Unit-01-Introduction to Computer Graphics 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Image Processing as Picture Analysis 1.

3 The advantages of Interactive Graphics 1.4 Representative ses of !omputer Graphics 1." !lassification of Applications 1.# $evelopment of %ard&are and 'oft&are for !omputer Graphics 1.#.1 (utput Technology 1.#.1.1 Architecture of a )ector $isplay 1.#.1.2 Architecture of a Raster $isplay 1.#.1.3 $irect*vie& storage tu+es 1.#.2 Input Technology 1.#.3 'oft&are Technology 1., !onceptual -rame&or. for Interactive Graphics

. %istory 1/#30 'utherland -irst Graphics 1or.station 1/#/0 -irst 'IGGRAP% 2A!34 5arly 1/,67s0 Raster Graphics8 'hading8 Illumination 9ate 1/,67s0 Te:ture 3apping8 Ray Tracing 5arly 1/;67s0 Realism in Rendering 9ate 1/;67s0 Physically <ased Animation 1/;/0 Tin Toy 2Pi:ar4 &ins Academy A&ard 1//67s0 Interaction8 'cientific )isuali=ation8 )irtual Reality8 Augmented Reality8 3ultimedia8 etc. 26667s0 Real*time )isuali=ation of 9arge $ata 'ets8 $ata !ompression8 )ision and Graphics8 etc

1.1 Introduction

Computer Graphics is the use of computer to define, store, manipulate, interrogate, and present pictorial output.

 he computer is an information processing machine. It is a tool for storing8 manipulating and correlating data. There are many &ays to communicate the processed information to the user.
The computer graphics is one of the most effective and commonly used &ays to

communicate the processed information to the user. It displays the information in the form of graphics o+>ects such as pictures8 charts8 graphs and diagrams instead of simple te:t. Thus &e can say that computer graphics ma.es it possi+le to e:press data in pictorial form. In computer graphics8 pictures or graphics o+>ects are presented as a collection of discrete picture elements called pi:els. The pi:el is the smallest addressa+le screen element. It is the smallest piece of the display screen &hich &e can control. The control is achieved +y setting the intensity and color of the pi:el &hich compose the screen. 5ach pi:el on the graphics display does not represent mathematical point. Rather8 it represents a region &hich theoretically can contain an infinite num+er of points. -or e:ample8 if &e &ant to display point P1 &hose coordinates are 24.28 3.;4 and point P2 &hose coordinates are 24.;8 3.14 then P1 and P2 are represented +y only pi:el 248348 as sho&n in the -ig. 1.1. In general8 a point is represented +y the integer part of : and integer part of y8 i.e.8 pi:el 2int 2:48 int 2y44.

Fig. 1.1: Pixel display area of 6 x 5

The special procedures determine &hich pi:el &ill provide the +est appro:imation to the

desired picture or graphics o+>ect. The process of determining the appropriate pi:els for representing picture or graphics o+>ect is .no&n as rasterization, and the process of representing continuous picture or graphics o+>ect as a collection of discrete pi:els is called scan conversion. The computer graphics allo&s rotation8 translation8 scaling and performing various pro>ection on the picture +efore displaying it. It also allo&s to add effects such as hidden surface removal8 shading or transparency to the picture +efore final representation. It provides user the control to modify contents8 structure8 and appearance of pictures or graphics o+>ects using input devices such as a .ey+oard8 mouse8 or touch*sensitive panel on the screen.

 There is a close relationship +et&een the input devices and display devices. Therefore8 graphics devices includes +oth input devices and display devices.

1.2 Image Processing as Picture Anal sis

The computer graphics is a collection8 contri+ution and representation of real or imaginary o+>ects from their computer*+ased models. Thus &e can say that computer graphics concerns the pictorial synthesis of real or imaginary o+>ects. %o&ever8 the related field image processing or sometimes called picture analysis concerns the analysis of scenes8 or the reconstruction of models of 2$ or 3$ o+>ects from their picture. This is e:actly the reverse process. The image processing can +e classified as o Image enhancement The image enhancement deals &ith the improvement in the image ?uality +y eliminating noise or +y increasing image contrast.

o Pattern detection and recognition Pattern detection and recognition deal &ith the detection and clarification of standard patterns and finding deviations from these patterns. The optical character recognition 2(!R4 technology is an practical e:ample of pattern detection and recognition.

o 'cene analysis and computer vision 'cene analysis and computer vision deals &ith the recognition and construction of 3$ model of scene from several 2 $ images.

The a+ove three fields of image processing proved their importance in many area such as finger print detection and recognition8 modeling of +uilding8 ships8 automo+iles etc. 8 and so on.
The t&o field7s computer graphics and image processing of computer processing of picture.

In the initial stages they &ere ?uite separate disciplines. <ut no& that they use some common features li.e raster displays8 ho&ever8 the overlap +et&een them is gro&ing particularly in t&o &ays
-irst 2computer graphics48 in interactive image processing8 human input via menus and

other graphical interaction techni?ues helps to control various su+*processes &hile transformation of continuous*tone images are sho&n on the screen in real time. -or e:ample8 scanned*in photographs are electrically touched up8 cropped and com+ined &ith others +efore pu+lication.

 'econd 2image processing48 simple image processing operations are often used in computer

graphics to help synthesi=e the image of a model.

1.! "he advantages o# Interactive Graphics

9et us discuss the advantages of interactive graphics. Today8 a high ?uality graphics display of personal computer provide one of the most natural means of communication &ith a computer. It provides tools for producing pictures not only of concrete8 @real*&orldA o+>ects +ut also of a+stract8 synthetic o+>ects8 such as mathematical surfaces in 4$ and of data that have no inherent geometry8 such as survey results. It has an a+ility to sho& moving pictures8 and thus it is possi+le to produce animations &ith interactive graphics. 1ith interactive graphics use can also control the animation +y ad>usting the speed8 the portion of the total scene in vie&8 the geometric relationship of the o+>ects in the scene to one another8 the amount of detail sho&n and so on.
The interactive graphics provides tool called motion d namics. 1ith this tools user can

move and tum+le o+>ects &ith respect to a stationary o+server8 or he can ma.e o+>ects stationary and the vie&er moving around them. A typical e:ample is &al. throughs made +y +uilder to sho& flat interior and +uilding surroundings. In many case it is also possi+le to move +oth o+>ects and vie&er.
The interactive graphics also provides facility called update d namics. 1ith update

dynamics it is possi+le to change the shape8 colour or other properties of the o+>ects +eing vie&ed. 1ith the recent development of digital signal processing 2$'P4 and audio synthesis chip the interactive graphics can no& provide audio feed+ac. along &ith the graphical feed+ac.s to ma.e the simulated environment even more realistic. In short8 interactive graphics permits e:tensive8 high*+and&idth user*computer interaction. It significantly enhances the a+ility to understand information8 to perceive trends and to visuali=e real or imaginary o+>ects either moving or stationary in a realistic environment. It also ma.es it possi+le to get high ?uality and more precise results and products &ith lo&er analysis and design cost. 1.$ %epresentative Uses o# Computer Graphics The use of computer graphics is &ide spread. It is used in various areas such as industry8 +usiness8 government organi=ations8 education8 and entertainment. 9et us discuss the representative uses of computer graphics in +rief.

 User Inter#aces&

ser friendliness is one of the main factors underlying the success and popularity of any system. It is no& &ell esta+lished fact that graphical interfaces provide and attractive and easy interaction +et&een users and computers. The +uilt*in graphics provided &ith user interfaces use visual control items such as +uttons8 menus8 icons8 scroll +ar etc8 &hich allo&s user to interact &ith computer only +y mouse*clic.. Typing is necessary only to input te:t to +e stored and manipulated. organi=ations8 computer graphics is most commonly used to create 2$ and 3$ graphs of mathematical8 physical and economic functions in form of histograms8 +ars and pie*charts. These graphs and charts are very useful for decision ma.ing.

Plotting o# graphics and chart& In industry8 +usiness8 government and educational

'##ice automation and (es)top Pu*lishing& The des.top pu+lishing on personal

computers allo& the use of graphics for the creation and dissemination of information. 3any organi=ations does the in*house creation and printing of documents. The des.top pu+lishing allo&s user to create documents &hich contains te:t8 ta+les8 graphs and other forms of dra&n or scanned images or pictures. This is one approach to&ards the office automation.
Computer-aided (ra#ting and (esign& The computer*aided drafting uses graphics to

design components and systems electrical8 mechanical8 electromechanical and electronic devices such as automo+ile +odies8 structures of +uilding8 airplane8 ships8 very large*scale integrated 2)9'I4 chips8 optical systems and computer net&or.s.
+imulation and Animation0

se of graphics in simulation ma.es mathematical models and mechanical systems more realistic and easy to study. The interactive graphics supported +y animation soft&are proved their use in production of animated movies and cartoons films. graphics. This allo&s user to create artistic pictures &hich e:press messages and attract attentions. 'uch pictures are very useful in advertising.

Art and Commerce& There is a lot of development in the tools provided +y computer

Process Control& <y the use of computer no& it is possi+le to control various processes in

the industry from a remote control room. In such cases8 process systems and processing parameters are sho&n on the computer &ith graphic sym+ols and identifications. This ma.es it easy for operator to monitor and control various processing parameters at a time.
Cartograph & !omputer graphics is also used to represent geographic maps8 &eather

maps8 oceanographic charts8 contour maps8 population density maps and so on. 1., Classi#ication o# Applications In the last section &e have seen various uses of computer graphics. These uses can +e classified as sho&n in the -ig. 1.2. As sho&n in the -ig. 1.28 the use of computer graphics can +e classified according to dimensionality of the o+>ect to +e dra&n0 2$ or 3$. It can also +e classified according to .ind of picture0 'ym+olic or Realistic. 3any computer graphics applications are classified +y the type of interaction. The type of interaction determines the user7s degree of control over the o+>ect and its image. In controlla+le interaction user can change the attri+utes of the images. Role

of picture gives the another classification. !omputer graphics is either used for representation or it can +e an end product such as dra&ings. Pictorial representation gives the final classification to use computer graphics. It classifies the use of computer graphics to represent pictures such as line dra&ing8 +lac. and &hite8 colour and so on.

-ig. 1.2

1.- (evelopment o# .ard/are and +o#t/are #or Computer Graphics

The development of hard&are of computer graphics involves the development of input and output device technology. Therefore8 in all development of computer graphics involves the development in three fields0 1. (utput technology 2. Input technology and 3. 'oft&are technology 1.-.1 'utput "echnolog -ig. 1.3 sho&s the historical development in the output technology. In early days of computer the hardcopy devices such as teletype printer and line printer &ere in use &ith computer driven !RT displays. In mid fifties command and control !RT display consoles &ere introduced. The more display devices developed in mid*si:ties and in common use until the mid*eighties8 are called vector8 stro.e8 line dra&ing or calligraphic displays. The term vector is used as a synonyms for lineB a stro.e is a short line8 and characters are made of se?uence of such stro.es.

-ig. 1.3 1.-.1.1 Architecture o# a 0ector (ispla

-ig. 1.40 )ector 'can !RT As sho&n in -ig. 1.4 vector scan !RT display directly traces out only the desired lines on !RT i.e If &e &ant a line connection point A &ith point < on the vector graphics display. 1e simply drive the +eam deflection circuitry &hich &ill cause +eam to go directly from point A to <. If &e &ant to move the +eam from point A to point < &ithout sho&ing a line +et&een points8 &e can +lan. the +eam as &e move it. To move the +eam across the !RT8 the information a+out +oth8 magnitude and direction is re?uired. This information is generated &ith the help of vector graphics generator. The fig. 1." sho&s the typical vector display architecture. It consists of display controller8 !entral Processing nit 2!P 48 display +uffer memory and a !RT. A display controller is connected as an IC( peripheral to the central processing unit 2!P 4. The display +uffer memory stores the computer produced display list or display program. The program contains point and line plotting commands &ith 2:8y4 or 2:8y8=4 end point coordinates8 as &ell as character plotting commands. The display controller interprets commands for plotting points8 lines and characters and sends digital and point coordinates to a vector generator. The vector generator then converts the digital coordinates values to analog voltages for +eam*deflection circuits that displace an electron +eam &riting on the !RT7s phosphor coating.

-ig. 1."0 Architecture of a vector display In vector displays +eam is deflected from end point to end point8 hence this techni?ue is also called random scan. 1e .no& as +eam8 stri.es phosphor it emits light. <ut phosphor light decays after fe& milliseconds and therefore it is necessary to repeat through the display list to refresh the phosphor at least 36 times per second to avoid flic.er. As display +uffer is used to store display list and it is used for refreshing8 the display +uffer memory is also called re#resh *u##er. 1.-.1.2 Architecture o# a %aster (ispla The fig. 1.# sho&s the architecture of a raster display. It consists of display controller8 central processing unit 2!P 48 video controller8 refresh +uffer8 .ey+oard8 mouse and the !RT.

1ig. 1.-& Architecture o# a raster displa As sho&n in the -ig. 1.#8 the display images stored in the form of 1s and 6s in the refresh +uffer. The video controller reads this refresh +uffer and produces the actual image on the screen. It does this +y scanning one scan line at a time8 from top to +ottom and then +ac. to the top.

1ig. 1.2& %aster +can C%" In this method8 the hori=ontal and vertical deflection signals are generated to move the +eam all over the screen in a pattern sho&n in the -ig. 1.,. %ere8 the +eam is s&ept +ac. forth from left to right across the screen. 1hen the +eam is moved from the left to right8 it is (D. The +eam (--8 &hen it is moved from right to left as sho&n +y dotted line in -ig. 1., 1hen the +eam reaches the +ottom of the screen8 it is made (-- and rapidly retraced +ac. to the top to start again. A display produced in this &ay is called raster scan display. Raster scanning process is similar to reading different lines on the page of a +oo.. After completion of scanning of one line8 the electron +eam files +ac. to the start of ne:t line and process repeats. In the raster scan display8 the screen images is maintained +y repeating scanning the same image. This process is .no&n as re#reshing o# screen. 0ector +can (ispla %aster +can (ispla

1. In vector scan display the +eam is1. In raster scan display the +eam is moved all moved +et&een the end points of theover the screen one scan line at a time8 from top graphics primitives to +ottom and then +ac. to top. 2. )ector display flic.ers &hen the2. In raster display8 the refresh process is num+er of primitives in the +ufferindependent of the comple:ity of the image. +ecomes too large. 3. 'can conversion is not re?uired. 3. Graphics primitives are specified in terms of their endpoints and must +e scan converted into their corresponding pi:els in the frame +uffer. 4. 'can conversion hard&are is not4. <ecause each primitive must +e scan re?uired. converted8 real time dynamics is far more computational and re?uires separate scan conversion hard&are.

". )ector display dra&s a continuous". Raster display can display mathematically and smooth lines smooth line8 polygons and +oundaries of curved primitives only +y appro:imating them &ith pi:els on the raster grid. #. !ost is more. #. !ost is lo&.

,. )ector display only dra&s lines,. Raster display has a+ility to display areas and characters. filled &ith solid colors or patterns. 1.-.1.! (irect-vie/ storage tu*es In last si:ties8 the direct*vie& storage tu+e 2$)'T4 &as introduced in the display technology. The direct*vie& storage tu+es 2$)'T4 give the alternative method of maintaining the screen image. A $)'T uses the storage grid &hich stores the picture information as a charge distri+ution >ust +ehind the phosphor*coated screen. The -ig. 1.; sho&s the general arrangement of the $)'T. It consists of t&o electron guns0 a primary gun and a flood gun.

1ig. 1.3& Arrangement o# (0+" A primary gun stores the picture pattern and the flood gun maintains the picture display. A primary gun produces high speed electrons &hich stri.e on the storage grid to dra& the picture pattern. As electron +eam stri.es on the storage grid &ith high speed8 it .noc.s out electrons from the storage grid .eeping the positive charge. The .noc.ed out electrons are attracted to&ards the collector. The net positive charges on the storage grid is nothing +ut the picture pattern. The continuous lo& speed electrons from flood gun pass through the control grid and are attracted to the positive charged areas of the storage grid. The lo& speed electrons then penetrate the storage grid and stri.e the phosphor coating &ithout affecting the positive charge pattern on the storage grid. $uring this process the collector >ust +ehind the storage grid smooth out the flo& of flood electrons. Advantages o# (0+" 1. Refreshing of !RT is not re?uired. 2. <ecause no refreshing is re?uired8 very comple: pictures can +e displayed at very high resolution &ithout flic.er. 3. It has flat screen.

(isadvantages o# (0+" 1. They do not display colors and are availa+le &ith single level of line intensity. 2. 5rasing re?uires removal of change on the storage grid. Thus erasing and redra&ing process ta.es several seconds. 3. 'elective or part erasing of screen is not possi+le. 4. 5rasing of screen produces unpleasant flash over the entire screen surface &hich prevents its use of dynamic graphics applications. ". It has poor contrast as a result of the comparatively lo& accelerating potential applied to the flood electrons. #. The performance of $)'T is some &hat inferior to the refresh !RT. In early seventies the ine:pensive raster graphics displays &ere developed. Raster displays store the display primitives 2such as lines8 characters solid and filled patterns4 in a refresh +uffer in terms of their corresponding pi:els. 1.-.2 Input "echnolog Input technology has also improved greatly over the years. Dum+er of input devices &ere developed over the years. These devices are punch cards8 light pens8 .ey+oard8 ta+les8 mouse and scanners. 1.-.! +o#t/are "echnolog 9i.e output and input technology there is a lot of development in the soft&are technology. In early days lo& level soft&are &ere availa+le. (ver the years soft&are technology moved from lo& level to device dependent and then to device independent pac.ages.
The device independent pac.ages are high level pac.ages &ith can drive a &ide variety of

display and printer devices. As a need for the device independent pac.age standardi=ation is made and specifications are decided.
The first graphics specification to +e officially standardi=ed &as GE' 2the Graphical

Eernel 'ystem4. GE' supports the grouping of logically related primitives such as lines8 polygons8 and character strings and their attri+utes in collected form called segments. In 1/;;8 a 3$ e:tension of GE'8 +ecame an official standard8 as did a much more sophisticated +ut even more comple: graphics system called P%IG' 2Programmer7s %ierarchical Interactive Graphics 'ystem4.
P%IG'8 as its name implies8 supports nested hierarchical grouping of 3$ primitives8 called

structures. In P%IG'8 all primitives are su+>ected to geometric transformations such as scaling8 rotation and translation to accomplish dynamic movement. P%IG' also supports a data+ase

of structures the programmer may edit and modify. P%IG' automatically updates the display &henever the data+ase has +een modified. 1.2 Conceptual 1rame/or) #or Interactive Graphics The -ig. 1./ sho&s the high level conceptual frame&or. for interactive graphics. It consists of input and output devices8 graphics system8 application program and application model. A computer receives input from input devices8 and outputs images to a display device. The input and output devices are called the hard&are components of the conceptual frame&or.. There are three soft&are components of conceptual frame&or.. These are0 Application 3odel Application Program and Graphic 'ystem

1ig. 1.4& Conceptual #rame /or) #or interactive graphics Application 5odel& The application model captures all the data and o+>ects to +e pictured on the screen. It also captures the relationship among the data and o+>ects. These relationships are stored in the data+ase called application data+ase8 and referred +y the application programs. Application program& It creates the application model and communicates &ith it to receive and store the data and information of o+>ect7s attri+utes. The application program also handles user input. It produces vie&s +y sending series of graphics output commands to the graphics system. The application program is also responsi+le for interaction handling. It does this +y event handling loops. Graphics + stem& It accepts the series of graphics output commands from application program. The output commands contain +oth a detailed geometric description of &hat is to +e vie&ed and the attri+utes descri+ing ho& the o+>ects should appear. The graphics system is responsi+le for actually producing the picture from the detailed descriptions and for passing the user7s input to the application program for processing. 1.3 +ummar !omputer graphics is one of the most e:citing and rapidly gro&ing computer field. It is also an e:tremely effective medium for communication +et&een human +eings and computers. It is one of the most effective and commonly used &ay to communicate the processed information to the user. 3ainly this unit deals &ith the image processing as picture analysis8 advantages of interactive

graphics8 representative uses of computers graphics. !lassification of applications and development of hard&are and soft&are for computer graphics. 1.4 "erminal 6uestions 1. $iscuss on topic image processing as picture analysis. 2. 9ist the advantages of interactive graphics. 3. 5:plain the representative uses of computer graphics. 4. 5:plain the classification of use of computer graphics. ". 5:plain the development of hard&are and soft&are for computer graphics. #. 5:plain the architecture of a vector display. ,. 5:plain the architecture of a raster display. ;. Give the comparison +et&een vector scan display and raster scan display. /. Give historical development of output technology. 16. 1rite a short note on a. Input technology +. +4 'oft&are technology 11. 1ith a neat +loc. diagram e:plain the conceptual frame&or. of interactive graphics.