Name: Class:

TransportofMaterialsinFloweringPlants
Investigation 8.1 To examinetheinternalstructureofa
dicotyledonousstem, rootandleaf
t.
',-'
0:
.. :....:.;,.

. a di<;otyledonousroot .
.
a ha'tld
Procedure
1. Examine the transverse section of
the dicotyledonous stem using a
hand lens or a stereomicroscope.
Make a drawing to show the
distribution of the vascular
bundles. (Do not draw
individual cells.)
Label the following: epidermis,
cortex, vascular bundles and
pith.
T.S. of a stem
2. Examine the transverse section of
the stem under the low power
microscope.
Draw one vascular bundle.
(Do not draw any cells.)
Label the following: phloem,
cambium and xylem.
A vascular bundle
3. (a) Whatis thefunctionofthephloem?
(b) Whatarethefunctionsofthexylem?
4. Examinethetransversesectionofthedicotyledonousrootunderthelowpower
microscope.Makeadrawingoftheroottoshowthedistributionofthexylemand
phloemwithintheoutlinediagramshownbelow.Alsodrawandlabelthe
following: piliferouslayer,roothairsandcortex. (Donotdrawanycells.)
o
T.S. of dicotyledonous root
5. Examinethetransversesectionoftheleafprovidedunderalowpowermicroscope.
Drawtheoutlineofthemidribandpartofthelamina.Withinthisoutline,drawthe
distributionofthexylemandphloeminthemidribandinonebranchvein.Also
drawandlabel:theupperandlowerepidermis,astomawithguardcells,cuticle,
palisaJeLissue,spongymesophyll..(Donotdrawanycells.)
T.S. of leaf
Name: Class:
Investigation 8.2 To show the path of water through a plant
Procedure
1. TakeayoungBalsamplantandwashitsrootwithwatertoremovethesoilparticles.
2. Allowtheplanttostandwithitsrootsimmersedindiluteeosin(red)solutionfora
fewhours.
3. Afterafewhouryoucanseethattheredeosinsolutionhasrisenuptheplant,right
uptotheveinsintheleaves.Cutthintransversesectionsofthestemandtheportion
oftherootnotimmersedintheredsolution.
4. Placeonesectionofthestemandanotheroftherootonaglassslide.Examinethe
sectionsunderthelowpowermicroscope.
S. Whichtissuehasbeenstainedred?
6. Withintheoutlinediagramsgivenbelow,drawandlabelthedistributionofthe
tissuethathasbeenstainedred.
T.S. of a root
T.S. of a stem
7. Whatcanyouconcludefromyourinvestigation?
8. Below is an outline diagram of a leaf. Shade and label the tissue through which
water enters the leaf.
vein
J----- midrib
T.S. of a leaf
Name: Class:
Investigation B.3 The "Ringing" experiment
Procedure
1. Cutoffacompleteringofbarkfromthemainstemofawoodytwiguntilthexylem
(orwood)isexposed(twigA shownbelow).Placethetwiginwaterwiththering
immersed.
2. Comparethiswithanothertwigthathasaringcutabovethewaterlevel(twigC).
3. SetupacontrolusinganunringedtwigB.
4. Placetheapparatusnearthewindowwherethetwigsreceivedsufficientsunlight.
regionwith
barkremoved
f---i-+--+- unringedstem
water
Fig. S.l
5. Observethetwigsdaily. Notewhereadventitiousrootsorswellingsappear.Make
drawingsofyourobservations.
Questions
1. What does this experiment tell you about the function of the phloem?
2. Suggest an explanation for your observation.
Name: Class:
Investigation 8.4 To demonstraterootpressure
1?P.atus and Materials
a
atubbertubing
aretort.sta.nd

., .
Procedure
1. Cutofftheshootofanactivelygrowingpottedplant,leavingaportionofthestem
about5emabovethesoiL
2. Fitaglasstubingabout20emlongfirmlytothecutendofthestembymeansofa
rubbertubingasshownbelow.
glass tubing----1
r--- retortstand
water------+1
stem--...,------1.'
pot---
Fig. 8.2To demonstrate root pressure
3. Partlyfill theglasstubingwithwaterandsupportitwitharetortstand.Markthe
levelofthewaterintheglasstubing.
4. Waterthesoilwell.Afterafewhoursnotethelevelofthewaterinthetubing.
5. Recordyourobservation.
6. Give an explanation for your observation.
Name: Class:
Investigation 8.5 To show transpiration in leaves and stems
(Teachers demonstrationj
andMaterials
apottedplant
apotofsoil
2belljars
2polythenebags!!..
. anhydrouscoppersul.fha%
Procedure
1. Takeapottedplantandwrapapolythenebagroundthepotandthestemofthe
plant.
2. PlacethepotonaglassplateandcoveritwithadrybelljarasshowninFig. 8.3.
3. Setupacontrolusingsimilarapparatusbutwithouttheplant.
4. Placethetwojarssidebysideinsunlightforonehour.
Control
\--- belljar----I
1---'----\-- pottedplant
I--+--polythenebag---I-----i
ofsoil
glassplate
Fig. 8.3
5. Whatdoyouobserveafter1hourin
(a) thejarwiththeplant?
(b) thecontrol?
6. Testanyliquidontheinsideofthebelljarwithanhydrouscoppersulphate.What
doyouobserve?
Whatistheliquid?
Theliquidis ____________________________
7. Whatisthereasonfor coveringthepotwiththepolythenebag?
8. Whatconclusioncanyoudrawfromyourobservations?
Name: Class:
Investigation 8.6 To compare transpiration in leaves and stems
(Teachers demonstrationsJ
andMaterials
.
,l. .2leafytwigsof aboutthesameslze
water
2beakers
oil
2belljars vaseline
Procedure
1. Taketwoleafytwigsofaboutthesamesizefromthesameplant.Cuttheendofeach
twigunderwater.Thispreventsairfromenteringthexylemvesselswhichwould
interferewiththeabsorptionofwaterbythetwig.
2. Placeeachtwiginabeakerofwater.Addalittleoilontothewater.
3. Cutoffalltheleavesfromonetwig.Applyvaselineonthecutendsofthepetioles
(leafstalks)topreventwaterlossthroughthecutends.
4. Applyvaselineonlyonthestemsoftheothertwig(leafytwig).
5. CovereachbeakerwithabelljarasshowninFig. 8.4. Placetheapparatusin
sunlight.
leafless twigwith
cutendsofpetiole
vaselined
H_+--_1eafytwigwith
stemvaselined

-+---+----water---t---+-
Fig. 8.4
6. Whatdoyouobserveafterabout2hours?
Injarwithleafytwig:
Injarwithleaflesstwig:
7. Give an explanation for your observation
Name: Class:
Investigation 8.7 To comparetherateoftranspiration throughthe
upperandlowersurfaces ofa leafusing cobalt
chloridepapers
Procedure
Thisexperimentrequiresaplantwithstomatamainlyonthelowersurfaceoftheleaves.
1. Explainhowyoucanfindoutwhetherstomataarefoundmainlyinthelower
epidermisofaleaf.
2. Usingapairofdryforcepsplaceapieceofdrycobaltchloridepaperoneachoftwo
glassslides.
3. Sandwichanintactleaf(i.e. aleafstillattachedtotheplant)betweenthetwoglass
slidesasshowninFig. 8.5. Holdtheglassslidesinpositionusingtworubberbands.
f
I .
'I'
\.
.\
\

II
glassslides
robbe, vi"" "-",,,kngth at ,lid"
Fig. 8.5
4. Observethecolourchangeinthecobaltchloridepapers.Whichpaperturnspink
faster?
5. Why are forceps used instead of your fingers to pick up the cobalt chloride papers?
6. What can you conclude from your investigation?
Name: Class:
Investigation 8.8 To find out whether transpiration occurs mainly
through the stomata
andMaterials
, .. ....
aplantwithstomatafoulldmainly It . tiu'ea{'f$)' '0
Ollthelowersurface,e.g.broad..
vaseUne
dkotyledol\ousleaves
<l scalpt;l
."iY'
aweighfugmachine
Procedure
1. Cutoffthreeleavesofaboutthesamesizeandsurfacearea.Coatthepetioleswith
vaselinetopreventevaporationofwaterfromthepetioles
2. Tie athreadtotheendofeachpetiolesothattheleafcanbehunguptodry. Note
downtheconditionofeachleaf,i.e. turgidorflaccid,witheredornot.
3. Treatthethreeleavesasfollows:
LeafA: Covertheuppersurfacewithathinlayerofvaseline.
LeafB: Coverthelowersurfacewithvaseline.
LeafC: Coverbothsurfaceswithvaseline.
4. Weigheachleafandrecordyourresultsinthetablebelow.
5. Hangupthethreeleaveswheretheycanreceivesunlight.
LeafA LeafB LeafC
uppersurfacecovered lowersurfacecovered bothsurfacecovered
Fig. 8.6
6. Afterafewhoursobservetheconditionoftheleaves.Recordyourobservationsin
thetable.
7. Weightheleavesagain.Calculatethepercentagemasslossineachleaf.
LeafA LeafB LeafC
Conditionofleaf
atbeginning
Conditionofleaf
atendofexperiment
I
LeafA LeafB LeafC
Originalmass(g)
Finalmass(g)
Lossinmass(g)
% lossinmass
8. Nametheprocesswhichismainlyresponsibleforthelossofmassintheleaves.
9. Whichleafhaslostthemostmass?
Why?
10. Giveanexplanationforyourobservationsintheotherleaves.
Name: Class:
Investigation 8.9 To measuretherateoftranspiration ofa potted
plantunderlaboratoryconditions
(Teachers demonstration)
Procedure
1. Takeawell-wateredpottedplantandwrapapolythenebagtightlyroundthepot
andthestemoftheplant.
2. Weightheplant.Placeitnearthewindowinthelaboratory.
3. Afterafewhours,e.g.3hours,weightheplantagain.Recordyourresultbelow.
(Thelossinmassismainlyduetothelossofwatervapourduringtranspiration.)
4. Calculatetherateoftranspirationunderlaboratoryconditions.
Massofpottedplant
= g
Massofpottedplantafter3hours = g
Lossinmass
= g
=lossinmass g/h
Rateoftranspirationoftheplant
timetaken
g/h
Name: Class:
Investigation 8.10 To measure the rate of transpiration using a
potometer (Teachers demonstrationJ
;;a.leafy o o ~
,afilterflasl<
arubberbung
arubbertubing
NOTE: Apotometerisusedtomeasuretherateofabsorptionofwaterbytheplant,and
nottherateoftranspiration.Inthisexperimentweshallassumethatinsteadystate,the
rateofabsorptionofwaterisproportionaltotherateoftranspiration.
retortstand
syringecontaining
airbackto right-nand
endofcapillarytube
I
air
B
meniscus
Fig. S.S A potometer
Procedure
1. Chooseasuitableleafyplant.Cutoffashootandimmediatelyimmersethecutend
inwater.Bringtheshootbacktothelaboratory.Cuttheshootagainunderwater,a
shortdistanceabovetheoriginalcut.
2. FittheshootintotheconicalfilterflaskofthepotometerasshowninFig.8.8. The
jointbetweentheshootandtherubberbungshouldbesmearedwithvaselineto
makesurethatitisairtight.
3. Placetheapparatusinsunlight.Astheshoottranspires,itabsorbswaterfromthe
potometer.Thiscausestheendofthewatercolumn(meniscus)inthecapillarytube
tomovefromBtoA. Bypushinginwaterfromasyringeasshown,themeniscus
couldbepushedbacktotheendofthecapillarytube.
leafyshoot
rubberbung--V..1
water-----I:#'
conical
filter ----I
flask
--
f------++--- waterfor pushing
rubber
tubing
graduated
capillarytube
4. Allowafewminutesfortheshoottoreachasteadystatebeforetakinganyreadings.
Meanwhileintroducewaterfromthesyringetokeepthemeniscusattheendofthe
tube.
5. Measurethetimetakenforthemeniscustomovethroughagivendistance,e.g.
fromB toA. Theratemovementofthemeniscusgivestherateofwaterabsorption
(orrateoftranspiration).Repeattheexperimentafewtimesandcalculatethemean
timetaken.
6. RecordthevolumeofthewatercolumnfromB toA.
7. Calculatetherateoftranspirationasfollows:
VolumeofwatercolumnfromB toA = a cm
3
Meantimetaken = bminutes
Rateoftranspiration alb cm
3
perminute
8. Repeattheexperimentunderdifferentenvironmentalconditions.Investigatethe
effectofeachofthefollowingfactors:
(a) sunlight
(b) wind- useasmallelectricfan(withtheshootstillinsunlight)
(c) humidity- enclosetheshootinatransparentplasticbag
9. Recordyourresultsinthetablebelow.
Timestakenformeniscus Rateof
tomovefromB toA transpiration
(volumeofwaterabsorbed
=
volume (cm
3
/minute)
betweenB andA) = cm
3
1st 2nd 3rd Average
reading reading reading time
Shootin
sunlight
Shootin
wind
Shootin
humidair
10. Whichshoottranspiresthefastest?
Giveyourreasons.