge or by the court that
the defendant's silence under those circumstances evidences guilt. Petitioner was convicted after trial and
the death penalty was imposed on him. The California Supreme Court upheld the conviction.
ISSUE:
1.

th

amendment privilege?

YES.

RATIO: The right to self.incrimination has is invoked by those who prefer to rely on the presumption of
innocence that law confers upon everyone, and not wish to be a witness. Petitioner cannot be compelled
instructs the jury to infer that silence was a probable indication of guilt was in violation of the Fifth
Amendment rights of the defendant. To break this down further, the holding indicates that an inference
ANALYSIS:
The admission by silence rule has no proposed amendment in the proposed rules of evidence. Because of
this, this U.S. ruling may still be applied in the Philippine context. The Philippine bill of rights also
recognizes the right of the accused against self.incrimination.

B.

Compromises
(a) Rule 130, Section 27

SEC. 27. Offer of compromise not admissible.


In civil cases, an offer of compromise is not an admission
of any liability, and is not admissible in evidence against the offeror.
In criminal cases, except those involving quasi.offenses (criminal negligence) or those allowed by
law to be compromised, an offer of compromised by the accused may be received in evidence as an
implied admission of guilt.
A plea of guilty later withdrawn, or an unaccepted offer of a plea of guilty to lesser offense, is not

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admissible in evidence against the accused who made the plea or offer.
An offer to pay or the payment of medical, hospital or other expenses occasioned by an injury is
not admissible in evidence as proof of civil or criminal liability for the injury. (24a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)

Veradero vs. Insular Lumber


U.S. v. Torres
People v. Godoy
People v. De Guzman
People v. Yparriguirre
People v. Maqui
People v. Prades

46 Phil. 176
34 Phil. 994
250 SCRA 676
265 SCRA 228
268 SCRA 35
27 Phil. 97
293 SCRA 411

(1924)
(1916)
(1995)
(1996)
(1997)
(1914)
(1998)

EL VERADERO DE MANILA v. INSULAR LUMBER COMPANY


G.R. No. 21911 September 15, 1924
Doctrine: The offer of compromise which naturally, under the general rules of evidence, must be excluded,
except that as the amounts named in the offers to accept certain sums in settlement appear to have been
arrived at as a fair estimate of value, they are relevant.
FACTS: El Varadero de Manila completed satisfactorily certain repairs on the lighter Tatlo, the property of
the Insular Lumber Company. The work was performed pursuant to no express agreement, but with the
implicit understanding that the price would be as low as, or lower than, could be secured from any other
company.
The Insular Lumber Company being of the opinion that the bill as presented by El Varadero de
Manila was grossly exorbitant and a proposed compromise having failed of realization, the matter was
taken to court with the result that in the Court of First Instance of Manila, El Varadero de Manila, the
plaintiff, secured judgment against the Insular Lumber Company, the defendant, in the amount of
P5,310.70, with legal interest from the presentation of the complaint, and costs. Still dissatisfied, the
plaintiff has appealed to this court and here as asked us to increase the amount of the judgment to
P12,412.62.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the amounts named in the offers to accept certain sums in settlement, which appear to have
been arrived at as a fair estimate of value, can be admitted as evidence? YES.
RATIO: The offer of compromise which naturally, under the general rules of evidence, must be excluded,
except that as the amounts named in the offers to accept certain sums in settlement appear to have been
arrived at as a fair estimate of value, they are relevant.
ANALYSIS:
The ruling in this case will still be applicable under the proposed rules of evidence. Sec. 29, Rule 130 of
the Proposed Rules on Evidence provide that generally, in a civil case, a compromise agreement cannot be
used as an admission of liability and is not admissible as evidence against the offeror. The exception is
when the compromise agreement is offered for purposes other than proving admission of liability. In this
case, the compromise agreement between the parties was not offered to prove that Insular Lumber
admitted liability but only to prove the amount of such liability.

US v. TORRES
34 Phil. 994 1916
Doctrine: An offer of compromise in a criminal case cannot be admitted as evidence of an implied admission

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of guilt when the law allows such compromise.


FACTS: George W. Walker and Juan Samson were secret service agents of the Cebu Customhouse.
During the trial in a criminal case, Walker testified that he had received information that Torres would go
to the house of the widow of one Franco to get some opium. Because of this information, they stationed
themselves in the street where the house stood. There they saw the defendants Regino Torres and Pablo
Padilla come out of the door. Samson seized Torres, and as Padilla started to run away Walker went in
pursuit of him, and on passing by Samson and Torres, Walker saw 2 tins of opium. When Walker ordered
Padilla to halt, and, as the latter continued to run, Walker fired a shot in the air, whereupon Padilla
stopped but only after throwing 1 tin over a fence. After the arrest of both defendants, Walker and
Samson searched for the tins and found them. Samson corroborated the testimony of Walker. However,
he added that Torres made an offer to compromise the case by the payment of a fine in the amount of
P1,500. The CFI convicted both Torres and Padilla for a violation of Act. No. 1761.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the court erred in admitting the compromise as an implied admission of guilt?

YES.

RATIO: The law under which this case was prosecuted expressly authorizes the Collector of Internal
ily implies 2 elements, the offer and the acceptance, in order that the
penal action may be extinguished and there remain only the civil liability to deal with. Ordinarily, it is the
defendant who makes the offer, . a lawful act sanctioned by law in this class of prosecutions ., and no
presumption of guilt must be raised against the maker. The offer may have been prompted simply to avoid
the annoyance of a prosecution. In any case, for the conviction of the defendants it is not necessary to
consider and weigh this evidence[ it could only be considered as cumulative,
ANALYSIS:
This ruling will still be applicable under the proposed rules of evidence because under paragraph 2 of sec.
29, rule 30 of the proposed rules, the offer of compromise may be admitted as evidence of an implied
admission of guilt in a criminal case but not when the law expressly allows compromise.

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES v. GODOY


250 SCRA 676, December 6, 1995
Doctrine: he accused is permitted to show that the offer was not made under the consciousness of guilt but
merely to avoid the inconvenience of imprisonment or for some other reason which would justify a claim by
the accused that the offer to compromise was not in truth an admission of guilt or an attempt to avoid the
legal consequences which would ordinarily ensue therefrom.
FACTS: Mia Taha alleged that Danny Godoy, her Physics Teacher, raped her on several occasions. As a
defense, Godoy claims that Mia Taha was his lover and presented a number of witnesses to testify to such
fact. Before the trial, there was an offer of money P30,000 made by the mother of Godoy for the settlement
of the case. Godoy took no part in the offer of compromise. Furthermore, it was alleged that Godoy offered
to marry Taha in order to escape prosecution by converting to Muslim. The prosecution insists that the
offer of compromise made by Godoy is an admission of guilt. The RTC of Palawan & Puerto Princesa
sentenced Godoy to death.
ISSUE:
1. Whether offer of compromise may be admitted as evidence of an implied admission of guilt?

NO.

RATIO: It has long been held that the accused is permitted to show that the offer was not made under the
consciousness of guilt but merely to avoid the inconvenience of imprisonment or for some other reason
which would justify a claim by the accused that the offer to compromise was not in truth an admission of
guilt or an attempt to avoid the legal consequences which would ordinarily ensue therefrom. In this case,
Godoy took no part in the offer of compromise and the idea of converting to Muslim was rejected by him
because he was already married. These circumstances show that Godoy did not admit his guilt or attempt
to avoid the consequences of his actions.

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ANALYSIS:
This ruling will still be applicable under the revised rules of evidence because the paragraph (par. 2, sec.
29, rule 130 of the Proposed Rules) did not change from the previous rule (par. 2, sec. 27, rule 130 of the
current rules).

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES v. DE GUZMAN y SICO


G.R. No. 117217 December 2, 1996
Doctrine: A plea for forgiveness may be considered as analogous to an attempt to compromise. In criminal
cases, except those involving quasiRoffense or those allowed by law to be compromised, an offer of
compromise by the accused may be received in evidence as an implied admission of guilt.
FACTS: Gilda Ambay was on her way home from Anson Department Store where she worked. She
approached the accused if he was taking on passengers in his tricycle. Accused then mounted his
tricycle, followed her and offered her a ride, to which she agreed. When she alighted from the tricycle and
paid him P5.00, which he did not accept. Gilda then walked away, but after she had taken about ten
steps, the accused embraced her accused threatened her. The accused then dragged her to a vacant lot
ten meters away from the unfinished house. There the accused was able to rape her. When Gilda arrived
home, she told her mother and her husband, Aquilino Flores Ambray that she was raped by the accused.
The incident was reported to the police and resulted in his capture. Gilda Ambray was medically
examined at the Las Pias Hospital and issued a medical certificate. She then proceeded to the NBI for a
medico.legal examination. Dr. Valentin Bernales, a medico.legal officer of the NBI, conducted the
examination on Gilda. He opined that the physical injuries sustained by Gilda Ambray resulted from force
applied to her, while the presence of human spermatozoa in Gilda's genitals indicated recent sexual
intercourse. "Bebey" and Linda de Guzman, the parents of the accused, asked the help of Resurreccion
Talub Quiocho, the accused's kumadre, to beg for Gilda's forgiveness for the accused's sake. The following
day, Resurreccion accompanied the accused's parents, wife, children and sister.in.law to Gilda's house.
Gilda met them, but to their plea for forgiveness, she told them "that should not be tolerated." The Trial
Court found the accused guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of rape.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the trial court correctly appreciated the fact that the parents, wife and relatives asked for
. YES.
RATIO: Despite the unequivocal pronouncement by the trial court that his guilt was "strongly established
by the acts of his parents, wife and relatives, who had gone to the house of the finding and conclusion as
an error and his Appellant's brief is conspicuously silent thereon. Indubitably then, the accused was a
party to the decision to seek for forgiveness, or had prior knowledge of the plan to seek for it and
consented to pursue it, or confirmed and ratified the act of his parents, wife, children and sister.in.law. A
plea for forgiveness may be considered as analogous to an attempt to compromise. In criminal cases,
except those involving quasi.offense or those allowed by law to be compromised, an offer of compromise
by the accused may be received in evidence as an implied admission of guilt.
ANALYSIS:
This ruling will still be applicable under the revised rules of evidence because the paragraph (par. 2, sec.
29, rule 130 of the Proposed Rules) did not change from the previous rule (par. 2, sec. 27, rule 130 of the
current rules). Since this case does not relate to a quasi.offense or an offense allowed to be compromised
by law,
.objection can be introduced in
evidence as proof of an implied admission of guilt.

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES v. CRISPIN YPARRAGUIRRE

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G.R. No. 117702 February 10, 1997


Doctrine: An offer to compromise does not require that a criminal complaint be first filed before the offer can
be received in evidence against the offeror. What is required is that after committing the crime, the accused
or his representative makes an offer to compromise and such offer is proved.
FACTS: Crispin Yparraguirre was charged with the crime of rape after having carnal knowledge with
Rosita Bacaling. It was established that Rosita Bacaling was a housemaid of appellant and his wife and
one night, while Rosita was cooking porridge, Crispin gave her a white envelope said to contain medicine
for her skin disease. Rosita opened the envelope and counted fifteen (15) tablets inside. As instructed,
Rosita took all the tablets and felt weak and fell down. Suddenly, she realized that appellant was dragging
her to the spouses' bed. She tried to get up but appellant pushed her down the bed and pointed a hunting
knife at her neck. He ordered Rosita not to move or he would kill her. Then he removed her clothes and
went on top of her. He kissed her face, breasts, stomach and private parts and then entered her. Rosita
cried out in pain but appellant continued entering her. After satisfying his lust, appellant pulled out and
punched Rosita in the stomach.
Rosita did not say a word about the incident. She continued serving the Yparraguirres for one
month before leaving them to return to her mother's house. Her mother found Rosita in a state of shock.
She was brought to the Municipal Health Officer by her mother for examination. Rosita was confined at
the Davao City Mental Hospital for observation and treatment. After a week of treatment, Rosita began to
talk and revealed that she was raped by appellant. Crispin pleaded not guilty. The Trial Court however
found him guilty.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the prosecution evidence is credible?
2. Whether there was a compromise? YES.

YES.

RATIO: The prosecution evidence, which rests mainly on the testimony of Rosita Bacaling, is credible,
reliable and trustworthy. Rosita testified in a straightforward, spontaneous and candid manner and never
wavered even on cross.examination and rebuttal. The inconsistencies in her testimony are minor which
tend to buttress, rather than weaken, the conclusion that her testimony was not contrived.
Rosita was a seventeen.year old barrio lass and a high school dropout. She was also the
breadwinner of the family. It is hard to believe that Rosita would fabricate a story of defloration, open
herself to public trial and place her family, who depended on her, in a very humiliating and compromising
situation for no reason at all. Indeed, Rosita's psychological condition could not have been the product of
ill.motive and fabrication.
There is also evidence that after Rosita revealed the rape to her mother, appellant's wife, Mary
Ann Yparraguirre, offered the victim's mother, Merlyn Bacaling, fifteen thousand pesos (P15,000.00) to
dissuade her from filing the complaint. When Merlyn refused, Mary Ann increased the offer to twenty.five
thousand pesos (P25,000.00). Still Merlyn refused to accept it. As pointed out by appellant, no criminal
complaint had been filed at the time the compromise offer was made. Nevertheless, the rape incident was
already known to appellant's wife. Mary Ann herself testified that Merlyn told her about it on November 3,
1990, the day when Mary Ann first offered the money. An offer to compromise does not require that a
criminal complaint be first filed before the offer can be received in evidence against the offeror. What is
required is that after committing the crime, the accused or his representative makes an offer to
compromise and such offer is proved.
ANALYSIS:
The ruling of the Supreme Court in this case will be the same even under the proposed rules of evidence
since the latter rule was not amended as to compromise in criminal cases.

US v. MAQUI
27 Phil. 97 March 14, 1914

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Doctrine: The weight of authority sustains the rule which admits evidence of offers to compromise, in criminal
cases, but permits the accused to show that such offers were not made under a consciousness of guilt, but
merely to avoid the inconvenience of imprisonment or for some other reason which would justify a claim by
the accused that the offer to compromise was not in truth an admission of his guilt and an attempt to avoid
the legal consequences which would ordinarily ensue therefrom.
FACTS: Maqui was convicted by the trail court for the theft of a caraballa and her calf, and sentenced to
imprisonment for a period of five years. Counsel for Maqui contends that the trial court erred in giving
probative value to the testimony of one Dagsa, the principal witness for the prosecution[ and in accepting
proof as to certain extrajudicial admissions alleged to have been made by Maqui, including an offer to
compromise the case by the payment of a sum of money. Counsel likewise contends that evidence as to
the extrajudicial statements made by the accused should have been excluded on the ground that there is
no formal proof in the record that they were made voluntarily.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the trial court acted correctly in convicting the accused?

YES.

RATIO: The record clearly discloses that the extrajudicial statements were made in the course of offers to
compromise and that they were made by the accused voluntarily, though doubtless these offers to
compromise were made in the hope that if accepted he would escape prosecution.
ANALYSIS:
The ruling of the court in this case will be the same even under the proposed rules of evidence since the
latter rule was not amended as to compromise in criminal cases.

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES v. SENEN PRADES


G.R. No. 127569 July 30, 1998
Doctrine: In criminal cases, except those involving quasiRoffenses or those allowed by law to be settled
through mutual concessions, an offer of compromise by the accused may be received in evidence as an
implied admission of guilt.
FACTS: Senen Prades was charged of raping Emmie Rosales. Later on, Prades pleaded not guilty to the
charge and the defense waived the pre.trial and the case proceeded to trial in due course. Both the victim
Emmie and the physician were presented in the trial court. After the physician had testified as the first
witness, Prades absconded. Trial accordingly continued in absentia.
Emmie was seventeen years old when the dastardly outrage befell her. She testified that she and
her younger sister, Melissa, were asleep in a room in their house and were then the only persons at home
because their grandfather, who lived with them, was in the hospital at that time.She suddenly awoke as
she felt a heavy weight pressing down upon her. She thereupon realized that a man, clad only in his
underwear, lay on top of her. She was about to shout when he poked a gun at her neck and warned her
not to create any noise or he would kill her. She recognized him as appellant Senen Prades, her
barriomate. It appears that he gained entry into the house through a passageway in the kitchen.
Several days later, Emmie received two letters from Prades. She saw appellant hand the first
letter to her
Emmie then decided to disclose to her grandfather the sexual assault. The two reported the matter to the
Barangay Captain who advised them to proceed to the police headquarters. After filing a report with the
police, Emmie underwent physical examination at a rural health center in Sto. Domingo and instituted a
complaint for rape against Prades. The trial court found Prades guilty with death as penalty.
ISSUE:
1. Whether Prades was sufficiently identified? YES.
2. Whether Prades admitted the crime when he sent two letters?

YES.

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RATIO: The evidence shows that the crime scene was not in total darkness. Emmie was able to identify
Prades because the room was lit by moonlight that filtered through the sparse, woven bamboo slats of the
sawali door. The amount of light emitted by the moon is relative. While there are evenings of pitch
darkness, there are moonlit nights when the brightness of the moon is sufficient to enable one to see
distinct details of objects.
In addition, it is conceded that after the rape, he sent Emmie two letters in which he implored her
forgiveness and offered to leave his wife so that he could be with her. In fine, appellant sealed his own
fate by admitting his crime under the seal of a virtual confession in fact, if not in law.
In criminal cases, except those involving quasi.offenses or those allowed by law to be settled
through mutual concessions, an offer of compromise by the accused may be received in evidence as an
implied admission of guilt. For this rule to apply, it is not necessary that a complaint be first filed by the
victim because all that is required is that after committing the crime, appellant or his representative
makes an offer to compromise and such offer is proved. Evidently, no one would ask for forgiveness
unless he had committed some wrong and a plea for forgiveness may be considered as analogous to an
attempt to compromise. The letters of appellant containing an appeal for condonation of his acts cannot
but be construed as an implied admission of his guilt.
ANALYSIS:
The ruling of the court in this case will be the same even under the proposed rules of evidence since the
latter rule regarding res inter alios acta was not amended.

C. Res Inter Alios Acta


(a) Rule 130, Section 28
SEC. 28. Admission by third party.
The rights of a party cannot be prejudiced by an act, declaration, or
omission of another, except as hereinafter provided. (25a)
(b)
(c)

People v. Alegre
People v. Raquel

94 SCRA 109 (1979)


265 SCRA 248 (1996)

THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES v. RAMIRO ALEGRE y CERDONCILLO, MARIO COMAYAS y


CUDILLAN, MELECIO CUDILLAN y ARCILLAS, and JESUS MEDALLA y CUDILLAN
G.R. No. L230423 November 7, 1979
Doctrine: As a general rule, the extrajudicial declaration of an accused, although deliberately made, is not
admissible and does not have probative value against his coR accused. It is merely hearsay evidence as far
as the other accused are concerned.
FACTS: Ramiro Alegre y Cerdoncillo, Mario Comayas y Cudillan, Melecio Cudillan y Arcillas and Jesus
Medalla y Cudillan were found guilty of the crime of Robbery with Homicide. During the pendency of this
appeal, Melecio Cudillan died on arrival at the New Bilibid Prison Hospital and the case as against the
said accused, insofar as his criminal liability is concerned, was dismissed.
Adelina Sajo y Maravilla, Spinster, 57 years old, was found dead in her bathroom. According to
the Necropsy Report, she died of asphyxia by manual strangulation. Her bedroom was in "shambles,"
evidently indicating that it was ransacked. The drawers and several cabinets were open, and some
personal garments, hadbags and papers were scattered on the floor. No witness saw the commission of
the crime. However, during the trial, Melecio Cudillan repudiated both the Tacloban City and Pasay City
sworn statements as the product of compulsion and duress. He claimed that he was not assisted by
counsel when he was investigated by the police. Appellants Jesus Medalla and Mario Comayas denied any

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involvement in the crime. They testified that at the time of the incident in question, they were attending
the internment of the deceased child of Ciriaco Abobote.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the trial court erred in using the extrajudicial confessions of Cudillan as evidence? YES.
RATIO: The extrajudicial confessions of Melecio Cudillan, on the basis of which the trial court was able to
reconstruct how Melecio Cudillan committed the crime in question, cannot be used as evidence and are
not competent proof against appellants Ramiro Alegre and Jesus Medalla, under the principle of "res inter
alios acta alteri nocere non debet" there being no independent evidence of conspiracy. As a general rule,
the extrajudicial declaration of an accused, although deliberately made, is not admissible and does not
have probative value against his co. accused. It is merely hearsay evidence as far as the other accused are
concerned. While there are recognized exceptions to this rule, the facts and circumstances attendant in
the case at bar do not bring it within the purview of such exceptions. The only evidence, therefore, linking
the appellants to the crime would be their purported tacit admissions and/or failure to deny their
implications of the crime made by Melecio Cudillan, and/or their purported verbal confessions to
Hernando Carillo, an inmate of the Pasay City jail.
ANALYSIS:
The ruling of the court in this case will be the same even under the proposed rules of evidence since the
latter rule was not amended regarding res inter alios acta.

THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES v. SANTIAGO RAQUEL


G.R. No. L217401 November 28, 1964
Doctrine: The rights of an accused cannot be prejudiced by the extraRjudicial declarations of another person.
FACTS: Francisco Dador and his wife, Julita Arboso, went to barrio Tinambacan, Jaro, Leyte to attend its
fiesta. They left their place in barrio Catubuan between three and four in the afternoon, arrived in
Tinambacan before dark, and stayed in the house of Segundina Arboso, sister of Julita Arboso.
Francisco Dador was taking supper with twelve other guests in the abovestated house. Shortly
after eating started, a gun report was heard. Francisco Dador exclaimed "Aray!" and fell from his seat.
Commotion broke inside the house. Realizing that her husband had been shot, Julita immediately took a
flashlight and ran to get help from the police. However, upon going out of the door and or her way
downstairs, she saw the accused, Santiago Raquel, aiming at her a gun "two feet" long. The accused then
told her in the dialect: "Deri man iton imo asawa sosogon," or as translated, "Your husband will not live
again." She ran to her husband and told him that it was Santiago Raquel who shot him. The latter
answered: "Yes, I know, formerly he promised that he will kill me if I would testify as government witness
in the case against them because they were accused in that case of the killing of Tuazon."
Soon after, two policemen arrived. They question, Francisco Dador and Julita Arboso on what
transpired, and searched for the accused but could not find him. After taking a signed statement from
Francisco Dador, the policemen carried him in a hammock to their headquarters in the poblacion, and
from there to the Leyte Provincial Hospital in Tacloban City. Francisco Dador was discharged from the
hospital and the next day, he died. The trial court convicted the accused of murder.
ISSUE:
1. Whether Raquel should be held liable?

YES.

RATIO: The defense of alibi was correctly rejected by the trial. Coupled with the fact that appellant has
been clearly and positively identified as stated above, it must be noted that the accused's own witnesses
testified that the distance from the poblacion of Jaro and the barrio of Tinambacan is about four and one.
half kilometers only. There was therefore no physical impossibility for accused to be at the scene of the
crime at the time of its commission. While defense witnesses testified that the accused left the house of
Catalina. Zabala.Lopez at eight.thirty in the evening of June 1, 1959, the exact and uniform time given by
said witnesses, their having noticed said time without special reason for doing so, and their close

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association with the accused, Catalina Zabala.Lopez as his landlady and Fernando Cabelin as his friend
since childhood days, render their testimony unconvincing.
ANALYSIS:
The ruling of the court in this case will be the same even under the proposed rules of evidence since the
latter rule was not amended regarding res inter alios acta.

D.

Exceptions to the Res Inter Alios Acta Rule


1.
Partner's/Agent's Admissions
(a) Rule 130, Section 29

Sec. 29.Admission by coRpartner or agent.


The act or declaration of a partner or agent of the party
within the scope of his authority and during the existence of the partnership or agency, may be given in
evidence against such party after the partnership or agency is shown by evidence other than such act or
declaration. The same rule applies to the act or declaration of a joint owner, joint debtor, or other person
jointly interested with the party.
(b) Mahlandt v. Wild Canid
Survival & Research Center

588 F.2d 626 (8th Cir. 198)

MAHLANDT v. WILD CANID SURVIVAL AND RESEARCH CENTER


588 F.2d 626 (1978)
Doctrine: Statements made by an employee against his employer are admissible against the latter, where
the statements while in employ and where they concerned a matter within the scope of his employment.
FACTS: On March 23, 1973, 3.year.old Daniel Mahlandt was sent by his mother to a neighbor's home to
get his older brother, Donald. Daniel's path took him along a walkway adjacent to the Poos' residence.
Kenneth Poos, as Director of Education for the Wild Canid Survival and Research Center, Inc., had been
keeping Sophie, a bitch wolf, because he was taking Sophie to schools and institutions where he showed
films and gave programs with respect to the nature of wolves. Sophie was known as a very gentle wolf
who had proved herself to be good natured and stable during her contacts with thousands of children,
while she was in the St. Louis Children's Zoo.
Because Sophie had jumped fence and attacked a beagle the night before, she was chained with a
six foot chain next to the walkway were Daniel was passing. A neighbor who was ill in bed in the second
floor of his home heard a child's screams and went to his window, where he saw a boy lying on his back
within the enclosure, with a wolf straddling him. The wolf's face was near Daniel's face, but the distance
was so great that he could not see what the wolf was doing, and did not see any biting. Within about 15
seconds the neighbor saw Clarke Poos run around the house, get the wolf off of the boy, and disappear
with the child in his arms to the back of the house. Clarke took the boy in and laid him on the kitchen
floor. No witness saw or knew how Daniel was injured. Clarke and his sister ran over to get Daniel's
mother. She says that Clarke told her, "a wolf got Danny and he is dying." Clarke denies that statement.
Mr. Poos, arrived home while Daniel and his mother were in the kitchen. After Daniel was taken
in an ambulance, Mr. Poos talked to everyone present, including a neighbor who came in. Mr. Poos then
went to Washington University to inform the President of Wild Canid Survival and Research Center, Inc.,
of the incident. Since he was not in his office so Mr. Poos left the following note on his door: Owen, would
call me at home, 727.5080? Sophie bit a child that came in our back yard. All has been taken care of. I
Later that day, Mr. Poos found Mr. Sexton at the Tyson Research
Center and told him what had happened. Mr. Poos told Mr. Sexton that, "Sophie had bit a child that
day."
damages against the Wild Canid Survival and

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not wolf bites or wounds caused by wolf claws. The trial judge excluded the note, the statement, and the
corporate minutes, reasoning that Mr. Poos did not have any personal knowledge of the facts, and
accordingly, the first two admissions were based on hearsay[ and the third admission contained in the
minutes of the board meeting was subject to the same objection of hearsay.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the note is admissible as evidence against Poos? YES.
2. Whether Mr. Poos statement is admissible as evidence against Poos? YES.
3. Whether the statements made at the board meeting are admissible against Poos?

NO.

RATIO: The applicable rule provides that a statement is not hearsay if the statement is offered against a
party and is a statement by his agent or servant concerning a matter within the scope of his agency or
employment, made during the existence of the relationship.
Hence, the statement in the note pinned on the door is not hearsay as it was his statement was
clearly different from the reported statement of another. It was also a statement of which he had
manifested his adoption or belief in its truth.
Moreover, the statements are also admissible against Wild Canid Survival and Research Center, Inc. as
they were made by Mr. Poos when he was its agent or servant. The same reasoning applies to the
statement made by Mr. Poos to Mr. Sexton. These statements were made by Mr. Poos when he was an
agent or servant of Wild Canid and they concerned a matter within the scope of his agency, or
employment, i.e., his custody of Sophie, and were made during the existence of that relationship.
However, the minutes of the meeting cannot be admitted against Mr. Poos as there was no servant, or
agency, relationship which justified admitting the evidence of the board minutes as against him.
The judgment of the District Court is reversed and the matter remanded to the District Court for
a new trial consistent with this opinion.
ANALYSIS:
The same ruling will be arrived at if the Philippine rules of evidence are used. Under Sec. 29 of Rule 130,
f his authority and during the
existence of the partnership or agency, may be given in evidence against such party after the partnership
was an agent and employee of Wild Canid Survival and Research Center Inc.. The statements he made
are also within the scope of his authority as he was tasked to take special care of Sophie.
The same result may not be achieved when applying the proposed rules of evidence. Under the proposed
rules, it is necessary that the agent is authorized by the party to make a statement concerning the subject.
This means that Poos must be specially authorized by Wild Canid before any statement made by him may
bind Wild Canid. As there is no indication that Poos was specially authorized to make a statement, the
Court may rule that his admission may not be taken against his principal. It may be argued however that
as Poos was especially authorized to take care of Sophie, it is implicit that he is authorized to make
statements regarding the acts of Sophie. The degree of authority required by the rule must be clarified by
jurisprudence.

2.

Co2conspirator's Statements
(a) Rule 130, Section 30

Sec. 30.Admission by conspirator.


The act or declaration of a conspirator relating to the conspiracy and
during its existence, may be given in evidence against the co.conspirator after the conspiracy is shown by
evidence other than such act of declaration.
(b)
(c)

People v. Cabrera
People v. Yatco

57 SCRA 715
97 Phil. 941

(1974)
(1955)

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(d)
(e)

People v. Chaw Yaw Shun


People v. Serrano

23 SCRA 127
105 Phil. 531

(1968)
(1959)

PEOPLE v. ROSARIO CABRERA & CONRADO VILLANUEVA


57 SCRA 715 (1974)
Doctrine: In the absence of any other evidence to prove the existence of an alleged conspiracy, extraRjudicial
statements and admissions of an individual cannot be taken as evidence against an alleged coRconspirator.
An extrajudicial statement made by a coRaccused is, by itself, insufficient to convict an accused of a
crime charged because said statement is inadmissible since they were made not during the existence of the
conspiracy but after the said conspiracy had already ceased and when the coRaccused was already in the
custody of the police.
FACTS: At about 11:00 in the evening of January 17, 1972 Police Sgt. Mario Tanfelix of Valenzuela,
Bulacan, while on a patrol duty received an instruction from his superior Lt. Carlos Palomares to proceed
immediately to Jose Reyes Memorial Hospital at Manila to investigate an abandoned person who was
found at the North Diversion Road suffering from stab wounds. This abandoned and wounded person
was identified as Luis de la Cruz. Before his death, the deceased stated and named Rosario Cabrera as
the person who hired his jeep but did not know the names of the three men who stabbed him and took
his money and jeep.
The next morning, Rosario Cabrera was arrested by the police. She executed an extra.judicial
confession where she pointed to Conrado Villanueva as the mastermind of the robbery. She claimed that
she hired upon his instructions and that the robbery and the killing were done by Conrado and his two
unidentified companions.
The only evidence that would support the judgment of conviction of Conrado was the extra.
judicial confession of his co.accused Rosario Cabrera which was read into the record over the continuing
objection of appellant's counsel. He reiterates his objection when the said extra.judicial confession was
being offered in evidence. Both the counsel for People and Conrado ask for his acquittal.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the extrajudicial.confession of Cabrera should be taken against Conrado as evidence of the
existence of a conspiracy? NO.
RATIO: The extrajudicial statement of accused Cabrera does point to appellant as the mastermind and
perpetrator, together with two persons whose identities are still unknown, of the killing of the deceased
Luis dela Cruz and the taking of the jeep he was driving. But the said statement is inadmissible against
appellant, who made timely objection.
There is no question that Cabrera's inculpatory statements were made by her during the
investigation. Thus, the said statement was not made during the existence of the alleged conspiracy
between her and appellant, but after said supposed conspiracy had already ceased and when she was
already in the hands of the authorities. In the absence of any other evidence against Conrado and the
existence of a conspiracy, the judgment must be reversed and Conrado must be acquitted.
ANALYSIS:
Should the proposed rules of evidence apply in the case at bar, the same result will be achieved. The
statement cannot be admitted against Conrado as it was not made during the existence of the conspiracy.
Neither was it made in furtherance of the conspiracy. It is also necessary that evidence independent of the
conspiracy must be presented. Consequently, the statement cannot be admitted against Conrado.

PEOPLE v. THE HON. NICASIO YATCO


97 Phil. 941 (1955)

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Doctrine: The rule regarding statements made by a coRconspirator refers to statements made by one
conspirator during the pendency of the unlawful enterprises and in furtherance of its object and not to a
confession made long after the conspiracy had been brought to an end.
Under the rule on multiple admissibility of evidence, the confession of a coRaccused may be
inadmissible against his coRaccused for being hearsay but may nevertheless be admissible against the
FACTS: Juan Consunji, Alfonso Panganiban, and another whose identity is still unknown, were charged
with having conspired together in the murder of Jose Ramos. During the trial, while the prosecution was
questioning one of its witnesses, Atty. Arturo Xavier of the National Bureau of Investigation, in connection
with the making of an extra.judicial confession by Juan Consunji, counsel for Alfonso Panganiban
interposed a general objection to any evidence on such confession on the ground that it was hearsay and
therefore incompetent as against the other accused Panganiban.
The Trial Court ordered the exclusion of the evidence on an altogether different ground: that the
prosecution could not be permitted to introduce the confessions of defendants Juan Consunji and Alfonso
Panganiban to prove conspiracy between them, without prior proof of such conspiracy by a number of
definite acts, conditions, and circumstances. The Court further excluded the confession against
Consunji, arguing that that the counsel for people must first prove the conspiracy through a number of
indefinite acts, conditions and circumstances as required by law before the confession can be admitted.
The prosecution then moved in writing for a reconsideration of the order of exclusion, but the motion was
denied. Hence this petition for certiorari.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the extrajudicial.confession of Consunji should be taken against Panganiban as evidence of
the existence of a conspiracy? NO.
2. Whether the extrajudicial.confession of Consunji may be admitted against him? YES.
RATIO: The lower Court committed a grave abuse of discretion in ordering the complete exclusion of the
confessions of Juan Consunji. Under the rule of multiple admissibility of evidence, even if Consunji's
confession may not be competent as against his co.accused Panganiban, being hearsay as to the latter, or
to prove conspiracy between them without the conspiracy being established by other evidence, the
confession of Consunji was, nevertheless, admissible as evidence of the declarant's own guilt.
conspiracy and during its existence may be given in evidence against the co.conspirator after the
conspiracy is shown by evidence o
statements made by one conspirator during the pendency of the unlawful enterprises and in furtherance
of its object and not to a confession made long after the conspiracy had been brought to an end.
Additionally, the prosecution had not yet offered the confessions to prove conspiracy between the two
accused, nor as evidence against both of them. In fact, the alleged confessions had not yet even been
identified, much less formally offered in evidence. For all we know, the prosecution might still be able to
adduce other proof of conspiracy between Consunji and Panganiban before their confessions are formally
offered in evidence. Suffice it to say that the lower Court should have allowed such confessions to be
given in evidence at least as against the parties who made them, and admit the same conditionally to
establish conspiracy, in order to give the prosecution a chance to get into the record all the relevant
evidence at its disposal to prove the charges. Thus, it was premature for the Court to exclude the
evidence completely.
ANALYSIS:
The same result would be achieved if the proposed rules of evidence are made to apply in this case. It is
important to note that the rule on admissions by a co.conspirator refers to statements made during the
pendency and in furtherance of the unlawful act. The extrajudicial confession of Consunji was not made
while the conspiracy was existing nor was it made in furtherance of the act. The confession was made
after the conspiracy had ceased. Although the evidence may be admitted in some other basis, such as a
confession against Consunji, it cannot be admitted as an admission by a conspirator against Panganiban.

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PEOPLE v. CHAW YAW SHUN


23 SCRA 127 (1968)
Doctrine: The admissibility of a confession by one accused against the other in the same case, must relate to
statements made by one conspirator during the pendency of the unlawful enterprise (or during its existence)
and in furtherance of its objects, and not to a confession made, as in this case, long after the conspiracy had
been brought to an end.
Additionally, In passing upon the weight and admissibility of a confession, the court may take into
consideration the circumstances and conditions under which it was obtained, and may consider claims that
a statement was taken in circumstances which violate the standard of voluntariness.
FACTS: At about 5:00 o'clock in the morning of July 15, 1959, the body of Hector Crisostomo, then an
officer of the Presidential Fact Finding Committee charged with the apprehension of dollar smugglers, was
found inside his car in Marilao, Bulacan. He suffered three gunshot wounds on the head which caused
his death. Upon examination of the car, a bag was found inside which contained a Philippine Trust Co.'s
check drawn by Victoria Alvarez in favor of Crisostomo, together with a receipt signed by Crisostomo
acknowledging payment by Alvarez.
Alvarez was then taken for questioning, fingerprinting, and paraffin test for gun powder residue.
The test showed the presence of gun powder residue on both hands of Alvarez. Consequently, a
complaint for murder was filed against Alvarez and two John Does. Alvarez made a tape.recorded
statement admitting that he alone shot and killed Crisostomo near Manga Avenue, Manila. He also
executed a handwritten statement affirming that a certain Johnny was the one who shot and killed
Crisostomo in Marilao, Bulacan. He made another statement in the form of questions and answers
repeating substantially the facts contained in his handwritten statement. He then executed another
statement where he gave a detailed narration of the participation of George Chua in the commission of the
crime. Thus, the complained was amended to include Chaw Yaw Shun @ George Chua and Lim Bun Ping
@ Johnny Yao. Chua was investigated which was reduced to writing. However, the investigator destroyed
the statements because he believed Chua was not telling the truth.
Chua was then brought to the PC headquarters where he allegedly made a written statement,
admitting that he ordered the killing of Capt. Crisostomo and that he hired Alvarez to kill Crisostomo. In
trial, Chua plead not guilty and claimed that he was maltreated and forced to sign the statement. He
further claims to have been handcuffed, blindfolded, and electrocuted. In finding for the existence of a
conspiracy, the Trial Court convicted Chua and Alvarez.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the confessions of Alvarez should be taken against Chua? NO.
2. Whether the written statement of Chua can be taken against him? NO.
RATIO: The several confessions of Alvarez are contradicting. Moreover, the prosecution failed to adduce
other pieces of evidence other than the several confessions of Alvarez and the confession of Chua that
would tend to prove any overt act of Chua establishing a common criminal design to commit the crime.
The existence of a conspiracy must be proved by independent evidence other than the confession.
The admissibility of a confession by one accused against the other in the same case, must relate
to statements made by one conspirator during the pendency of the unlawful enterprise (or during its
existence) and in furtherance of its objects, and not to a confession made, as in this case, long after the
conspiracy had been brought to an end. Conspiracy must be real and not presumptive. It must be proved
as the crime itself, independent from the confession. But in the case at bar, the trial court admitted the
conflicting confession of Alvarez which are not binding on the appellant for being hearsay, aside from
having been repudiated by Alvarez himself during the trial. There is, therefore, no inter.locking confession
so to say, for there being no independent evidence establishing an overt act of appellant Chua connected
to the crime, conspiracy must necessarily be discarded.
take into consideration the circumstances and conditions under which it was obtained, and may consider
claims that a statement was taken in circumstances which violate the standard of voluntariness . a

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standard grounded in the policies of privileged self.incrimination. As it was proven that the statement of
Chua was taken forcibly, his confession cannot be taken against him and he should therefore be
acquitted.
ANALYSIS:
As the statements were not made during the pendency and on furtherance of the unlawful enterprises,
they cannot be admitted as an admission by a conspirator against Chua. The statements here were made
during the investigation, when the conspiracy had already ceased.

PEOPLE v. CENON SERRANO alias PIPING ET AL.


105 Phil. 531 (1959)
Doctrine: The rule that "The act or declaration of a conspirator relating to the conspiracy and during its
existence, may be given in evidence against the coRconspirator after the conspiracy is shown by evidence
other than such act or declaration," applies only to extraRjudicial acts or declaration, but not to testimony
given on the stand at the trial, where the defendant has the opportunity to crossRexamine the declarant.
FACTS: In the evening of 16 October 1950, Eulogio Serrano told Cenon Serrano alias Piping and
company that they should neutralize Pablo Navarro because he had been prompting people to call on
Senator Pablo Angeles David and testify on the Maliwalu massacre. Eulogio instructed them to wait for
Pablo in the town of Bacolor, lure him to barrio Dolores and kill him. The next day, they all waited for
Pablo at the gambling casino and Chinese stores in the town of Bacolor where Pablo used to hang around
but Pablo did not show up. They finally succeeded in making contact with Pablo on 20 October when he
arrived at the gambling casino. Cenon asked Pablo for some drinks and suggested that they should go to
San Fernando for a "good time," to which Pablo agreed. Before reaching San Fernando, Cenon suggested
that they should instead proceed to Angeles for the "good time" which Pablo approved. Upon reaching a
small road near the schoolhouse of barrio San Isidro, Cenon told the driver to proceed to barrio Dolores.
There, the group tied, interrogated, shot, and then buried Pablo.
All the members of the group were tried for the murder of Pablo. One of them however, Anastacio
Reyes, was discharged as an accused and testified as a witness for the prosecution. The statements of
Anastacio were admitted by the Court which ruled against all the accused. The group now contends that
the statements of Anastacio cannot be admitted against them. They opine that it must appear and be
shown by evidence other than the admission itself that the conspiracy actually existed and that the
person who is to be bound by the admission was a privy to the conspiracy.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the statements of Anastacio may be admitted against Serrano and the others?

YES.

RATIO: The contention does not merit serious consideration because the rule that "The act or
declaration of a conspirator relating to the conspiracy and during its existence, may be given in evidence
against the co.conspirator after the conspiracy is shown by evidence other than such act or
declaration," applies only to extra.judicial acts or declaration, but not to testimony given on the stand at
the trial, where the defendant has the opportunity to cross.examine the declarant. And while the
testimony of accomplices or confederates in crime is always subject to grave suspicion, "coming as it does
from a polluted source," and should be received with great caution and doubtingly examined, it is
nevertheless admissible and competent.
ANALYSIS:
proposed rules of evidence. Consequently, the same result will be arrived at. The statements of
Anastacio made at the witness stand may be taken against the co.conspirators. This is because the truth
of his statements may be tested on cross.examination and the evil sought to be avoided by the rule is
thus avoided.
3.

Admission By Privies

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(a) Rule 130, Section 31


Sec. 31.Admission by privies.
Where one derives title to property from another, the act, declaration, or
omission of the latter, while holding the title, in relation to the property, is evidence against the former.
(b)
(c)

Alpuerto v. Pastor
City of Manila v. Del Rosario

38 Phil. 785
5 Phil. 227

(1918)
(1905)

ALPUERTO v. PASTOR
38 Phil. 785 (1918)
Doctrine:
virtue of acts inter vivos, as by assignment, subrogation or purchase and in fact any act whereby the
successor is substituted in the place of the predecessor in interest. The purchaser at an execution sale is a
privy of the execution debtor.
FACTS: The three parcels of land involved in this case formerly belonged to Juan Llenos. Plaintiff Eladio
.in.law) petitioned the lower court to make a declaration against the defendant Jose
Perez Pastor, to the effect that the plaintiff is the owner of the said lands by virtue of a contract of sale
plaintiff was not entitled to the relief sought because the transaction by which the plaintiff claims to have
acquired title was simulated and fictitious and that the supposed conveyance was effected for the purpose
of defrauding the defendant as creditor of Llenos.
The contract of sale with right of repurchase executed (not notarized) by the parties, Llenos and
Alpuerto purports on its face to have been executed on July 3, 1912[ but it was not acknowledged before
a notary public until December 3, 1914. It appears that at the time of the supposed sale to Alpuerto,
there was a pending case for collection of a considerable sum of money, in which Pastor was plaintiff and
Llenos was defendant[ where on January 27, 1913, or about six months after the sale took place,
judgment in the collection case was rendered in favor of Pastor, with the properties being levied upon.
objection on the ground that he owned the property, the sheriff proceeded with the
public sale and the property was sold to Pastor.
ISSUE:
1. Whether Pastor, the subsequent, purchaser is a privy or successor in interest of Alpuerto who is bound
by the previous conveyance? YES.
RATIO: According to Article 1225 of the Civil Code, a private document legally recognized shall have, with
regard to those who signed it and their privies (causa habientes), the same force as a public instrument.
the document.
denotes the idea of succession, not only by right of heirship and testamentary legacy, but also that of
succession by singular title, derived from acts inter vivos and for special purposes[ hence, an assignee of a
credit, and one subrogated to it, et., will be privies[ in short, he, who, by succession is placed in the
position of one of those who contracted the juridical relation and executed the private document and
purchaser at public sale must be considered a privy or successor in interest of the execution debtor and
is bound by the instrument, which conveyed the property to Alpuerto . and this from the date of the
execution of that instrument as a private document. Nevertheless, circumstances show that the sale
made by Llenos to Alpuerto was one in fraud of creditors[ the deed of sale with right of repurchase must
therefore be annulled and the property delivered to defendant, Pastor.
ANALYSIS:
Art. 1227 of the old Civil Code is similar to that of Sec. 31, Rule 130 of the current Rules of Evidence

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case where to be decided using Sec. 31 of Rule 130 of the Rules of Evidence, then a similar decision
would be rendered by the court and the testimony that the Contract of Sale was executed on July 3, 1912
may be admitted in order to show that the Contract was executed fraudulently.
On the other hand since the Proposed Rules of Evidence maintained the wording of Sec. 31, Rule 130 of
the Rules of Court, then the decision would remain the same.

CITY OF MANILA v. DEL ROSARIO


5 Phil. 227 (1905)
Doctrine: The act of a predecessor to a land is not binding on the successor if the acts/declarations made by
the predecessor acknowledging ownership or offering to purchase the property from a third party were
made before the predecessor held title to the land.
FACTS: This is an action to recover the possession of 2 lots located in Calles Clavel and Barcelona. The
lower court entered judgment in favor of plaintiff, City of Manila. During the trial, the defendant moved
for the dismissal of the case on the ground that the plaintiff had failed to establish the allegation in the
complaint. This was however overruled.
Plaintiff presented as evidence the petition presented by Lorenzo del Rosario to the mayor of
Manila and the letter written by him to the municipal board of Manila. Lorenzo admitted the authenticity
of both documents which contain an offer to the municipality of manila to purchase the land on Calle
Clavel. He admitted also that he signed the document on the misapprehension that the land belonged to
the city, but that he had been subsequently informed by some of the city officials that the land belonged
to Cipriano Roco y Vera.
Lorenzo del Rosario signed the first document before he acquired from Cipriano Roco y Vera, the
ownership of the land referred to therein, the second document being signed after he had transferred the
land to the defendant Jacinto del Rosario, who took possession of the same and had it registered.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the statements of Lorenzo del Rosario made in the documents presented are binding on
defendant? NO.
RATIO: They are not binding upon defendant because under section 278 of the code of civil procedure:
where one derives title to real property from another, the declaration, act or omission of the latter, in
relation to the property, is evidence against the former only when made while the latter holds title. In this
had a perfect right to ask for the dismissal of the case on the ground that the plaintiff had failed to
establish the allegations in the complaint.
ANALYSIS:
The case was decided by the Court using Sec. 278 of the old Code of Civil Procedure which provides for a
similar provision as that of Sec. 31, Rule 130 of the current Rules of Court. The decision was consistent
omission of the latter, in relation to the property, is evidence against the former only when made while the
On the other hand since the Proposed Rules of Evidence maintained the wording of Sec.
31, Rule 130 of the Rules of Court, then the decision would remain the same.

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E.

Confessions
1.
Art. III, Section 17, 1987 Constitutionc Rule 130, Section 33c Rule 115(e).

CONSTITUTION
Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
RULE 130
Sec. 33.Confession.
The declaration of an accused acknowledging his guilt of the offense charged, or of
any offense necessarily included therein, may be given in evidence against him.
RULE 115
(e) To be exempt from being compelled to be a witness against himself.
2.

Cases:
(a) People v. Compil
(b) People v. Wong Chuen Ming
(c) People v. Alegre
(d) People v. Yip Wai Ming
(e) People v. Maqueda
(f) Parker v. Randolph
(g) People vs. Encipido
(h) People vs. Endino
(i)People vs. Abulencia
(j)People v. Malngan
(k)People vs. Lauga

244 SCRA 135 (1995)


256 SCRA 182 (1996)
94 SCRA 109
(1979)
264 SCRA 224 (1996)
242 SCRA 565 (1995)
442 U.S. 62
(1979)
146 SCRA 478 (1986)
352 SCRA 307 (2001)
363 SCRA 496 (2001)
503 SCRA 294 (2006)
G.R. No. 186228, March 15, 2010

PEOPLE v. COMPIL
244 SCRA 135 (1995)
Doctrine: Admissions obtained during custodial interrogations without the benefit of counsel although later
reduced to writing and signed in the presence of counsel are flawed under the Constitution and as such
cannot be admitted in Court.
Even if counsel arrives prior to the actual signing of the statement, his absence during the making
but presence during the signing will not cure the defect.
FACTS: Just before midnight of October 23, 1987, robbers struck MJ Furnitures in Sta. Cruz, Manila,
which doubled as the dwelling of its proprietors, the spouses Manuel and Mary Jay. The intruders made
their way through the window grills they detached on the second floor where the bedroom of the Jays
were located. Two of the robbers herded the 2 maids of the owners into the bathroom.
In the investigation, Jessie Bartoleme, a furniture worker in MJ Furnitures, told operatives of the
WPD that just before the incident that evening while with his girlfriend Linda Hermoso inside an owner.
type jeepney parked near the store, he saw his co.workers Marlo Compil, Baltazar Mabini and Jose Jacale
go to the back of the furniture shop. Linda confirmed the information of Bartolome to the police who also
learned that the trio who were all from Samar failed to report to work the day after the incident, and that
Thus, the WPD agents together with Tomas Jay, brother of deceased, and Jenelyn Valle went to
the parish church in Tayabas to look for Mabini. From there they proceeded to the house of Lopez who
informed them that Mabini and his companions already left the day before, except Compil who stayed
behind.
After being positively identified by Jenelyn as one of the workers, Compil was immediately frisked
and placed under arrest. According to Jenelyn, Compil turned pale, became speechless and was
trembling. However, after regaining his composure and upon being interrogated, Compil readily admitted

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his guilt and point to the arresting officers the perpetrators of the heist from a picture of the baptism of
shortly before midnight of 23 October he was with the group that robbed MJ Furnitures. He divulged to
the police officers who his companions were and his participation as a lookout.
The day following his arrest, Compil after conferring with a CLAO lawyer Claroz and in
presence of his sister, brother and brother.in.law, executed a sworn statement before Cpl. Balanay of
WPD admitting his participation. During arraignment, Compil entered a plea of not guilty and after
prosecution had rested, filed a demurrer to evidence instead of adducing evidence. The RTC denied
demurrer and instead found him guilty of robbery.
ISSUE:
1.

the
the
the
his

NO.

RATIO: Admissions obtained during custodial interrogations without the benefit of counsel although later
reduced to writing and signed in the presence of counsel are flawed under the Constitution and as such
they cannot be admitted. Here, it is evident that Compil was immediately subjected to an interrogation
upon his arrest in the house of Rey Lopez in Tayabas. He was then brought to the Tayabas Police Station
where he was further questioned. And while on their way to Manila, the arresting agents again elicited
incriminating information. In all three instances, he confessed to the commission of the crime and
admitted his participation. In all those instances, he was not assisted by counsel.
The belated arrival of the CLAO lawyer the following day even if prior to the actual signing of the
uncounseled confession does not cure the defect for the investigators were already able to extract
incriminatory statements from accused Compil. The operative act, it has been stressed, is when the police
investigation is no longer a general inquiry into an unsolved crime but has begun to focus on a particular
suspect who has been taken into custody by the police to carry out a process of interrogation that lends
itself to eliciting incriminatory statements, and not the signing by the suspect of his supposed
extrajudicial confession.
Nevertheless, the court ruled that while the extrajudicial confessions of Compil cannot be
admitted into evidence, there still other sufficient factual circumstances to prove his guilt beyond
reasonable doubt as such his conviction was still sustained by the Court.
ANALYSIS:
Under Sec. 33, Rule 130 of the current Rules of Court, confession of an accused acknowledging his guilt
of the offence charged or any offense necessarily included therein may be given in evidence against him.
However, Art. III of the 1987 Constitution and jurisprudence (i.e. People v. Rous) requires that before an
extrajudicial confession may be admitted into evidence, such must be read and fully explained to
confessant by counsel before it was signed. According to the case of Gamboa v. Cruz (and reiterated in
i.e. when the investigating officer starts to ask questions to elicit information and/or confession or
court was correct in deciding that the extrajudicial
confession of Compil cannot be admitted.
Under the Proposed Revisions of the Rules of Court, the provision relating to confession remained the
same and accordingly, the requirements of the Constitution and that provided by jurisprudence may still
be used to decide the case in the same way as the court has decided in this case.

PEOPLE v. WONG CHUEN MING


256 SCRA 182 (1996)
Doctrine: The fact that all accused are foreign nationals doe
persons, both aliens and citizens.
The accused cannot be made to affix their signatures on evidence without complying with the Bill of

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Rights. By affixing their signatures on the evidence, the accused are in effect made to tacitly admit the crime
charged for, in this case, mere possession of prohibited drugs is a crime. These signatures amount to
uncounseled extraRjudicial confession prohibited by the Bill of Rights and therefore inadmissible as
evidence.
FACTS: Appellants Wong Chuen Ming and Au Wing Cheung are both British (Hongkong) nationals, who
together with 9 other Malaysian nationals, were charged with unlawfully transporting into the country
shabu. All of the accused pleaded not guilty at their arraignments. All of them arrived in Manila as a tour
group arranged by Select Tours International Co., Ltd. Accused Cheung, an employee of Select Tours,
acted as their tour guide. After passing through and obtaining clearance from immigration officers at
NAIA, the tour group went to the baggage claim area to retrieve their respective checked.in baggages.
They placed the same in one pushcart and proceeded to Express Lane 5 which at that time was manned
by customs examiner Gomez. He testified that he instructed the tour group to place their baggages on the
examiners table for inspection. They were directed to hold on to their respective baggages while they wait
for their turn to be examined. Gomez, in the course of examination found brown colored boxes (marked
Alpen Cereals) similar in size to powdered milk boxes in the 3 consecutive baggages that he inspected. He
thus became suspicious and decided to open one of the boxes with his cutter. Inside, was a plastic bag
containing white crystalline substance. Alarmed, Gomez called Appraiser Palala and Duty Collector
Bonifacio.
Bonifacio testified that upon learning about the boxes, she immediately ordered the tour group to
Alpen cereals containing the substance. As Gomez pulled out these boxes from their respective baggages,
he bundled the boxes by putting masking tape around them and handed them over to Bonifacio. Upon
and ordered them to sign on the masking tape placed on the boxes allegedly recovered from their
respective baggages.
Capt. Francisco testified that when he conducted a field test shortly after all the boxes were
the 11 accused that they were under arrest. Thereafter, all of them, as well as the boxes which were
placed inside a big box, were brought to Camp Crame. There the accused were asked to identify their
signatures on the boxes and after having identified were made again to sign on the plastic bags containing
the white crystalline substance. The trial court found all the accused guilty of violating the Dangerous
Drugs Act of 1997. Ming and Cheung now appeals the judgment.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the guilt of appellants was proven beyond reasonable doubt?

NO.

RATIO:
inadmissible in evidence. The accused were never informed of their fundamental rights during the entire
time that they were under investigation. Specifically, they were not informed of their Miranda rights.
By affixing their signatures on the boxes and on the plastic bags, accused in effect made a tacit
w. These signatures of
accused are tantamount to an uncounselled extra.judicial confession which is not sanctioned by the Bill
of Rights. They are therefore inadmissible as evidence for any admission wrung from the accused in
violation of their constitutional rights is inadmissible against them. The fact that all accused are foreign
embodied in the Bill of Rights are given and extend to all persons, both aliens and citizens.
ANALYSIS:
The case was decided by the Court in accordance with the guarantees provided for under the Constitution
particularly that of the Bill of Rights. The case merely reiterates the fact that even aliens are given
protection under the Constitution by not admitting as evidence, extrajudicial confessions that are made
without the assistance of counsel.
The proposed Revised Rules of Court, maintained the wording of the current Rules of Court then
accordingly, the case would be decided in the same manner.

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PEOPLE v. ALEGRE
94 SCRA 109 (1979)
Doctrine: While an accused is in custody, his silence may not be taken in evidence against him as he has a
right to remain silent^ his silence when in custody may not be used as evidence against him, otherwise, his
right of silence would be illusory.
FACTS: Adelina Sajo, a 57 year old spinster, was found dead in her bathroom insider her house. Her
bedroom was in shambles, evidently ransacked. No witness saw the commission of the crime. Melecio
Cudillan was apprehended in the act of pawning a bracelet, one of the pieces of jewelry taken from
Adelina. He executed 2 extrajudicial confession, one in Tacloban City where he was apprehended and the
other in Pasay City. In these statements, he admitted his participation in the killing and robbery of
Adelina. He also named his companions in the killing: Ramiro Alegre, Jesus Medalla and Mario Comaya.
These named individuals pleaded not guilty.
The prosecution presented Sgt. Mariano Isla of the Pasay City Police who testified that when he
was investigating Cudillan, the latter pointed to Alegre, Comayas and Medalla as his companions, after
which, the pointed individuals only stated at Cudillan and said nothing.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the alleged silence of the accused when allegedly pointed to by Cudillan as his companions in
the commission of the crime, is an admission of guilt? NO.
RATIO: The silence of an accused in criminal cases, meaning his failure or refusal to testify, may not be
taken in evidence against him, and that he may refuse to answer an incriminating question.
While an accused is in custody, his silence may not be taken in evidence against him as he has a
right to remain silent[ his silence when in custody may not be used as evidence against him, otherwise,
his right of silence would be illusory. Thus silence of an accused under custody, or his failure to deny
statements by another implicating him in a crime[ especially when such accused is neither asked to
comment or reply to such implications or accusations, cannot be considered as a tacit confession of his
participation in the commission of the crime. Such an inference of acquiescence drawn from silence or
failure to deny the statement would appear incompatible with the right of an accused against self.
incrimination (Miranda v. Arizona).
ANALYSIS:
within the hearing or observation of a party who does or says nothing when the act or declaration is such
as naturally to call for action or comment if not true, and when proper and possible for him to do so, may
accused does not necessarily implicate him in the crime accused of. Otherwise, this would be contrary to
the guarantee provided for by the Constitution, particularly Sec. 17, Art. III of the Bill of Rights, which
correct in upholding the right of Compil to remain silent.
The Proposed Rules of Court on the other hand did not change the wording of Sec. 34, Rule 130 as such,
it can be assumed that if the case were to be decided using the proposed Rules, the decision above would
be the same.

PEOPLE v. YIP WAI MING


264 SCRA 225 (1996)

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Doctrine: Any confession, including a reRenactment without admonition of the right to silence and to counsel,
and without counsel chosen by the accused is inadmissible in evidence.
FACTS: This case involves the crime of murder. Accused Yip Wai Ming and victim Lam Po Chun, who
were engaged to be married, came to Manila on a vacation on July 10, 1993. Hardly a day had passed
when the victim was brutally beaten up and strangled to death in their hotel room. On the day of the
killing, July 11, 1993, the accused was touring Manila while the victim was left in the hotel room,
allegedly because she was not feeling good.
A criminal information was thus lodged against Yip Wai Ming for the slaying of the victim. The
RTC rendered a decision finding that he killed his fiance before he left for the Manila tour, and finding
him guilty of murder. There was no eyewitness to the actual killing of the victim, only circumstantial
beyond reasonable doubt is the testimony of Destresa, the occupant of the adjacent room where the
victim stayed, that she heard a
supposedly a faint cry then a thud.
Prior to the death of the victim, her brother, Lam Chi Keung,
learned that her life was insured, with Yip Wai Ming as the beneficiary.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the confessions of Yip Wai Ming, made during the custodial investigations, as to his guilt of
the crime of murder charged against him, is admissible in evidence? NO.
RATIO: Yip Wai Ming was arrested on July 13, 1993, two days after the killing. There was no warrant of
arrest. Officer Yanquiling testified that there was no warrant and he arrested the accused.appellant based
on "series of circumstantial evidence." He had no personal knowledge of Yip Wai Ming having committed
the crime. Accused.appellant stated that five police officers at the police station beat him up. They asked
him to undress, forced him to lie down on a bench, sat on his stomach, placed a handkerchief over his
face, and poured water and beer over his face. When he could no longer bear the pain, he admitted the
crime charged, participated in a re.enactment, and signed an extrajudicial statement. All the while, he
was not informed of his right to remain silent nor did he have counsel of his choice to assist him in
confessing the crime.
The custodial interrogation of accused.appellant was violative of Section 12, Article III of the
Constitution. The Constitution provides that "(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this
section or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible against him." Section 17, Article III provides: "No
person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself." Thus, as stated in People v. Duero, any
confession, including a re.enactment without admonition of the right to silence and to counsel, and
without counsel chosen by the accused is inadmissible in evidence.
This Court notes that accused.appellant did not file any complaint or charges against the police
officers who allegedly tortured him. But he was a foreign national, a tourist charged with a serious crime,
finding himself in strange surroundings. In Hongkong, there would have been family members and
friends who could have given him moral support. He would have known that he was being questioned in
his own country, being investigated under the laws of that country. The degree of intimidation needed to
coerce a person to confess to the commission of a crime he did not commit would be much less if he is in
a strange land. Accused.appellant states that his lawyers told him not to file any charges against the
policemen. He followed their advice, obviously not wanting to get into more trouble.
charge of murder on the grounds of reasonable doubt.
ANALYSIS:
The Supreme Court was correct in ruling that the extrajudicial confession of Yip Wai Ming is inadmissible
as evidence against him. As a rule, extrajudicial confessions made by a person under custodial
investigation shall be in writing and signed by such
absence, upon a valid waiver, and in the presence of any of the parents, older brothers and sisters, his
spouse, the municipal mayor, the municipal judge, district school supervisor, or priest or minister of the
gospel chosen by him[ otherwise, such extrajudicial confession shall be inadmissible in any proceeding. In
this case, the accused was arrested without any warrant and was even tortured until he admitted that he
was the one who killed his fiance. Obviously, the requirements required by law regarding extrajudicial
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proposed rules were to be applied, the same ruling will result since the provision pertaining to confessions
and admissions remain unchanged.

PEOPLE v. MAQUEDA
242 SCRA 565 March 22, 1995
Doctrine: In a confession, there is an acknowledgment of guilt. On the other hand, the term admission is
usually applied in criminal cases to statements of fact by the accused which do not directly involve an
acknowledgment of his guilt or of the criminal intent to commit the offense charged.
The rights of an accused are not confined to the period prior to the filing of an information but are
available at that stage when a person is under investigation for the commission of an offense. These rights
are available to a person at any time before arraignment whenever he is investigated for the commission of
an offense.
FACTS: In August 27, 1991, Horace Barker was brutally slain while his wife Teresita was battered by lead
the perpetrators of the crime. As to his co.conspirators, the prosecution initially included one Malig in the
information for robbery with homicide and serious physical injuries filed before the RTC. Only Malig was
arrested. Prior to his arraignment, the information was amended to implead Maqueda as co.accused
because the evaluation of evidence submitted establishing his involvement in the crime and drop Malig as
co.
willing and volunteering to be a State witness in the case, it appearing that he is the least guilty among
During trial, he put up the defense of denial and alibi. In his testimony, Maqueda said that he
while he was in his hometown in Quezon Province, he arrested by CAFGU members and was made to sign
a Sinumpaang Salaysay
alleged by the prosecution that the arresting officers informed Maqueda of his constitutional rights before
making his statement. Subsequently brought to Benguet, where he was told to cooperate with the police
in arresting Salvamante so he would not stay long in said province. He was also told that if he would
point to accused Salvamente, he would be freed and he could also become a state witness. Maqueda said
that all he could attest to was that he accompanied Salvamonte recently in the selling of a cassette
recorder. Instead of freeing him, he was brought to the Benguet Provincial Jail, where he remained under
timony by presenting SPO3 Molleno who declared that
he informed Maqueda of his constitutional rights before he was investigated and that he voluntarily and
freely gave his Sinumpaang Salaysay
ultimately convicted Maqueda of the crime charged against him.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the Sinumpaang Salaysay was an extrajudicial confession?

NO.

RATIO: A perusal of the Sinumpaang Salaysay fails to convince us that it is an extrajudicial confession. It
is only an extrajudicial admission. In a confession, there is an acknowledgment of guilt. The term
admission is usually applied in criminal cases to statements of fact by the accused which do not directly
involve an acknowledgment of his guilt or of the criminal intent to commit the offense with which he is
charged. A confession is an acknowledgment in express terms, by a party in a criminal case, of his guilt of
the crime charged, while an admission is a statement by the accused, direct or implied, of facts pertinent
to the issue and tending, in connection with proof of other facts, to prove his guilt. In other words, an
admission is something less than a confession, and is but an acknowledgment of some fact or
circumstance which in itself is insufficient to authorize a conviction and which tends only to establish the
ultimate fact of guilt. The trial court admitted the Sinumpaang Salaysay of accused Maqueda although it
was taken without the assistance of counsel because it was of the opinion that since an information had
already benefited in court against him and he was arrested pursuant to a warrant of arrest issued by the
court, the Sinumpaang Salaysay was not, therefore, taken during custodial investigation.

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Hence, Section 12(1), Article III of the Constitutio


investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain
silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot
afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in
within the ambit of a custodial investigation." It heavily relied on People vs. Ayson where this Court
elucidated on the rights of a person under custodial investigation and the rights of an accused after a
case is filed in court.
The trial court then held that the admissibility of the Sinumpaang Salaysay should not be tested
under the aforequoted Section 12(1), Article III of the Constitution, but on the voluntariness of its
execution. Since voluntariness is presumed, Maqueda had the burden of proving otherwise, which he
failed to do and, hence, the Sinumpaang Salaysay was admissible against him.
ANALYSIS:
The Supreme Court is correct in treating the Sinumpaang Salaysay as an extrajudicial admission. It is
clear that a confession usually involves the acknowledgement of guilt of the accused. In this case, the
Sinumpaang Salaysay
place. Obviously, it is not a confession, but merely an admission.
If the Proposed Rules were to be applied in this case, the same ruling will be upheld since no revision was
made on the provisions relating to confessions and admissions.

PARKER v. RANDOLPH
442 U.S. 62 May 29, 1979
Doctrine: The Confrontation Clause does not bar admission into evidence of every relevant extrajudicial
statement by a nontestifying declarant simply because it in some way incriminates the defendant. And an
instruction directing the jury to consider a codefendant's extrajudicial statement only against its source is
generally sufficient to avoid offending the implicated defendant's confrontation right.
The court may admit into evidence interlocking confessions of coRdefenants/accused even without
giving the accused an opportunity to crossRexamine his coRdefendant. The rule however is different when a
coRdefendant does not confess. In such cases, the coRdefendant must be given an opportunity to crossR
examine the confessant if and when such person takes the witness stand.
FACTS: Respondents Randolph, Pickens and Hamilton were convicted, after a joint trial in a Tennessee
court, of murder of Douglas, a professional gambler, committed during the commission of a robbery.
During a game of chance between Douglas and R. Wood, the former kept winning prompting Wood to
grow suspicious. After several lost games, R. Wood was convinced that he was being cheated. He
approached his brother, J. Wood, and they decided to relieve Douglas of all his ill.gotten wealth by
staging a robbery in an upcoming game. The Wood brothers enlisted the help of Respondents to carry out
the robbery. During the game, Douglas armed himself with a pistol and a shotgun. In response, J. Wood
pulled a pistol on Douglas. He later on gave said gun to R. Wood and left to tell respondents to move in on
the game. However, even before respondents could arrive, Douglas reached for his pistol and was shot
and killed by R. Wood. When the police came, respondents were apprehended and they confessed their
involvement in the crime.
None of the respondents took the witness stand, and their oral confessions, found by the trial
court to have been freely and voluntarily given, were admitted into evidence through police officers'
testimony. Respondent Pickens' written confession was also admitted into evidence over his objection that
it had been obtained in violation of his rights under Miranda v. Arizona. The trial court instructed the jury
that each confession could be used only against the defendant who gave it and could not be considered as
evidence of a codefendant's guilt. They were convicted by the trial court. However, the Tennessee Court of
Appeals reversed their convictions on the ground that that admission of their confessions at the joint trial
violated this Court's decision in Bruton v. United States1. Ultimately, the Tennessee Supreme Court

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

In the Bruton case, although co.accused Evans did not take the stand, a postal inspector was allowed to testify that
Evans had orally confessed to having committed the robbery with co.accused Bruton. The trial judge instructed the
1

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upheld the convictions, holding that admission of respondents' confessions did not violate the rule of
Bruton v. United States, which held that a defendant's rights under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth
Amendment were violated by the admission, at a joint trial, of the confession of a codefendant who did not
take the stand. It ruled that in this case, the "interlocking inculpatory confessions" of respondents
Randolph, Pickens, and Hamilton, "clearly demonstrated the involvement of each, as to crucial facts such
as time, location, felonious activity, and awareness of the overall plan or scheme." Respondents
subsequently obtained writs of habeas corpus in a Federal District Court, which held that respondents'
rights under Bruton had been violated, and that introduction of respondent Pickens' written confession
had violated his rights under Miranda. The Court of Appeals affirmed.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the admission of interlocking confessions with proper limiting instructions conforms to the
requirements of the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution? YES.
RATIO: Bruton recognized that admission at a joint trial of the incriminating extrajudicial statements of a
non.testifying codefendant can have "devastating" consequences to a non.confessing defendant, adding
"substantial, perhaps even critical, weight to the Government's case." Such statements go to the jury
untested by cross.examination and, indeed, perhaps unanswered altogether unless the defendant waives
his Fifth Amendment privilege and takes the stand. The prejudicial impact of a codefendant's confession
upon an incriminated defendant who has, insofar as the jury is concerned, maintained his innocence
from the beginning is simply too great in such cases to be cured by a limiting instruction. The same
cannot be said, however, when the defendant's own confession .. "probably the most probative and
damaging evidence that can be admitted against him," .. is properly introduced at trial. The defendant is
"the most knowledgeable and unimpeachable source of information about his past conduct," and one can
scarcely imagine evidence more damaging to his defense than his own admission of guilt. Thus, the
incriminating statements of a codefendant will seldom, if ever, be of the "devastating" character referred to
in Bruton when the incriminated defendant has admitted his own guilt. The right protected by Bruton ..
the "constitutional right of cross.examination," .. has far less practical value to a defendant who has
confessed to the crime than to one who has consistently maintained his innocence. Successfully
impeaching a codefendant's confession on cross.examination would likely yield small advantage to the
defendant whose own admission of guilt stands before the jury unchallenged. Nor does the natural
"motivation to shift blame onto others," recognized by the Bruton Court to render the incriminating
statements of codefendants "inevitably suspect," require application of the Bruton rule when the
incriminated defendant has corroborated his codefendant's statements by heaping blame onto himself.
The right of confrontation conferred by the Sixth Amendment is a safeguard to ensure the
fairness and accuracy of criminal trials, and its reach cannot be divorced from the system of trial by jury
contemplated by the Constitution. A crucial assumption underlying that system is that juries will follow
the instructions given them by the trial judge. Were this not so, it would be pointless for a trial court to
instruct a jury, and even more pointless for an appellate court to reverse a criminal conviction because
the jury was improperly instructed. The Confrontation Clause has never been held to bar the admission
into evidence of every relevant extrajudicial statement made by a nontestifying declarant simply because
it in some way incriminates the defendant. And an instruction directing the jury to consider a
codefendant's extrajudicial statement only against its source has been found sufficient to avoid offending
the confrontation right of the implicated defendant in numerous decisions of this Court.
When, as in Bruton, the confessing codefendant has chosen not to take the stand and the
implicated defendant has made no extrajudicial admission of guilt, limiting instructions cannot be
accepted as adequate to safeguard the defendant's rights under the Confrontation Clause. Under such
circumstances, the "practical and human limitations of the jury system," Bruton v. United States, supra
at, override the theoretically sound premise that a jury will follow the trial court's instructions. But when
the defendant's own confession is properly before the jury, we believe that the constitutional scales tip the
other way. The possible prejudice resulting from the failure of the jury to follow the trial court's
instructions is not so "devastating" or "vital" to the confessing defendant to require departure from the
general rule allowing admission of evidence with limiting instructions.
ANALYSIS:

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
jury that Evans' confession was competent evidence against Evans, but was inadmissible hearsay against Bruton and
therefore could not be considered in determining Bruton's guilt.

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This US Federal Court ruling will still be the same under the current rules of evidence in the Philippines.
Under Philippine Rules, for an extrajudicial confession made in a custodial investigation to be admissible,
the constitutional procedures require that it be in writing and signed by such person in the presence of
id waiver, and in the presence of any of the parents, older
brothers and sisters, his spouse, the municipal mayor, the municipal judge, district school supervisor, or
priest or minister of the gospel chosen by him. The violation of the right of confrontation has never been
used to deny the admissibility of extrajudicial confessions.
Under the proposed rules, the same ruling will result since the provision regarding confessions and
admissions remain unchanged.

PEOPLE v. ENCIPIDO
146 SCRA 478 (1986)
Doctrine: Admissions made before the Mayor & Station Commander during a conference that defendants
were responsible for killing the victims IS an admission. Also, a judicial admission by one accused is
admissible against his coRaccused, unlike in an
the one making it.
FACTS: A criminal case was filed against the 8 accused in this case for the death of Jose Lacumbes. To
support its case, the prosecution presented witnesses, including Jorge Ortega, INP Station Commander in
conversation, Encipido and de la Pena disclosed to Ortega that they were the ones who had beheaded the
deceased Lacumbes and the deaths of other persons. Another witness, Mayor Espina, testified that
Commander Ortega informed him that Commander Tanga and his men wanted to pay him a courtesy call.
During the courtesy call, Espina narrated that he had been a member of the NPA since 13 and he had
already killed several people, including the deceased Lacumbes. Agreeing to this, de la Pena even showed
a pointed knife, admitting to hav
trial, de la Pena unexpectedly testified in open court that although he belonged to the group of
up. In
addition, he said that it was Encipido and Manatad who killed the deceased and that he was merely
standing by during the commission of the heinous act. Trial Court found the accused guilty of murder.
ISSUE:
1. Whether statements by accused before the Mayor & Station Commander are admissions? YES.
2. Whether the judicial admission of de la Pena is admissible against Encipido and Manatad? YES.
RATIO: ENCIPIDO and DE LA PENA verbally acknowledged their guilt before Station Commander Ortega
and Municipal Mayor Espina when they individually boasted that they had killed the DECEASED so that
the latter could no longer harm other people with his witchcraft. They admitted that they had beheaded
the DECEASED. DE LA PENA even showed the Mayor the DECEASED's dried ear which he had severed,
Further, while in jail, DE LA PENA also admitted to Alciso when the latter asked him the reason for their
confinement, that it was because they were the ones who had beheaded the DE CEASED. These oral
confessions indicating complicity in the commission of the crime with which they are charged are
admissible in evidence against the declarants ENCIPIDO and DE LA PENA pursuant to Sections 22 and
29 of the Rules of Court. It is the fact that admissions were made by APPELLANTS and against their own
interest which gives them their evidentiary value.
It is also to be noted that APPELLANTS' extra.judicial confessions were independently made
without collusion, are Identical with each other in their material respects and confirmatory of the other.
They are, therefore, also admissible as circumstantial evidence against their co.accused implicated
therein to show the probability of the latter's actual participation in the commission of the crime. They are
also admissible as corroborative evidence against the others, it being clear from other facts and
circumstances presented that persons other than the declarants themselves participated in the
commission of the crime charged and proved. They are what is commonly known as interlocking
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not only against him but against his co.accused ENCIPIDO and MANATAD as well. The general rule that
the confession of an accused may be given in evidence against him but that it is not competent evidence
against his co.accused, admits of exceptions. Thus, this Court has held that where several accused are
tried together for the same complaint, the testimony lawfully given by one during the trial implicating the
others is competent evidence against the latter. "The extrajudicial admission or confession of a co.
conspirator out of court is different from the testimony given by a co.accused during trial. The first is
admissible against the declarant alone, but the second is perfectly admissible against his co.accused,"
who had the right and opportunity to cross.examine the declarant.
ANALYSIS:
The Supreme Court is correct in admitting the extrajudicial confessions of the accused in this case.
Though as a general rule extrajudicial confessions made by a person under custodial investigation, to be
admissible, shall be in writing and signed by such person in the pre
absence, upon a valid waiver, and in the presence of any of the parents, older brothers and sisters, his
spouse, the municipal mayor, the municipal judge, district school supervisor, or priest or minister of the
gospel chosen by him, this rule applies only when the extrajudicial confession is made in a custodial
investigation. Constitutional procedures on custodial investigation do not apply to spontaneous
statements, not elicited through questioning by authorities, but given in an ordinary manner, whereby the
accused admitted to having committed the crime. If the Proposed Rules will be applied, the same ruling

PEOPLE v. ENDINO
352 SCRA 307 (2001)
Doctrine: A videotaped interview showing the accused unburdening his guilt, willingly, openly and publicly
in the presence of newsmen does not for part of custodial investigation if it was not given to police officers
but media men in an attempt to elicit sympathy and forgiveness from the public. However, it is prudent that
the trial courts are reminded that extreme caution must be taken in further admitting confessions of such
nature.
FACTS: Sometime in 1991 in Palawan, accused Galgarin, uncle of accused Endino, suddenly lunged at
Galgarin to stop. When Aquino succeeded in freeing himself from the attacker, he dashed to a nearby
store, but his escape was foiled when, from out of nowhere, Endino appeared and shot him. As Aquino
staggered for safety, both Endino and Galgarin fled. Clara, with the help of others, managed to rush him
Aquino to the hospital, but he died even before he received medical attention.
An information was thus filed against Endino and Galgarin for the murder of Aquino. Galgarin
was apprehended in Rizal and was to be transported back to Palawan where he will be tried. On their way
to the airport, they stopped at an ABS.CBN television station, where Galgarin was interviewed. Video
footages of the interview were taken showing Galgarin admitting his guilt while pointing to his nephew
Endino as the gunman. Galgarin even appealed to Endino to surrender. His interview was later shown
over TV Patrol.
During trial, Galgarin disowned the confession he made over TV Patrol and claimed that it was
induced by the threats of the arresting police officers. He asserted that the videotaped confession was
constitutionally infirmed. However, the trial court admitted the video footages on the strength of the
convicted Galgarin, while Endino remains at large.
ISSUE:
1. Whether

NO.

RATIO: The interview was recorded on video and it showed accused.appellant unburdening his guilt
willingly, openly and publicly in the presence of newsmen. Such confession does not form part of
custodial investigation as it was not given to police officers but to media men in an attempt to elicit
sympathy and forgiveness from the public. Besides, if he had indeed been forced into confessing, he could

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have easily sought succor from the newsmen who, in all likelihood, would have been symphatetic with
him. The accused, in his TV interview, freely admitted that he had stabbed Dennis Aquino, and that
Edward Endino had shot him (Aquino). There is no showing that the interview of accused was coerced or
against his will. Hence, there is basis to accept the truth of his statements therein.
However, because of the inherent danger in the use of television as a medium for admitting ones
guilt, and the recurrence of this phenomenon in several cases, it is prudent that trial courts are reminded
that extreme caution must be taken in further admitting similar confessions. For in all probability, the
police, with the connivance of unscrupulous media practitioners, may attempt to legitimize coerced
extrajudicial confessions and place them beyond the exclusionary rule by having an accused admit an
offense on television. Such a situation would be detrimental to the guaranteed rights of the accused and
thus imperil our criminal justice system. Furthermore, the courts should never presume that all media
confessions described as voluntary have been freely given. This type of confession always remains suspect
and therefore should be thoroughly examined and scrutinized. Detection of coerced confessions is
admittedly a difficult and arduous task for the courts to make. It requires persistence and determination
in separating polluted confessions from untainted ones. We have a sworn duty to be vigilant and
protective of the rights guaranteed by the Constitution.
ANALYSIS:
The Supreme Court is correct in admitting the confession made by Galgarin through the video. Again, the
constitutional procedures regarding extrajudicial confessions apply only during custodial investigations.
In this case, though Galgarin was already in the custody of the policemen who were about to bring him to
the police station, the public and voluntary confession made by him before the newsmen does not form
part of custodial investigation. Having said this, such statements made by Galgarin are admissible.
If the Proposed Rules will be applied in this case, the same ruling will be upheld since no revision was
made on the provisions relating to confessions and admissions.

PEOPLE v. ROLLY ABULENCIA Y COYOS


363 SCRA 496 (2001)
Doctrine: A confession to a radio reporter is admissible where it was not shown that said reporter was
acting for the police or that the interview was conducted under circumstances where it is apparent that the
suspect confessed to the killing out of fear.
FACTS: Rolly Abulencia y Coyos was charged and convicted by the trial court for the crime of rape with
homicide of a ten.
s brother, Reynaldo Garcia, Jr., and a jeepney driver were at the Asingan jeepney terminal
waiting for passengers. After two (2) hours, accused Abulencia arrived and invited Reynaldo to a drinking
spree.
Poblacion, Asingan where they again drank beer and later slept on a bamboo bed (papag). Rebelyn was
then inside the house. At that time, her parents were not around. Reynaldo and Abulencia woke up at
to buydilis from a
nearby store. But Reynaldo, noticing that Abulencia was drunk, advised the latter not to leave. Abulencia
ignored Reynaldo and went out. Rebelyn tagged along. Abulencia and Rebelyn never returned.
About 8:00 oclock in the evening, Abulencia surrendered to Mayor Sevilleja of San Manuel,
that he had a small girl companion that he accidentally bumped at the Aburido bridge and who might
have been dead because the flow of the river is so fast.
floating at a creek near the Aburido bridge in San Manuel, Pangasinan. According to the autopsy report of
Dr. Tuvera, he found that the multiple lacerations on the vaginal wall and hymen of Rebelyns genitalia
indicate that a hard object, probably an erect penis, was inserted therein[ and that the presence of a large
amount of water in Rebelyns lungs indicates that she was submerged and droned.
In an interview with a radio commentator Mojares, Abulencia admitted to him having raped
Rebelyn and that she fell off the bridge. This interview was tape recorded and presented in court.
Abulencia, in his defense, denied the charges and asserted that it was Rebelyn who insisted on following

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him because she wanted to go to his house. While she was running, he tried to tell her to go home, but in
doing so he accidentally tripped her, causing her to fall from the bridge. He got nervous and proceeded to
the house of his aunt and asked her to accompany him to the authorities so he could surrender. They
then approached Mayor Sevilleja.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the tape recorded confession of the accused to the radio reporter is admissible?

YES.

RATIO: The Court gave credence to the testimony of Mojares. It held that that a confession to a radio
reporter is admissible where it was not shown that said reporter was acting for the police or that the
interview was conducted under circumstances where it is apparent that the suspect confessed to the
killing out of fear.
Moreover, the absence of direct evidence does not preclude the conviction of a person accused of
the complex crime of rape with homicide. Circumstantial evidence can be as potent as direct evidence to
sustain a conviction provided that there is a concurrence of all the requisites prescribed in Section 5,
Rule 133 of the Revised Rules on Evidence. The trial court relied solely on circumstantial evidence in
finding that the appellant is guilty as charged and was affirmed by the SC.
The Court rejected the defense of the accused for want of credibility and for being contrary to
human experience. It held that the evidence to be believed must not only proceed from the mouth of a
credible witness, but must be credible in itself. No better test has yet been found to measure the value of
a witness testimony than its conformity to the knowledge and common experience of
mankind.
buttressed by strong evidence of non.culpability which the accused failed to do so. The totality of all the
circumstances obtaining, taken together with the condition of Rebelyns body when found, eloquently
indicate that the appellant sexually assaulted her before drowning her to death.
ANALYSIS:
The case was properly decided under the current and proposed rules of evidence.

PEOPLE v. EDNA MALNGAN y MAYO


503 SCRA 294 (2006)
Doctrine: An uncounseled confession or admission given by the accused to a private individual is not
covered by Section 12, Article III of the Constitution where there is no showing that said private individual
was acting under police authority.
FACTS: Malngan, housemaid of Separa Family, was convicted by the trial court for the crime of arson
with multiple homicide based on the personal accounts of the barangay chairman (Bernardo) and a
death. Bernardo testified that at 4:45 am, he and his tanods saw Malngan hurriedly leaving the house of
her employer with her head turning in different directions and was seen to have boarded a pedicab driven
by Gruta. Gruta was instructed that she be brought to Nipa Sreet but she changed her mind and asked
that she be brought instead to Balasan Street. Benardo and his tanods, at 5:15am, responded to the fire
upon hearing shouts from the residents. Malngan was brought to the Barangay Hall for investigation.
Upon inspection, a disposable lighter was found inside Maln
because she had not been paid her salary for about a year and that she wanted to go home to her
province but her employer told her to just ride a broomstick in going home.
The prosecution presented 5 witnesses. SPO4 Danilo Talusan testified that he twice heard
Malngan confess to the crime. Once, he heard Malngan confess while talking to a reporter for ABS.CBN
and t
Barangay Chairman testified that Malngan, while in custody in the barangay hall, admitted that she
burned the house because she had not been paid her wages for over a year. Mendoza, a neighbor of the
victims and whose house was likewise burned, testified that she talked to Malngan while she was
detained in the fire station and there Malngan told her that she burned the house using newspaper. The

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defense filed a demurrer to evidence without leave of court. The RTC convicted Malngan for the crime of
Arson with Multiple Homicide. The conviction was based on circumstantial evidence and the extrajudicial
confessions and admissions. The Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the circumstantial evidence presented by the prosecution is sufficient to convict the accused?
YES.
2. Whether the testimony of SPO4 Talusan is hearsay? NO.
3. Whether the statements given to Brgy. Chairman Bernardo, neighbor Mendoza, and the reporter are
inadmissible since counsel was not present?
NO, except for the confession/admission to Brgy.
Chairman Bernardo.
RATIO: First of all, the Court held that there is no complex crime of arson with homicide. The crime
committed is only simple arson since the main objective is the burning of the building and the resulting
homicide is absorbed.The interlocking testimonies of the prosecution witnesses are sufficient for
conviction. The pedicab driver identified the accused and saw her hurriedly leaving and acting in a
nervous manner before the house went up in flames. The accused was also unsure of her destination.
SPO4 Talusan overheard Malngan admit to Valdez, a reporter, that she started the fire. These testimonies
coupled with the confession to the neighbor Mendoza convincingly form an unbroken chain, which leads
to the unassailably conclusion that Malngan is the person behind the crime of simple arson.
The barangay chairman and the tanods may be deemed as law enforcement officer for purposes
of applying Article III, Section 12(1) and (3), of the Constitution. She was already a suspect when she was
brought to the barangay hall and was already under custodial investigation to which her Miranda Rights
attached. For this reason, the confession of Malngan given to Brgy Chairman Bernardo, as well as the
lighter found by the latter in her bag are inadmissible in evidence against her as such were obtained in
violation of her constitutional rights.
However, the inadmissibility of such evidence does not automatically lead to her acquittal. The
testimony of Mendoza to the fact that Malngan confessed is admissible. The Bill of Rights solely governs
the relationship between the individual and the State. The testimony of Mendoza, as a private citizen, is
not covered by the Miranda Rights since Mendoza was not acting under police authority. As to SPO4
Talusan, although his testimony is hearsay because he was not present when Gus Abelgas interviewed
Malngan, it may nevertheless be admitted as an independently relevant statement to establish not the
truth but the tenor of the statement or the fact that the statement was made. Evidence as to the making
of the statement is not secondary but primary, for the statement itself may constitute a fact in issue or be
circumstantially relevant as to the existence of such fact.
ANALYSIS:
The case was properly decided under the current and proposed rules of evidence. This case is a good
example of the situation where an extrajudicial confession or admission although made without counsel
is admissible when it is made to a private individual.

PEOPLE v. ANTONIO LAUGA


615 SCRA 548 (2010)
related function of peaceRkeeping, is inadmissible in evidence.
FACTS: The accused was charged and convicted for raping her 13 year old daughter. In the information,
home where the victim was left alone at home. Lauga removed his pants, slid inside the blanket covering
the victim and removed her pants and underwear[ warned her not to shout for help while threatening her
with his fist[ and told her that he had a knife placed above her head. He proceeded to mash her breast,
kiss her repeatedly, and "inserted his penis inside her vagina.

3C Evidence Project

Batch 2010*11
(Part One) page 134 of 134

staying out late. While on their way to their


harrowing experience with their father.
grandmother and uncle of the incident, after which, they sought the assistance of the head of the Bantay
Bayan, Moises Boy Banting.
Banting found Lauga in his house wearing only his underwear. At the police outpost, he admitted
to him that he raped her daughter because he was unable to control himself. After a physical
examination, the medical certificate o
In his defense, Lauga asserted that the charge against him was ill.motivated because he
sometimes physically abuses his wife in front of their children after engaging in a heated argument, and
beats the children as a disciplinary measure. He said that, on the day of the alleged rape, he was agitated
when he arrived home with no food[ she answered back when confronted. This infuriated him that he
kicked her hard on her buttocks.
Lauga conste
credibility of the witnesses for the prosecution.
ISSUE:
1. Whether the alleged extrajudicial confession of Lauga before a Bantay Bayan is admissible?
2. Whether the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses are credible? YES.

NO.

RATIO:
community organized for the purpose of keeping the peace, which is an accredited auxiliary of the PNP.
Thus, since barangay.based volunteer organizations in the nature of watch groups, as in the case
bantay bayan
preservation of peace and order at the barangay level, any inquiry a member thereof makes has the color
of a state.related function and objective insofar as the entitlement of a suspect to his constitutional rights
provided for under Article III, Section 12 of the Constitution, otherwise known as the Miranda Rights, is
concerned. The uncounseled extrajudicial confession is inadmissible.
Nevertheless, the Court held that through the testimony of the victim and her brother, the guilt of
the accused had been proven beyond reasonable doubt.
ANALYSIS:
The case was correctly decided according to the current and proposed rules of evidence. Since peace.
keeping is essentially a state function, persons to whom such function is delegated are likewise charged
with the duty of observing the rights of person accused of a crime.

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