Lecture 1

AER 303: Aircraft Propulsion (I) Heat Transfer and Combustion

Instructor: Dr. Farouk Owis Associate Professor Cairo University Faculty of Engineering Aerospace Dept.

AER 303-Heat Transfer and Combustion

Prerequisites: AER 207 Propulsion (Internal Combusion Engines) Lecture: Instructor: Monday 10:15-11:45 am & 12:15-1:45 Dr. Farouk Mohamed Owis
fowis@yahoo.com

AER 303-Heat Transfer and Combustion Lectures: 3 Hours Weekly Section: 1 Hour Weekly Text Book: J. P. Holman Heat Transfer McGraw-Hill, Tenth edition, 2010.

References
Other Important References: 1. Bergman, Lavine, Incropera, and DeWitt, "Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer" 7th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2011 (ISBN: 978-0-470-50197-9)

Course Documents
Lectures, Assignments, Important nnouncements, or other course documents will be posted on the following web site www.egypteducation.org Course Key: 2501 The Course is listed under Cairo University/ Faculty of Engineering/ Undergraduate Program/ Aerospace Eng.

Everyone is recommended to sign up on this web site with his real name in order to have access to the course materials, his grades and receive e-mails about any possible news.

Course Objectives
Calculate temperature distribution in walls using one- and multiple dimension assuming steady and unsteady heat flow. Learn the basics of heat conduction, convection and radiation. Solve analytically the steady and unsteady heat conduction equation.

Course Objectives
Apply the principles of heat transfer to the application of Aerospace Engineering such as turbine blade cooling. Study the principles of combustion for chemical equilibruim and reacting flows Design combusion chambers for jet engines

Course Contents
Introduction to heat transfer Steady one-dimensional conduction Steady multi-dimensional conduction Unsteady conduction Principles of convection heat transfer Introduction to combustion Thermodynamics of combustion Design of Jet Engine combustion chamber

Heat Transfer
Heat: A form of energy that is transferred due to difference in temperature between two bodies. (Thermal Energy) First Law of Thermodynamics The heat stored in a system can be used to perform useful work Heat = Useful Work + Wastage

Energy
SI Unit: ?

Units
Joules Other Units: Calories, Kilo Calories 1 Calorie=4.18 Joules

Power
Rate of heat transfer: Energy transfer per unit time Watts = Joules/sec SI Unit: ?

Forms of Heat Transfer

Conduction Convection Radiation

Conduction
Transfer of thermal energy due to molecular oscillations
Hot Flame Cold Surface

When a temperature gradient exists in a body, experience has shown that there is an energy transfer from the high-temperature region to the low-temperature region.

Examples of Conduction
Heating and cooling of turbine blades Heating of the combustion chamber walls Heating or cooling of satellite walls. Heating of boiler walls Walls of Cold Storage

As a result of conduction, there is a flux from the hot surface to the cold surface and the heat-transfer rate per unit area is proportional to the normal temperature gradient:

As a result of conduction, there is a heat flux from the hot surface to the cold surface and the heat-transfer rate per unit area is proportional to the normal temperature gradient:

Fourier Law where qx is the heat-transfer rate T/x is the temperature gradient in the direction of the heat flow. k is called the thermal conductivity of the material.

Convection
Transfer of heat by bulk movement of molecules of heated fluids (liquids, gases, air)
Exposure to cold air

Convection is driven by temperature difference at different spatial locations inside the fluid

Mixing Tank
Hot Flame

Examples of Convection
Boiling of water in a vessel Heating of juice in evaporation tank Air in heated oven Air in cold storage

Flow of hot gases over turbine blades Flow of steam in a steam turbine Air inside the room

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Radiation
Transfer by energy by electromagnetic waves

Oscillation of electric and magnetic fields in perpendicular planes Wave Length, Unit (meters)

Thermal Radiation
Radiation spectrum consists of: - A part of infrared rays (10-4 to 10-6 m) - Visible light (10-6 to 10-6.3 m) - A part of Ultra violet light (10-6.3 to 10-8.5 m)

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Examples of Thermal Radiation

Radiation of energy from sun From walls and heating element of an Oven to the Food From burning charcoal to the food Between any two bodies at different temperatures
T1>T2 T1 T2

Real Situations
All three types of heat transfer take place simultaneously One may be predominant
Example: Heating of Canned juice in a retort Heating of steak on a grill Why heating of canned solid foods requires more time than heating of canned liquid foods?

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Heat Transfer
Steady state Unsteady state (Temperature and heat flux change with time)

Conduction

T1

T2

T1

x T2

Q = K A (T1-T2)/x

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Q = K A (T1-T2)/x
Example: A 10 mm thick stainless steel vessel of 2 m2 surface area is used to boil milk. Its outer surface is at 200 C, inner surface is at 100 C. Thermal conductivity, K, 15 W/m C. Calculate heat conducted to the milk from vessels surface.
Q = 15 W/moC x 2m2 (200-100) 10x10-3 Ans: 3x105 W =300 kW

Q=

kA(T 1 T 2) x (T 1 T 2) (T 1 T 2) = x R kA x kA
R

Q=

R=

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Total R Concrete
Wood Paint

R1 =

x1 k1 A

R2 =

x2 k2 A

R3 =

x3 k3 A

R1

R2 Total, R = R1+ R2+R3

R3

Heat transfer rate, Q Concrete

T1 Wood T2 Paint

R1 =

x1 k1 A

R2 =

x2 k2 A

R3 =

Q=

(T 1 T 2) (T 1 T 2) = x1 x x R1 + R2 + R3 + 2 + 3 k1 A1 k2 A2 k3 A3

x3 k3 A

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Example
Plate type heat exchanger
Calculate Rsteel, Rpaint and Total R
1mm thick layer of painting material , K=0. 1W/mK

Stainless Steel Plate Surface: 3 mm thick, K=20W/mK

A=.5 m2

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