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A Contribution for Three-phase Power Flows Using the Current Injection Method
J . G . Mayordomo (member), M. Izzeddine, S . Martinez, R. Asensi
Universidad Polittknica de Madrid (UPM). Escuela Tknica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales Jose GutiQrezAbascal2, Madrid (Spain)

Abstract: This paper presents a formulation of the load flow solution based on the current injection method using the NewtonRaphson algorithm. The current injection equations are written in rectangular coordinates and in terms of symmetrical components. Special attention is given to obtain great flexibility in representing different PQ loads and shunt elements. A new formulation of PV machines provides a more homogeneous structure of the jacobian matrix. Moreover, with this PV machine representation,only the bus voltages are to be treated as unknowns and the discrimination between PQ and PV buses is not necessary.

I. "RODUCTION
In the steady-state operation of real three-phase power systems, the voltages and currents are not fully symmetrical due to conductor arrangements on towers of the overhead lines and to the existence of unbalanced loads such as AC high speed trains or arc furnaces. Therefore, a certain degree of unbalance can always be observed. Moreover, voltage unbalance is considered by power quality standards as a disturbance whose level must be compared with limits defined as the ratio of negative sequence to positive sequence and zero sequence to positive sequence. Therefore there is a need of having analysis software for performing unbalanced propagation studies in transmission and distribution power systems. In this way, a method has been recently proposed which combines a single-phase power flow and a fault analysis software [l]. A more detailed analysis requires the use of three-phase power flow [2]. An important part of these developments has been focused to establish three-phase power flow at fundamental frequency to be included in a harmonic power flow [3]-[5] where the iterative process is solved via Newton-Raphson method. In [4], a current injection method was proposed for PQ loads where the voltages are treated in polar coordinates. Recently, two excellent papers, [6] and [7], have proposed a new power flow formulation based on a current injection method using the Newton-Raphson algorithm. In [7], a threephase formulation is adopted where the current injection equations are written in rectangular coordinates of the phase quantities. This results in a sparse structure of the jacobian matrix. Main drawbacks of this method are the representations of PV machines and PQ loads. In other excellent paper [3] the aforementioned limitations of modeling PV machines and PQ loads are overcome via a method which provides great flexibility in modeling any kind of unbalance at fundamental frequency. However, the formulation of three-phase power flows

requires treating branch equation constraints instead of constraints on node quantities. This results in a very large jacobian matrix with additional magnitudes considered as unknowns. The objective of this paper is to combine the advantages indicated in [7] and [3] in a formulation based on the current injection method where the current injection equations are written in rectangular coordinates of the sequence quantities. Using different PQ load configurations and a new representation of the PV machines results in a compact formulation of the load flow where: 0 only constraints on node quantities are considered, only node voltages are treated as unknowns, is not necessary to distinguish between PQ and PV buses, 0 a similar flexibility modeling as indicated in [3] is achieved. This new formulation has been included in the harmonic power flow INTAR [81.

II THREE-PHASE CURRENT " I O N

POWER FLOW

A. Basic Equations The three-phase current mismatches for a given bus k are:
n ?

m=I j = l

where: i and j are index for sequence components 0, 1,2; k, m = { 1, ..., n), n being the total number of buses; h = I,fi +j I f i is the current leaving bus k. This current is produced by independent ac current sources, PV machines and PQ loads; = U-, + j Umj is the voltage at bus m and sequencej ; = Ghu + j Bhu is the k m element of the nodal admittance matrix; Equation (1) can be expressed in terms of its real and imaginary parts as follows:

m=l j = l

Applying Newton's method to (2) and (3), the terms of the jacobian matrix when k # m take the form:

0-7802-6499-6/CO/flO.O0 200C)IEEE

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The off-diagonal elements are identical to the corresponding elements of the bus admittance matrix. The diagonal elements (k= m) are given by:

The sensitivities of the currents I r k , I , with respect to the , , U , depend on the models selected for voltages U representing PV machines and PQ loads. These sensitivities , , ,U , . For a given value of k and m depend on the voltages U and for i, j = 0, 1,2, the terms H, N , J, L of (4) and (5) form a 6x6 block in the jacobian matrix which must not be updated during the iterative process. Only the 6x6 blocks of the diagonal elements of (6) and (7) have to be updated.

ungrounded. Loads type 1 and 3 are structurally balanced, and Ln of Fig.1 present the same namely, the admittances value for each sequence. Under this condition, the total threephase active Prl (or Pr3)and reactive Qrl (or Qr3) powers must be specified. Loads type 2 and 4 are structurally unbalanced. Therefore, active and reactive power of each branch must be specified. That means, that a bus with a load composed by loads type 1, 2, 3 and 4 requires 16 power specifications instead of the traditional method based on specifying only 6 values. It is important to note that the admittances indicated in Fig. 1 for load type 1 to 4 must be understood as variable admittances to maintain the power specifications. The analytical expressions of (lo), ( l l ) , (12) and (13) are indicated in Appendix A.

z,

B. Representation of the shunt elements

Constant impedance loads of any structure, capacitors and filters are included in the bus admittance matrix. The rest of the shunt elements forms the current demand &. at bus k of (1). In order to simplify the notation, the subscript k will be omitted from here on. In Fig. 1, a generalized current demand is presented. Here, the existence of 7 different types of elements acting simultaneously is considered. The simplest element corresponds with the set of independent current sources defined as type 7, these current sources can be specified or can be used as link between a fundamental power flow and an iterative harmonic analysis, as described in [4]. The rest of elements of Fig. 1 presents a nonlinear relation of the current with the terminal voltage. The objective of this section is to obtain analytical expressions of these relations for the first 6 elements in terms of sequence components in rectangular coordinates. The sequence components of & and L can be expressed by: &,=Uor+jUox ; & = U I ~ + ~ U I L~ b= ;U 2 r + j U a (8) _lo=Zor+jZox ; L = 4 r + j I I x ; L=I2r+jZ2r (9) In accordance with this scheme, the current demands of PQ loads type 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 are: _ 1 l " = f i ( U n , ~ , a , P r I , Q r I ) i = O , 192
9

Load type 5 represents the behavior of rotating machine loads with unequal negative and positive impedances, as in the case of induction motors [3]. For this load, it is assumed that both the negative & and zero & sequence admittances are known, namely:

& & ; _1+ (14) The positive sequence admittance is not known and is to be determined from the three-phase active PIand reactive QI power specifications of positive sequence, namely:

p=

The terms L and 16 are included in the bus admittance matrix. Therefore, only (15) must be handled for representing the element type 5 in the set of elements indicated in Fig. 1. Element type 6 represents the behavior of a synchronous machine acting as a PV machine. The response of a synchronous machine is different for positive, negative or zero sequence current injections. This must be taken into account in unbalanced load flow studies [3]. For similar reasons as used for load type 5, the negative &2 and zero &O sequence admittances are known and are included in the bus admittance matrix so that:

_1'"''&2& ; _lp=&ogJ (16) The positive sequence component will be a nonlinear function fa given by: ~ ~ 2 J = f 2 ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ a , ~ , , ~ b , ~ ~ , ~ c , ~ c ~ , i = o , 1 , 2 ( 1 1 ) = f6 PI,, VIS& (17) L!3)= f3 ( . & ! I , Pr3, Qr3), i = 1 , 2 (12) where PI, is the three-phase specified power of positive _l$4'=f4(UI,Lb2,Pdr Qd,PbctQbc,PC(I,Qca>,i=1,2 (13) sequence and UIspis the specified magnitude of the positive sequence voltage at the terminal machine [3]. The form of where the terms P and Q represent the specified active and reactive power according to the power flow constraints. function fa is one of the main contributions of this paper and it will be treated in the next section. Equations (lo), ( l l ) , Loads type 1 and 2 are grounded while loads 3 and 4 are

(10)

a,

'

,I,
I -

I 1

I1

Type 1

Type 2

Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Fig. 1. Generalized current demand at a bus

Type 7

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The sensitivities of the currents Z$,6)and1s:with respect and U,,are given in Appendix B. These to the voltages U], sensitivities are dominated by the factor llr. In this way, values of lo4 to l o 5 pu for r provide a good compromise for avoiding numerical problems in the jacobian matrix and for obtaining very low discrepancies between voltages VI and Uls,,. This discrepancy takes the value IU, - UI,l = r I J , namely, it increases with the reactive current . Therefore, a criterion for selecting the most suitable value of r could be pu if the MVA the following: select a value of lo4 to , of the PV machine is 100 MVA. For any other rating S rating of S,,,, a value of r = lo4 a100 M V N S , (MVA) is adopted. With this, a similar discrepancy level in all PV machines is reached.

(12), (13), (15) and (17) form a set of nonlinear functions which describes the shunt elements in a general case. Therefore, the total current & of (1) can be expressed:

Ii =

cp
7
s=I

(18)

The sensitivities of the currents with respect to the voltages of (6) and (7) can be obtained by summation the individual contribution of each element. For instance,

C . PV machine modeling
The PV machine can be modeled for the positive sequence by means of the equivalent circuit of Fig. 2a where the conductance GI, and susceptance BI, are not known. They must be varied until the power constraint PI, and the voltage constraint U , , at bus k are satisfied. Therefore, the branch current & is purely active and the branch current $ is purely reactive. In accordance with (15), & can be expressed by:

III. EXAMPLES
A. Test System I The base case corresponds to the 14 Bus Transmission System indicated in Fig. 1.1 of [9]. In this example, the positive sequence data of a balanced system are specified w i t h a base of IOOMVA. The following modifications are performed on this system: 1. Buses 301 and 302 and the filters connected to buses 3 and 8 are eliminated. The transformers that link bus 3 with buses 301 and 302 are also eliminated. 2. All buses of Fig. 1.1 of [9] have a nominal voltage of 115 kV, excepting bus 8 which has a nominal voltage of 13.8 kV. A PQ load of 8 O M W and 20 MVAr is introduced in bus 3. All PQ loads will be treated as ungrounded, structurally balanced (type 3 loads). 3. The transformer impedances of Table 1.2 of [9] are adopted for positive, negative and zero sequence magnitudes. Moreover, all Y-windings are grounded. 4. The subtransient reactances of Table 1.3 of [9] are selected for representing the negative and zero sequence reactances of the PV machines. 5. For the transmission lines which link buses 6, 9, 10, 11, 12,13 and 14, a zero sequence resistance Ro = 3 RI, and a zero sequence reactance XO = 3.5 X I are assumed. RI and X I are indicated in Table 1.2 of [SI. Namely, these overhead lines are modeled as balanced elements. 6. For the seven lines that link buses 1, 2, 3,4, and 5, a zero sequence resistance Ro = 3 RI, reactance XO= 3.5X I and susceptance Bo = 3.5 BI are assumed. R I , X I and BI are indicated in Table 1.2 of [9]. The load flow solution is shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Load flow solution for the base case

where PI, < 0 (Qlg< 0) if the PV machine generates power, or P I , > 0 for power consumption.

a) Equivalent circuit

b) SVC characteristic Rg.2. PV machine model for the positive sequence

The voltage regulation is represented by the reactive branch. This scheme coincides with the behavior of a SVC characteristic as shown in Fig. 2b. The voltage set point EI must be equal to the voltage constraint Ulspand the voltage slope r must take a very low value, for instance, r = O.OOO1 pu, in order to reach at bus terminal k the specified value UI~,,. On the other hand, voltages and & have the same phase angle, namely,

UI = V I Is, and ICI = El

into account these considerations, the branch current be expressed by: ) (costil + j sin&, ) fi =---j U - E 1 - ( U,- UISp with
Jr 1 V I ,= U,c o d , ; U,, = U I sinal

h. Taken r can
(21) (22)

In accordance with (20), (21) and (223, the real and imaginary parts of the PV machine current Ii6)are:

-298 . ' .
Table 5: Load flow solution for case 1

1) Case 1. Line unbalance: In this case, for the seven lines that link buses 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, a distributed parameter line model is adopted. It takes into account the geometric layout of the conductors (see Fig. 3 and Table 2), skin effect and earth return path according to Carson equations. An earth resistivity of 100 R m is considered.
Table 2: Geometricparameters (in m)

d 0.5

I 4 I 4 I hi I hz I 5.08 I 3.90 I 12.30 I 2.95

Dz

Ground conductors

_II

Dz

7-

__

I
Fig. 3: Geometric layout of the conductors

h1

The ground conductors present a radius of 3 mm. Each phase conductor of the phase-bundled conductor shown in Fig.3 is ACSR. Two types of ACSR conductors are considered, as shown in Table 3. DC resistance r&, internal conductor diameter Qinr and external conductor diameter are indicated in this table at a temperature of 20" C.
Table 3: Characteristics of phase conductors Type LA-180 LA-280

r&(QJkm)
0.1962 0.1194

$inr(m)

b(m)

7.50 8.04

17.50 21.80

The types of the phase conductors as well as the length of

each transmission line are indicated in Table 4.
Table 4: Phase conductor and length of each line
11

Line 1-2 1-5

4-5

Conductor LA-180 LA-280 LA-280 LA-180 LA-1 80 LA-1 80 LA-180

Length (km) 26.702 102.902 91.338 79.564 78.463 77.177 18.997

12 13 14

1.177 1.029 1.058 1.270

-129.72 -128.02 -128.95 -131.88

102.920 105.092 104.228 100.007

-14.82 -15.49 -15.44 -15.82

2.618 2.270 2.326 2.802

-107.94 -105.82 -107.18 -112.19

With this input data, and with the hypothesis of perfectly transposed lines, the positive sequence parameters RI, XIand B, provided by this model are very similar to the parameters indicated in Table 1.2 of [9]. However, in this case an untransposed line model will be considered. Under this condition, these seven lines introduce coupling among sequences, which produces structural unbalances in the system.

The results are shown in Table 5 . The existence of negative and zero voltage components is due to the unbalance introduced by these seven lines.

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. .

B. Test System 2 This system is based on the IEEE 1 1 8 bus network, in which the following considerations are made: the positive sequence data of the system are specified with a base of 1OOMVA and the subtransient reactances of generators are 0.1 p.u. A modification is made in the PQ load of buses 11, 60 and 78 according to the scheme: Bus 11. Type 4. P* = 70 MW, Qb= 23 MVAr. Bus 60. Type 4. Pk = 78 MW, Qk = 3 MVAr. Bus 78. Type 4. P, = 71 MW, Qca= 26 MVAr. Fig. 4 shows the negative sequence voltage profile provided by the load flow for this unbalanced system.

Injections. IEEE Trans. on Power System Vol. 14, No. 4, Nov. 1999, pp. 1320-1326. [7] P. A. N. Garcia, J. L. R. Pereira, S .Cameiro JR., V. M. Da Costa, N. Martins. Three-Phase Power Flow Calculations Using the Cunent Injection Method. IEEE PES Summer Meeting 1999, PE-026PRS. [8] J. G. Mayordomo, L F. Beites, R. Asensi, M. Izzeddine, J. Bueno, JNTAR: Software package developed by the ETSII in collaboration with the Electric Utilities IBERDROLA S.A. and RBE. [9] Task Force on Harmonics Modeling and Simulation, Transmission & Distribution Committee. Test Systems for Harmonics Modeling and Simulation. IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, No. 2 Apr. 1999, p ~579-585. .

VI. APPENDIX A
Currents of loads type 1 and 3 present the form:

E 2
3

2.5 1.5

80

g o ,

20

40

60

100

118

where:

U ~ 1 2 = U ~ + U ~; +U U~ :,=U:+U~

(A3)

The sensitivities of currents ~{Jwith respect to the sequence voltages provide a block of 36 elements, while for cux~ent&~only16 terms are obtained. For instance, the sensitivity
Case1 Test System 1 I Case2 I h e 3 Test System2

a~g~iau,, is:

For the sake of brevity, the rest of the, derivatives are omitted here.
For load type 2, the application of symmetrical & and & yields to: components to admittances L,

gJ= && +&I

WJ + h2 &

By combination of (M), (A6), (A7) and (A8), the currents are expressed by:

- 300 with

= Paz= U+& + W 3 Pbo = ~0 +a2& +a &)/3 ;pd = +a& +a2&)/3 P b l = (U&+& +u2&)/3 ;Pel = (a&,+& +aG)/3 (A10) p b 2 = (a2& +a ~1 + a 1 1 ; 3 pcz = (a + a z u+a113
P n o = Pa1

=3(

~ 3 + 2 ~ 1 2 + ~ 1 )2

U& = 3 ( U 3 2 - 2 Ylz )
= 3 N 2 + ~ iz~
with
1 )2

(MO)

On the other hand, the voltages U,,U, and U, in terms of sequence components are:

Y I= ~ u 1 J 2 r + UdJ2.x (M1) where the term pI2coincides with the indications of (A12).
The currents of (A18) are expressed in terms of sequence voltages if (A19) and (MO) are considered. After that, 16 sensitivities must be calculated. For instance, The derivative a < ~ ) I a U 2 , ,when only power demand between phases b and c is considered, has the form:

U, =u ; 1 2 +2 Yo12 - Yo12 + P O I - Po2 -IPI2 u,z = - Y o 1 2 -Po1 +Po2 - P I 2 U , =

with

(A1 1)

=
YOIZ

~ 1 2 =

= UOrUlr + U

d i x + u0JJ2r

4 4 4 (uirua-

( u o r u l x - uoxu1r) ( u o r u a - uoxu2r) ulxu2r)

(A121

+ U0xu2.x + J1ru2r + Uixu2.x

Therefore, the currents of (A9) are expressed in terms of sequence voltages if (A10) and (All) are considered. After that, 36 sensitivities must be calculated. For instance, The term a I p / a U o x , when only power demand on phase a is considered, has the form:
-=

where Pklr and P m of Pbcl.

-=JUZ,

Qbcu,&

-6(pbcpbclr
G

+e b 8 b c l x )pbclx
C

(A221

pklxare

respectively the real and imaginary

W. APPENDIX B
Sensitivities of shunt elements type 5 and 6 are very (15) and (17) only simple since the ~urrent&::)and&~of depend on the positive sequence voltage Therefore:

a ! : eau, - 1 8 ( P a P a I r + Q a P a l x aU O X 3U ,

a.

lPalx

(A13)

a p ---=a p -au1r
aulx
av1x

PI (

u2 Ix - U ~ , ) - 2 Q l U l r ~ l x
3 U:
3U :
UlspUlrUlx

where

Pair and palx are the real and imaginary parts of pa,.

---afif -aI{, - Q
au1r

~ ( ~ ~ r - ~ ~ x l - 2 P , U ~ r u , ~

For the load type 4, the application of symmetrical components to admittances L, & and II,yields to:

L:= s i gi + zit &

2 6 ; )_--a~ip) --eg(u;x-u;r)+
aulr
aU1x

g) =
with
1;I

221

U,-k 1 1 1 &

3 U;

r U:

(A141

=& +& +Ea

(A151

I ;= ~a * - 16,+ a &a = a h -& + a * sa

a g ) - 2 4 . pIr --au1r

--( II 3~,4 r

-~

l s , , ~ ~ x

U :

Vm. BIOGRAPHIES
Julio G. Mayordomo (1956) received his Dip].-Eng. degree and his PhD degree in the UPM in 1980 and 1986, respectively. In 1980 he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering in the UPM where he is presently Associate Professor.His research field includes all questions concerning low frequency disturbances.. He is a member of IECn7A WGOl HannoNcs. Mohamed Iwddine (1957) received his Dip].-Eng. degree in Electrical Engineering f r o m the UPM in 1989. In 1986 he joined the DEE in the UPM where he is currently Assistant Professor. His research field includes all questions concerning low frequency disturbances. Sergio Martinez (1969) received his Dip1.-Eng. degree in Electrical Engineering from the UPM in 1993. In 1994 he joined the DEE in the UPM where he is currently Assistant Professor. His research field includes system analysis and measurements. Rafael Asensi (1966) received his Dip].-Eng. degree and his PhD degree in the UPM in 1991 and 1998, respectively. In 1994 he joined the DEE in the UPM where he is currently Associate Professor. His PhD. dealt with high frequency modeling of magnetic components. His research field includes alI questionsconcerning low frequency disturbances.

By combination of (A14), (A15), (A161 and (A17), the currents are expressed by:

with
Pdl

=U + a& ; pllbz= a& + Pbd=U-&; Pbrz=-+-k& Pcai=U+a&; Pcd=a& + &

(A 19)

The voltages U&, U& and Uca in terms of sequence components are: