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UNIT 1
ULTIMATE LIMITS STATE DESIGN CONCEPT
GENERAL OBJECTIVE:
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
characteristic load.
INPUT 1
1.1 Definition
which are safe and that can be used as intended, with minimum cost, during
compressive strength of concrete is higher than its tensile strength but it is very
wants to build a structure for his/ her intended purpose. The client will consult an
architect or an engineer who will then transform the project into drawings after
Based on the architect’s drawings, the engineer will determine the structural
layout such as the structural frame, structural elements, sizes and dimensions e.g.
The engineer will carry out the structural analysis. This involves the calculation
and determination of the force on each structural element. After that, the sizes of
the elements, their positions and their numbers will be calculated as shown in the
detailed drawings.
The design process and how the project is accomplished is shown in Figure 1.1
Load
calculations
Detailed
Layout
Structural
Architect’s
Drawings
Plan
/
Structural
Drawings
Design
Analysis
slab, column, wall, staircase and foundation. Each of them will be specifically
During the design stage, the engineer will continuously refer to a particular code
i.e. best practices experienced by enquiries and research which have been
compiled and documented. The British Standard is generally referred to when the
As far as reinforced concrete design is concerned, the codes of practice that are
Part 3: Design charts for singly beams, doubly beams and rectangular
columns.
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This method ensure that the structures are safe and fit for use i.e. they will not
structure.
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ultimate limit state and are checked against the serviceability limit state. This
the occupants.
For water retaining structures, cracks are the most important criteria. They have to
be watertight. Therefore the structure should be designed for Ultimate Limit State
ignored. They should be given some attention during the selection of materials
ACTIVITY 1a
INPUT!
The purpose of design may, perhaps be started as the provision of a structure complying
_________________.
The essential basis of the design method is to consider each ___________ and to provide
The purpose of design consists of finding and dealing with the most economical
requirements.
__________________________.
FEEDBACK 1a
client’s , user’s
limit state
serviceability
safety , serviceability
Dead , Imposed
elements
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INPUT 2
1.6 Load
statistically will not exceed during the design life of the structure.
Characteristic dead loads are fixed loads that will not be much different
from the estimated load. Some examples of dead load are the weight of the
This load is not fixed but may vary such as the weight of occupants,
obtained from BS 6399: Part 1 Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed
Loads.
3) Wind load ( wk )
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Wind load depends on the location, form, and dimension of the building
and the wind velocity of that particular area. CP3 Chapter 5 Part 2 gives
= ( gk , qk , wk ) × γf
Design load and partial safety factor for various load combination and limit states
ACTIVITY 1b
INPUT!
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a)……………………………………………………………………………
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b)……………………………………
…...................................................................................................................
.............................................................
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c)……………………………………………………………………………
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State the code of practice that gives estimates of dead and imposed loads?
……………………………………………………………………………
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The code of practice that gives guideline for calculating wind load?
……………………………………………………………………………
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FEEDBACK 1b
Answers:
a) Dead load
b) Imposed load
c) Wind load
INPUT 3
is not suitable to be used because normally 50% of test results will fail.
Probability
distribution Characteristic Mean strength
strength
Area
Strength
= 0.05
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It can be shown that 5 % of the test rests will be less than the characteristic
N/ mm2, and a standard deviation of 5 N/mm2, you need to have a mean strength
= 30 + 1.64 (5)
= 30 + 8.2
= 38.2 N/mm2
days . Concrete of grade 25, 30, 35, 40 and 50 N/mm2 is normally used.
Three (3) types of steel reinforcement are high yield steel (T) with a strength of
460 N/mm2, mild steel (250 N/mm2 ) and fabric reinforcement (BRC) with a
Design strength =
characteristic strength
partial safety factor
=
( f cu , f y )
γm
Partial Safety Factor is used in design to take into account any variation that could
happen to load and strength during design and construction. BS 8110 has
established its values in Table 2.2, Part 1. Various factors which contribute to
Since ultimate limit state is more severe, so the safety factors are much bigger than those
Safety factor for steel reinforcement is less than for concrete because steel produced is
Safety factor for imposed load is more than for dead load because dead load could be
ACTIVITY 1c
INPUT!
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if σ = 4N/mm2?
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structures.
a)……………………………………………………………………………
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b)……………………………………………………………………………
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c)……………………………………………………………………………
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1.18 Given fy = 250 N/mm2, γm = 1.15. What is the steel design strength?
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……………………………………………………………………………
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FEEDBACK 1c
Answers:
= 33.44N/mm2
b) mild steel
c) BRC
SUMMARY
1. The aim of structural design is to build structures, which are safe and that
3. The design process starts immediately after the client proposes his or her
4. The design process includes the preparation of the layout plan, structural
working drawings.
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7. Loads are categorized as dead load, imposed load, and wind load.
factor.
10. Partial Safety Factors is used to take into account any inaccuracies during
SELF-ASSESSMENT
A. Safety
B. Cost
C. Maintenance
D. Aesthetic
A. durable
B. commercial value
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C. resistance to misuse
D. fire resistant
A. ISO 9000
B. BS 8110
C. BS 6399
D. CP 3
4. Which of the following failures occur when Ultimate Limit State in exceeded?
A. Deflection
B. Vibration
C. Collapse
D. Cracking
5. The design method used in BS 8110 is one of the following. Select the answers.
B. Conservative Design
D. Simple Design
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σ = 3.5 N/mm2
A. 0.29 N/mm2
B. 2.9 N/mm2
C. 29.0 N/mm2
D. 290.0 N/mm2
A. 928 kN
B. 0.928 kN
C. 9.28 kN
D. 92.8 kN
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8. Partial safety factor, γm for concrete in shear without shear reinforcement is equal
to...
A. 1.50
B. 1.25
C. 1.40
D. 1.30
A. 400 N/mm2
B. 450 N/mm2
C. 500 N/mm2
D. 550 N/mm2
10. Given that Gk = 50 kN, Qk = 100 kN. What is the design load?
A. 23 kN
B. 230 kN
C. 2300 kN
D. 23, 000 kN
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FEEDBACK ON SELF-ASSESSMENT
Award one mark for every correct answer. The total is 100% for 10 marks.
1. D
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. C
6. C
7. D
8. B
9. A
10. B
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END OF UNIT 1