ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

RESONANCE
CHAPTER 4
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RESONANCE IN
SERIES CIRCUIT
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Resonance In Series Circuit
Series resonance happens when reactance are equal

fC
fL

2
1
2
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Resonance In Series Circuit
At resonance;

VL = VC

Z = R

I = V/R

The series resonant circuit is often described as an acceptor
circuit since it has its minimum impedance, and thus maximum
current, at the resonant frequency.

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RLC Series Circuit
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Graph Of
Impedances, Z vs frequency, f
Figure shows what happens to the
reactances (XC and XL), resistance (R) and
impedance (Z) as the supply (VS) is varied
in frequency from 0Hz upwards.

At first the circuit behaves as a capacitor,
the total impedance of the circuit (Z) falls
in a very similar curve to XL XC.
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Graph Of
Impedances, Z vs frequency, f
At a particular frequency
r it can be seen that XL
XC has fallen to zero and
only the circuit resistance
R is left across the supply.

The current flowing
through the circuit at this
point will therefore be at a
maximum.


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Graph Of
Impedances, Z vs frequency, f
As the frequency increases
above this resonant
frequency (r) the
impedance rises, and as XL
is now the larger of the two
reactances, the impedance
curve begins to follow an
increasing value more like
the linear graph of XL.


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Graph Of Voltage, V & Current, I vs
frequency, f
Figure illustrates the
relationships between the
individual component
voltages, the circuit
impedance(Z) and the
supply current (IS) (which
is common to all the series
components).

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Graph Of
Voltage, V & Current, I vs frequency, f
At a particular frequency r it
can be seen that XL XC has
fallen to zero and only the
circuit resistance R is left across
the supply.

The current flowing through the
circuit at this point will
therefore be at a maximum.


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Graph Of
Voltage, V & Current, I vs frequency, f
Now VC and VL are equal in value
and opposite in phase, so will
completely cancel each other out.

Reactance is effectively zero and
the circuit is completely resistive,
with Z equal to R.

The circuit current (IS) will be at
its maximum and will be in phase
with the supply voltage (VS) which
is at its minimum.

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Resonant Frequency

LC
f
LC
f
C f
L f
X X
r
r
r
r
C L

2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2

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Q-factor
At resonance, if R is small compared with XL and XC, it
is possible for VL and VC to have voltages many times
greater than the supply voltage,


:oltogc mogncoton ot rcsononcc
=
:oltogc ocross (or C)
supply :oltogc


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Q-factor
This ratio is a measure of the quality of a circuit (as a resonator or tuning device) and is called the Q-factor.
Hence

octor =

=
I

IR
=

R
=
2

R

Alternatively

octor =

=
I
C
IR
=

C
R
=
1
2

CR

At resonance

=
1
2 C
. c 2

=
1
C

Hence

octor =
2

R
=
1
C

R
=
1
R

C


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Frequency Bandwidth
Figure shows how current I varies with
frequency in an RLC series circuit.

At the resonant frequency fr , current
is a maximum value, shown as Ir .

Also shown are the points A and B
where the current is 0.707 of the
maximum value at frequencies f1 and
f2.

The power delivered to the circuit is
I
2
R.
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Frequency Bandwidth
At I =0.707 Ir , the power is (0.707 Ir)
2
R
= 0.5 Ir
2
R, i.e. half the power that occurs
at frequency fr .

The points corresponding to f1 and f2 are
called the half-power points.

The distance between these points, i.e. ( f2
f1), is called the bandwidth, B.

=

B
=

2

1


or BonJwJt, B,

1
=

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Example 1
A coil of negligible resistance and inductance 100mH is
connected in series with a capacitance of 2 F and a resistance
of 10 across a 50V, variable frequency supply. Determine;
(a) the resonant frequency,
(b) the current at resonance,
(c) the voltages across the coil and the capacitor at resonance,
(d) the Q-factor of the circuit.

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Solution Of Example 1
Resonant frequency

=
1
2 C
=
1
2 1uum 2
= SSS.9Ez

Current at resonant
I =

R
=
Su
1u
= SA

Voltage across coil at resonance

= I

= I 2 = S 2 SSS.9 1uum = 1118

Voltage across capacitance, at resonance,

C
= I
C
=
I
2C
=
S
2 SSS.9 2
= 1118

Q-factor
octor =

or

=
1118
S
= 22.S6

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Example 2
A filter in the form of a series LRC circuit is designed to
operate at a resonant frequency of 5 kHz. Included within the
filter is a 20mH inductance and 10 resistance. Determine the
bandwidth of the filter.

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Solution Of Example 2
octor =
2

R
=
2 Sk 2um
1u
= 62.8S

Hence bandwidth;

1
=

=
Sk
62.8S
= 79.6Ez

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Summary Of Formula
Resonance In Series Circuit
ITEM
Resonant
frequency

2
=
1
2
2
C

=
1
2 C

Current, I
I =

R

Q-factor
=
2

R
=
1
2

CR

=
1
R

C

=

B

Bandwidth, B
B =

B =
2

1

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Resonance in Parallel Circuit
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Resonance In Parallel Circuit
Resonance occurs in the two branch network containing capacitance C in
parallel with inductance L and resistance R in series when the quadrature(i.e.
vertical) component of current ILR is equal to IC.
At this condition the supply current I is in-phase with the supply voltage V.



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Parallel Resonance Frequency
When the quadrature component of I
LR
is equal to I
C
then: I
C

=I
LR
sin
1


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Parallel Resonance Frequency

=
1
2
1
C

R
2

2

Where
fr = resonant frequency
L = inductance
C = capacitance
R = resistance
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Current At Resonance
I

= I

cos
1
=

=
R
Z

2


However from equation
Z

2
=

C

Hence
I

=
R
C


I

=
RC

The current is at a minimum at resonance.

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Current At Resonance
Current circulated at
Capacitor, C at resonance;

I
CC
=

C
=

1
2

C
= 2

C

Current circulated at
Inductor, L at resonance;

I
C
=

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Dynamic Resistance
Since the current at resonance is in-phase with the voltage
the impedance of the circuit acts as a resistance.
This resistance is known as the dynamic resistance, R
D
(or
sometimes, the dynamic impedance).

ynomc rcsstoncc, R

RC


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Q-factor
Currents higher than the supply current can circulate within
the parallel branches of a parallel resonant circuit, the
current leaving the capacitor and establishing the magnetic
field of the inductor, this then collapsing and recharging the
capacitor, and so on.

The Q-factor of a parallel resonant circuit is the ratio of the
current circulating in the parallel branches of the circuit to
the supply current, i.e. the current magnification.

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Q-factor
Q-factor at parallel resonance = current magnification

=
crculotng currcnt
supply currcnt
=
I
C
I

=
I

sin
1
I

cos
1
=
sin
1
cos
1
= tan
1
=

R


octor ot rcsononcc =
2

R


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Example 1
A pure inductance of 150mH is connected in parallel with a 40
F capacitor across a 50V, variable frequency supply.
Determine;
(a) the resonant frequency of the circuit
(b) the current circulating in the capacitor and inductance at
resonance.
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Solution Of Example 1
Parallel resonant frequency

=
1
2
1
C

R
2

2
=
1
2
1
1Sum 4u
= 64.97Ez

Current circulating in L and C at resonance
I
CC
=

C
=

1
2

C
= 2

C = 2 64.97 4u Su
= u.816A
Alternatively
I
CC
=

=
Su
2 64.97 1Sum
= u.817A

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Example 2
A coil of inductance 0.20H and resistance 60 is connected in
parallel with a 20 F capacitor across a 20V, variable frequency
supply. Calculate;
(a) the resonant frequency,
(b) the dynamic resistance,
(c) the current at resonance
(d) the circuit Q-factor at resonance.

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Solution Of Example 2
Resonant frequency

=
1
2
1
C

R
2

2
=
1
2
1
u.2 2u

6u
2
u.2
2
= 6S.66Ez

Dynamic resistance
R

RC
=
u.2
6u 2u
= 166.7

Current at the resonance
I

=
2u
166.7
= u.12A
Circuit Q-factor
octor ot rcsononcc =
2

R
=
2 6S.66 u.2
6u
= 1.SS

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