1.

Introduction
Biopotentials arise from cells, and more generally from organs. They hold rich physiological and clinical information. For example, action potentials give information on fundamental ion channel biophysics and molecular aspects of any pathology. Biopotentials from the organs of the body are of clinical diagnostic significance. Examples: 1. Action Potentials from Cells (and 3 Nobel prizes!) Neuronal action potential (history of Squid axon and Hodgkin-Huxley work)

Biopotential
Achmad Rizal BioSPIN Institut Teknologi Telkom

2. Biopotentials from the organ/body 1. Electrocardiogram (ECG) from heart -> use in heart attack, pacemakers 2. Electroencephalogram (EEG) from brain -> use in epilepsy, brain trauma 3. Electromyogram (EMG) from muscle -> use in muscle diseases, prosthesis 4. Others
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2. Electrical Activity of Excitable Cells

Neuronal action potential

3. Action potential: phenomenology

0 mV

Excitable cells
Exist in nervous, muscular and glandular tissue Exhibit a resting potential and an action potential Necessary for information transfer (e.g. sensory info in nervous system or coordination of blood pumping in the heart)
repolarization: K+ outflux - 70 mV depolarization: Na+ influx Cardiac action potential repolarization: K+ outflux

Na+ Biomedis Ca++ K+ ARL-EL4703- Instrumentasi

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4. Resting vs. Active State

Resting State
Steady electrical potential of difference between internal and external environments Typically between -70 to -90mV, relative to the external medium

5. Recording of Action Potential

Typical recording system (top) using microelectrode Recording of an action potential in nerve cell (bottom)
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Active State
Electrical response to adequate stimulation Consists of all-or-none action potential after the cell threshold potential has been reached
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6. Resting Membrane Potential (1)

Cell potential is a function of membrane permeability and concentration gradient to various molecules (i.e. K+, Na+, Cl-, and Ca2+) Equilibrium potential is the membrane potential at which a given molecule has no net movement across the membrane
Nernst Equation (in Volts at 37 oC): [ K ]o RT [ K ]o ln = 0.0615 log10 EK = nF [ K ]i [ K ]i n is the valence of K+, [K]i and [K]o are the intra- and extracellular concentrations, R is the universal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin, F is the Faraday constant, and EK is the equilibrium potential
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6. Resting Membrane Potential (2)

Equilibrium membrane resting potential when net current through the membrane is zero
E= RT PK [ K ]o + PNa [ Na]o + PCl [Cl ]i ln F PK [ K ]i + PNa [ Na ]i + PCl [Cl ]o

P is the permeability coefficient of the given ion

Factors influencing ion flow across the membrane

Diffusion gradients Inwardly-directed electric field Membrane structure Active transport of ions against electrochemical gradient
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7. Action Potential
Stimulation of excitable cells causes all-ornone response At threshold, the membrane potential rapidly depolarizes due to a change in membrane permeability
PNa significantly increases causing the membrane potential to approach ENa (+60mV)

8. Action Potential and Ionic Conductance

gNa and gK are the conductance of Na+ and K+ v is the membrane potential Absolute and relative refractory periods
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A delayed increase in PK causes hyperpolarization and a return to resting potential

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9. Action Potential Cycle in Cell Membrane (1)

Na
+

9. Action Potential Cycle in Cell Membrane (2)

Na+ ++++ ++ +++ K+ 2 Depolarizing phase

++++

++

+ + + Outside cell Plasma membrane Inside cell K+

Resting phase

There is no Na+ diffusion into the cell and K+ out of the cell
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The Na+ permeability increases, Na+ enters the cell interior,

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9. Action Potential Cycle in Cell Membrane (3)

Na+

9. Action Potential Cycle in Cell Membrane (4)

Na+

++++

++

+++

++++

++

+++ K+

K+ 3
K+

Repolarizing phase
K+

permeability increases, flows out Na gate close, resting potensial regerated

Undershoot phase

K+ flow out to reach resting potential

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9. Action Potential Cycle in Cell Membrane (5)

Membrane potential (mV)

+50 0 1 50

3 4

Biopotential Signal examples

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10. Electroneurogram (ENG)

Measures nerve field potentials Use of needle electrodes Stimulate the periphery and measure the conduction velocity Used in assessing neuromuscular disorders: peripheral nerve injury, muscular dystrophy
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11. Electromyogram (EMG) (1)

Measures muscle activity Record intramuscularly through needle electrodes Record surface EMG using electrodes on biceps, triceps Use in muscular disorders, muscle based prosthesis prosthetic arm, leg
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11. Electromyogram (EMG) (2)

12. Electroretinogram (ERG) (1)

Biopotential of the eye (retina) Indicator of retinal diseases such as retinal degeneration, macular degeneration Invasive recording Retinal prosthesis?

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12. Electroretinogram (ERG)(2)

13. Electrooculogram (EOG)(1)

EOG electrical activity of eye muscles

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14. Measurement of the clinical EOG

15. Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Cardiac vector -has magnitude and + direction => Dipole (electrical vector with magnitude and direction to the source) -

Measures activity of the heart Source of cardiac activity: dipole model

Electrical circuit representation: equivalent generator

Measurements on body surface or intracardiac

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16. Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Averaged activity of 10e8 neurons is very complex: indicative of - sleep stage - epilepsy - event related changes - brain-computer interface??? dipole

17. Rhythms of the Brain

Averaged electrical activity of the brain cells (100 billion!) Synaptic potentials: pyramidal neuron structure forms a dipole Recording from the scalp, from the cortex surface (epilepsy), intracortex (research)
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EEG in brain diesease and disorders: Different brain waves: divided by spectral differences: 04 (delta), 4-8 (theta), 8-12 Epilepsy different types and forms (alpha), 12 up (beta): delta/theta in infants, ARL-EL4703Biomedis Brain injury definition of death? disease; alpha: sleep; beta: awake, eyes Instrumentasi open

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18. EEG Electrode Recording System

EEG recording is done using a standard lead system called 10-20 system Recall dipole concept to identify source of brain activity Interest in mapping sleep stages, site of seizure, and cortical function
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19. 10-20 Electrode system

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20. Progression of EEG during Sleep

Clinical uses of EEG
-Sleep staging: note different features - e.g. REM (rapid eye movement stage) - Monitoring in neurocritical care - e.g. live/dead, coma status - Intraoperative monitoring for depth of anesthesia - e.g. changes with anesthesia and depth status
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21. Electrogastrogram (EGG)(1)

Measures muscle activity related to the stomach and abdominal region. Measured from a baseline reading containing a regular rhythm. In a normal subject a current increase is observed after a meal. EGG signal is recorded by electrodes that are placed over the upper abdomen.

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21. Electrogastrogram (EGG)(2)

21. Electrogastrogram (EGG)(3)

Bradygastrias : O-2.4cpm Tachygastrias: 3.6-9.9cpm These Gastric Dysrhythmias have clinical relevance. Some problem :Nausea, Gastric Reflux, Peptic Ulcer, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Cirrhosis

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21. Electrogastrogram (EGG)(4)

21. Electrogastrogram (EGG)(5)

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