Chapter 9

Linear momentum:
p mv
v v
kgm/s
Stress vector nature of momentum and importance of coordinate system.
Change in momentum: p = p
f
-p
i
Beanag: p = p
f
-p
i
=! " #-mv$ = mv
%uer a&&: p = p
f
-p
i
= 'mv " #-mv$ = ( mv
)hat aout a co&&ection of severa& o*ects+ Since momentum is a vector, the
momentum of the S-S./0 is the sum of the individua& momenta of each
o*ect.
m
1ucks
= 2.!! kg m
3oose
= 4.!! kg.
y5 $ s / m kg 6! . 7 # 8 $ s / m kg 2! . 2 #
.ota&
p
85 $ s / m 9! . 9 #
d
m y5 $ s / m 6! . 9 #
g
m y5 $ s / m 9! . 9 #
d
m
.ota&
p
+
+ + +

So far, :e;ve &earned <e:ton;s (

nd
La: as:
a m =

, ut this is a
genera&i>ation restricted to constant mass?
<e:ton actua&&y :rote:
p v m
= m v
t t t

+

v v
v
v
#)e&&, sort of@$
-es, there A%/ cases :hen the mass varies, more aout those &ater.
=or no:, &et;s mu&tip&y the eBuation through y t:

p t =
t
p
=

Cf :e &et the force e the average force, then the Buantity on the &eft is ca&&ed the
C0DELS/.
p t = C
AF



4-9G. .o make a ounce pass, a p&ayer thro:s a !.H!-kg asketa&& to:ard the f&oor. .he a&&
hits the f&oor :ith a speed of I.2 m/s at an ang&e of HIJ to the vertica&. Cf the a&& reounds
:ith the same speed and ang&e, :hat :as the impu&se de&ivered to it y the f&oor+
.he impu&se is eBua& to the change in the y-component of the momentum of the
a&&, ecause the change in the 8-component is >ero.
y y ! !
C p m v mKv cos HI # v cos HI $L
C #!.H! #(cos HI $ (.7
m
kg) 5.4 kg m s
s

_


,
CM<S/%FA.CM< M= LC</A% 0M0/<.E0:
Cf the net force acting on an o*ect is >ero, momentum is conserved.
f i
net
p p
! =

Cnterna& vs. /8terna& forces:

Cnterna& forces #action-reaction pairs$ sum to >ero.
Mn&y a net e8terna& force inva&idates conservation of momentum.
ALSM ADDLC/S .M A S-S./0 M= MBN/C.S??
HIJ
0ichae& Nordan
A honeyee &ands on a popsic&e stick. D=!. .he honeyee :a&ks to the other
end of the stick. .he stick moves the other :ay.
85 s / cm G . 6
$ g 9I! . ! #
$ s / cm 9(! . ! $# g 7I . 2 #
m
v m
v
v m v m ! p p
ee
stick stick
ee
stick stick ee ee stick ee
+

+

Cne&astic co&&isions: .:o o*ects come together and stick.
9. /nergy is <M. conserved
(. 0omentum CS conserved.
/&astic co&&isions: .:o o*ects co&&ide and ounce off of each other.
9. /nergy CS conserved
6. 0omentum CS conserved.
Cne&astic co&&isions:
4-6!. O .:o 7(.!-kg hockey p&ayers skating at I.2I m/s co&&ide and stick
together. Cf the ang&e et:een their initia& directions :as 99IJ, :hat is their
ve&ocity after the co&&ision+
P9
9initia& (initia& 9fina& (fina& 9initia&
(initia&
98-initia& (8
5 p p p p p #I.2Im/ s$8
5 5 p # I.2Im/ s$ cos HI 8 # I.2Im/ s$ sin HI y
)e have to conserve momentum separate&y in each direction?
Q-direction: m v m v
+ +
+
+
v v v v v
v
-initia& f8
f8
f8
fy
fy
-9
f
(
9
i (
(
9
f (
(mv
5 5 #I.2Im/ s$8 # (.6!m/ s$ 8 (v
v 9.I7 m/ s
5 - direction : ! # 2.42m/ s$ y (v
v -(.27m/ s
(.27m/ s
v (.46m/s =tan IG
9.I7m/ s
R (S #7(kg$#I.2Im/ s$ (964N
R #922kg$ S#(.46m/ s$ H9GN L

1

1
]


v
ook ho: much energy :as &ost?
/&astic co&&isions: Cnitia& momentum = =ina& momentum
RC</.CC /</%3- CS CM<S/%F/1??
M*ects do <M. stick together?
67. O A 76(-kg car stopped at an intersection is rear-ended y a 97(!-kg
truck moving :ith a speed of 9I.I m/s. Cf the car :as in neutra& and its rakes
:ere off, so that the co&&ision is appro8imate&y e&astic, find the fina& speed of
oth vehic&es after the co&&ision.

Ese conservation of momentum to find an eBuation for the fina& speed of the
truck.

.here is one eBuation and t:o unkno:ns. Ese conservation of energy to find a
second eBuation re&ating v
9f
and v
(f
.

Sustitute for v
9f
and so&ve for v
(f
.

Substitute for v
2f
in the equation for v
1f
.

Using the given information, m
1
= 1720 kg,
m
2
= 732 kg, and
!
9I.I v m/s, the final speeds of the truck and car are:
truck
H.(I m/s v
and
car
(9.7 m/s . v
Cn ( dimensions, rememer to conserve momentum in the 8 and y-directions
separate&y, ut the kinetic energy is a sca&ar.
Center of Mass
Cn ( dimensions:
n n
i i i i
i=9 i=9
cm
n n
i i
i=9 i=9
8 m y m
Qcm= and - =
m m


C0DM%.A<.: -ou must set up a coordinate system??
/asy tip: Dut one mass at the origin if you can?
=or uniform distriutions of mass, the center of mass is &ocated at the geometric
center of the o*ect.
67. O -ou are ho&ding a shopping asket at the grocery store :ith t:o !.IH-kg
cartons of cerea& at the &eft end of the asket. .he asket is !.79-m &ong. )here
shou&d you p&ace a ha&f ga&&on of mi&k #9.G kg$ so that the center of mass of
your groceries is at the center of the asket+
(
cm
(
(
(S#!.IHkg$#!$ #9.Gkg$#8 $ !.79m
Q !.6IIm
( (S#!.IHkg$ 9.Gkg
9.!6HHkg=#9.Gkg$#8 $
8 !.I7Im
+

+

'y
'8
Q
cm
0otion of the center-of-mass.
e&ocity. constant v a at move to continues or rest at
remains mass of center then the , ! = C= A 0 =
0
a m
A
0
v m
F
e8terna& , net cm e8terna& , net
n
9 i
i i
cm
n
9 i
i i
cm

85 v ( / 9
(
! 85 v
m (
$ v m v m #
F
85 v ( / 9 v mv ( ! mv ! p
!
! ( 9
cm
! f f !

Systems with variable mass.
%eca&&:
t
v
m v
t
m
t
p
=

.he first term is ca&&ed TthrustU.

Saturn F engines e*ect fue& V 96,G!! kg/s and v=(22! m/s #of the e*ecting
fue&$.
.hrust = #96,G!! kg/s$#(22! m/s$=66.7 8 9!
H
< #7.H mi&&ion pounds$. %ocket
:eighs H.6! mi&&ion pounds, so TWouston, :e have &iftoffU?
=
net
= thrust " mg =66.7 8 9!
H
< " (G.! 8 9!
H
< = I.7 8 9!
H
<
g ( . !
)
g =
m
=
a
net net

<ote that as the fue& is e*ected, ) decreases and so a is increasing.
H(. OO A !.I2!-kg ucket rests on a sca&e. Cnto this ucket you pour sand at
the constant rate of IH.! g/s. Cf the sand &ands in the ucket :ith a speed of 6.(!
m/s, #a$ :hat is the reading of the sca&e :hen there is !.7I! kg of sand in the
ucket+ #$ )hat is the :eight of the ucket and !.7I! kg of sand+
#a$ .he reading of the sca&e is given y the tota& :eight of the sand and
ucket p&us the force of impact due to the pouring sand.
(b)