September 1998 Ref.

: 1998-514-0002

....................................................................................................................

Statistical data on the performance of fossil-fuelled power plants General report (1990-1997)
....................................................................................................................

Network of Experts for Statistics

....................................................................................................................

Accessibility : Public

As of 1st January 1998, UNIPEDE and EURELECTRIC have formed a Joint Secretariat situated in Brussels. UNIPEDE and EURELECTRIC are organisations with a separate identity, co-operating closely to provide effective and coherent assistance to their Members, in order to ensure and develop the Industry's competitiveness and in order to offer and develop competitive and environmentally sound products, in the interest of its customers. In doing so, UNIPEDE and EURELECTRIC will pay due respect to the specific missions and responsibilities of other international organisations of the European Electricity Supply Industry. UNIPEDE is the association of the European Electricity Industry and of world wide affiliates and associates that operates as a centre of strategic expertise and that acts as a liaison with other international associations and organisations with the aim to identify and respect the common interests of its Members and to assist the Members in deciding on the solutions to be implemented and in co-ordinating and carrying out the necessary action. EURELECTRIC is the association of the European Union Electricity Industry representing it in public affairs, in particular in relation to the EU institutions, in order to promote its interests at the political level. The reports published by UNIPEDE/EURELECTRIC are the result of the work of its structure of expertise: they represent one of the most direct methods of circulating knowledge and information throughout the sector, on subjects of common interest. They are intended for wide circulation both within the electricity supply industry and outside it. Please do not hesitate to ask for the latest available printed UNIPEDE/EURELECTRIC publications catalogue (with summaries of UNIPEDE/EURELECTRIC reports) from:

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INDUSTRY OBSERVATORY NETWORK OF EXPERTS (U) STATISTICS

........................................................................................................................................................................................................

Specialist Network of Experts for Statistics: Thermal Performance

........................................................................................................................................................................................................

Statistical data on the performance of fossil-fuelled power stations General report (1990-1997)
........................................................................................................................................................................................................

Coordinator: Daniel GLORIAN (EDF, France) Members: Johann PRECHT (sterreichische Draukraftwerke AG, Austria); JeanLouis LAMS (ELECTRABEL, Belgium) ; Pierre DESPONDS (EOS, Switzerland); Jaromir HAJNY (CEZ a.s., Czech Republic); O. NITSCH (VGB, Germany); Jorgen OLSEN (ELKRAFT, Denmark); Antonio LOPEZ DE SEBASTIAN (UNESA, Spain); Michel BRUAUX (EDF, France); gota KBOR (MVM Rt., Hungary); Shane STANLY (ESB, Ireland); Arie PEER (Israel Electric Corp., Israel); Vittorio DE MARIA (ENEL, Italy); Johannes G. A. BUSSER (N.V Sep, Netherlands); Luis DA SILVA CARRILHO (CPPE S.A., Portugal); Bhongo MDUNGE (ESKOM, South Africa). Editors: Daniel GLORIAN Patrick BLIN

Copyright UNIPEDE/EURELECTRIC, 1998 All rights reserved Printed at UNIPEDE/EURELECTRIC, Brussels (Belgium)

UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002

CONTENTS
Page SUMMARY ................................ ................................ .......................... 1. 2. INTRODUCTION ................................ ................................ ................. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIVE PERFORMANCE INDICATORS MONITORED ................................ ............................... BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTALLATION FAMILIES MONITORED ................................ ................................ ...................... LIST OF GRAPHS, RESULTS IN GRAPH FORM .............................. GRAPHS ................................ ................................ ............................. i 1

3.

4 5 7 to 28

4. 5.

Appendix 1.- Statistical Terminology Employed in the Electricity Supply Industry (UNIPEDE Ref.: 91fr80/s.1) Appendix 2.- Fossil Fuel and Nuclear Power Plants Performance Indicators (UNIPEDE Ref.: 02011Ren91 - Addenda) Appendix 3.- Detailed Descriptions of International Performance Indicators for Fossil-Fired Power Pant (UNIPEDE Ref.: 02011Ren91) Appendix 4.- Data Form Appendix 5.- ASPIC (V1.1)- User s Manual (UNIPEDE Ref.: 02011Ren9541) Appendix 6.- Availability and Unavailability Factors of Thermal Generating Plants - Definitions and methods of calculation Joint UNIPEDE/WEC Committee on the Performance of Thermal Generating Plant: (UNIPEDE Ref.: 02011Ren91WEC1) Appendix 7.- UNIPEDE Performance Indicator Program - Implementation Guidelines (Fossil-fuel plants) (03/05/93 - 5 pages) Appendix 8.- Thermal generating plant (100 MW+) availability and unavailability factors" (data 1991-1993) - Triennal Report - Joint UNIPEDE/WEC Committee on the Availability of Thermal Generating Plant Sample Groups (UNIPEDE Ref.: 02011Ren9510WEC1) 1995 - 80 p. The documents, for which the first page only is in the appendices, can be obtained from the UNIPEDE Documentation.

UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002

SUMMARY
Based on UNIPEDE definitions [Appendix 2] and terminology [Appendix 1], the Statistical Experts Group: Thermal Performance has organized the collection of data covering the following five Technical Performance Indicators for Conventional Fossil-Fuel Plant: o o o o o Unit capability factor Unplanned capability loss factor Unplanned automatic grid separations per 7 000 hours of operation Successful start-up rate Industrial safety accident rate

The corresponding database is currently held within the Industry Observatory of UNIPEDE. This is the general report, covering the years 1990 to 1997. A second report, with more detailed analysis and therefore distributed only to participating countries, is edited seperatly. With regard to the future, UNIPEDE proposes extending participation to all its member countries and publishing an annual report. This program should permit valuable international comparisons and make it possible to exchange experience so as to monitor and to improve the overall performance of power plants. This report contains graphs which show the statistical results submitted for the five performance indicators. These results are supplied as a set of statistics, remaining completely anonymous, for all of the countries which agreed to participate in the launching of the UNIPEDE database.

UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002 -

1.

INTRODUCTION

Pursuing the program undertaken by WANO (World Association of Nuclear Operators) for nuclear power plant performance monitoring, UNIPEDE has developed a program for collecting, processing and publishing statistics relating to the performance of conventional fossil-fuelled power plants. The following five performance indicators have thus been defined, for international application, for the different areas in which operators must ensure a high degree of vigilance in order to achieve a satisfactory quality of service: - Unit capability factor - Unplanned capability loss factor - Unplanned automatic grid separations per 7 000 hours of operation. - Successful startup rate - Industrial safety accident rate Using precise terminology and definitions (Appendices 1, 2 and 3), the program has been launched by the THERPERF group of correspondents. This general report covers the years 1990 to 1997. A more comprehensive report, intended only for those countries which contribute statistics, is also drawn up. Each year, both reports are compiled and distributed by the UNIPEDE/EURELECTRIC secretariat. The corresponding information (description in Appendix 4) is submitted to UNIPEDE on diskettes using the data collection software, known as ASPIC A ( Software for Performance Indicators data Collection - Appendix 5, ASPIC User's Manual). A consolidation program, known as Picador P (erformance Indicators data Consolidation and Data Optimum Reporting), is used to integrate the different results, thus enabling the definition of installation families (type, geographic location, fuel used, power rating, year of construction, etc.), and to generate the corresponding graphs, in particular in the form of histograms. Depending on the case, the results can be any of the following: - Median values (which divides the sample into two equal groups) and the best quartile (the quarter of the sample, in number of events, which shows the "best" results). - Average (mean) values (the simple arithmetic mean) for unit capability and capability loss. - Values weighted by the power rating(or by associated weighting elements), to complete the overall picture (in particular, capability and capability loss).

UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002 - Page 1

The volume of samples, for each group shown, is always given in unit-years. In order to present a significant sample, a minimum of 50 unit-years is required for the graph to be printed. This program was developped to be consistent with both the program implemented by WANO for nuclear power plants and with similar work carried out within the Joint UNIPEDE/WEC Committee on the performance of thermal plants (fossil-fuel and nuclear). Integration within the UNIPEDE system makes it possible to contribute to the activities of the UNIPEDE/WEC Committee without requiring the collection of additional data (see Appendix 6). Any comments regarding this general report will be most welcome. Please write to:
Mr. Daniel GLORIAN Chef de l Observatoire Statistique du Systme Electrique. Electricit de France Cap Ampre 1, place Pleyel FR - 93282 SAINT-DENIS CEDEX FRANCE Int.Tel. = +33 1 43 69 43 13 Int.fax = +33 1 43 69 21 44

It is hoped that as many operators as possible will participate in this program. The aim of the program is to create a high-quality management tool. These indicators are intended principally for use by operators to monitor their own performance and progress, to set their own challenging goals for improvement, and to gain an additional perspective on performance relative to that of other plants. Thus, the international exchanges which will be facilitated by UNIPEDE will help foster a commitment to emulate the best practices, thereby maintaining the satisfactory level of performance observed. This report contains data submitted by representatives of the following countries:
AT BE CH CZ DE DK ES - Austria - Belgium - Switzerland - Czech Republic - Germany - Denmark - Spain FR - France HU - Hungary IE - Ireland IL - Israel IT - Italy NL - Netherlands PT - Portugal ZA - South Africa

The results given in this document correspond to all the results submitted by these countries. The country symbols shown at the top of each graph indicate the geographic field; if a country is not included, this indicates that the corresponding data was not submitted or was unable to be used according to current regulations.

Page 2 - UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002

2.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIVE PERFORMANCE INDICATORS MONITORED (Detailed description: Appendix 3)
Unit Capability Factor
Unit capability factor is the percentage of maximum energy generation that a plant is capable of supplying to the electrical grid, limited only by factors within control of plant management. A high unit capability factor indicates effective plant programs and practices to minimise unplanned energy losses and to optimise planned outages, maximising available electrical generation.

(I)

(II) Unplanned Capability Loss Factor

Unplanned capability loss factor is the percentage of maximum energy generation that a plant is not capable of supplying to the electrical grid because of unplanned energy losses (such as unplanned shutdowns, outage extensions or load reductions). Energy losses are considered unplanned if they are not scheduled at least four weeks in advance. A low value for this indicator indicates that important plant equipment is reliably operated and well maintained.

(III) Unplanned automatic grid separations per 7 000 operating hours

This indicator expresses how often a generator is separated from the external grid, in both an unplanned and automatic (manual actions are excluded) manner; it is given as a rate per 7 000 operating hours, thereby taking into account the wide variety of operating regimes.

(IV) Successful start-up rate

One of the ways to measure quality of service rendered to an electrical grid among other indicators - is the promptness with which a unit is connected to the external grid, in line with the grid operator s request. This indicator expresses the level of success in achieving a presence on the grid, at the moment requested, for all start-ups requested on the previous day (immediate start-up for peaking gas turbines).

(V) Industrial Safety Accident Rate

Progress in improving industrial safety performance is monitored by the number of accidents that result in days away from work, days of restricted work or fatalities, per 1 000 000 man-hours worked.

UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002 - Page 3

3.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTALLATION FAMILIES MONITORED

The five performance indicators are monitored on a unit-by-unit basis, starting from the first full year of commercial service. Data is submitted anonymously using a unit "code", which is known only by the operator who supplies the data. To ensure complete confidentiality (no data can be used for commercial purposes), certain procedures have been defined for the exchange of this information (Appendix 7). Three categories of conventional thermal installations are monitored: A - Steam turbines B - Combined cycle, cogeneration C - Combustion turbines. Four types of fuel are monitored: 1 - Coal (excluding lignite and others) 2 - Lignite and others 3 - Liquid fuels 4 - Gaseous fuels. The power rating categories are those recommended by the Joint UNIPEDE/WEC Committee. These power ratings are shown for each installation category in Appendix 8. For the years 1990 to 1997, a total of a) of which 4515 3996 280 239 4275 2675 1585 996 unit-years of data have been provided by participating countries for at least one indicator, for steam turbines, for combined cycles & cogeneration plants, for combustion turbines, provided UCF and UCLF, provided UAGS7 provided ISAR provided SSR.

b)

and of which

Page 4 - UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002

4.

LIST OF GRAPHS, RESULTS IN GRAPH FORM

l Unit Capability Factor, Unplanned Capability Loss Factor * Steam turbines, 1990 to 1997
- All fuels, all sizes, all countries (distribut ion).............................. - All fuels, all sizes, median (by year) ........................................... - All fuels, all sizes, best quartile (by year) ................................... - All fuels, all sizes, Aver. Val. Bal. by Pow. (by country) .............. - All fuels, all sizes, median by age (distribution) .......................... - All fuels, 100/199 MW (distribution) ............................................ - All fuels, 200/399 MW (distribution) ............................................ - All fuels, 400/599 MW (distribution) ............................................ - All fuels, P >= 600 MW (distribution).......................................... p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

- Coal (excl. Lign. & others), all sizes, all countries (distribution) . p. 16 - Coal (excl. Lign. & others), all sizes, median (by year) .............. p. 17 - Coal (excl. Lign. & others), all sizes, median (by country) .......... p. 18 - Lignite & others, all sizes, all countries (distribution) ................. - Lignite & others, all sizes, median (by year) ............................... - Liquid, all sizes, all countries (distribution) ................................. - Liquid, all sizes, median (by year 1990-1995) ............................ - Gaseous, all sizes, all countries (distribution) ............................ p. 19 p. 20 p. 21 p. 22 p. 23

* Combined cycle, cogeneration

- All fuels, all sizes, all countries (d istribution).............................. p. 24

l Unplanned automatic grid separations per 7 000 operating hours * Steam turbines
- All fuels, all sizes, all countries (distribution) .............................. - All fuels, all sizes, median (by year) ........................................... - All fuels, all sizes, median (by country) ...................................... - All fuels, all sizes, median by age (distribution) .......................... p. p. p. p. 25 25 26 26

* Combined cycle, cogeneration

- All fuels, all sizes, all countries (distribution) .............................. p. 27

UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002 - Page 5

l Successful start-up rate * Steam turbines

- All fuels, all sizes, all countries (di stribution) .............................. p. 27

l Industrial Safety Accident Rate * All installations

- All fuels, all sizes, all countries (distribution) .............................. p. 28

* Steam turbines
- All fuels, all sizes, all countries (distribution) .............................. p. 28

Page 6 - UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Median 86.87 700 654 Best Quartile 92.82 656

600

541

500 number of units 422 400 3242 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=82.54 296 300 173 134 103 100 12 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 percent 6 5 11 5 10 15 23 23 42 56 55

200

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Best Quartile 1.67 Median 3.67 1985 2000

1500 number of units 3242 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=6.02 1000 705

500 286 124 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 percent 52 34 17 13 8 5 1 6 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 2

UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002 - Page 7

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Median Values

100

95 89.6

90 86.99 percent 85.3 85 85.4 85.6 86.42 87.25

88.8

80

75

70 1990 412 1991 441 1992 438 1993 400 1994 379 1995 388 1996 411 1997 373

Year/Unit.Years

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Median Values

10 9 8 7 percent 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1990 412 1991 441 1992 438 1993 400 1994 379 1995 388 1996 411 1997 373 4.87 4.47 4.64 3.5 3.7 3.11 2.87 2.79

Year/Unit.Years

Page 8 - UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Best Quartile Values

100 94.98

95 91.27 90 percent 91.26 91.23

92.82

92.42

93.43

94.29

85

80

75

70 1990 412 1991 441 1992 438 1993 400 1994 379 1995 388 1996 411 1997 373

Year/Unit.Years

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Best Quartile Values

10 9 8 7 percent 6 5 4 3 2.12 2 1 0 1990 412 1991 441 1992 438 1993 400 1994 379 1995 388 1996 411 1997 373 2.07 1.97 1.66 1.7 1.32 1.4 1.42

Year/Unit.Years

UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002 - Page 9

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Average Values Balanced by Power

100 90.91 89.67 90 80 70 percent 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 X 244 X 174 X 74 X 105 X 67 X 933 X 105 X 422 X 681 X 19 X 256 X 14 X 63 X 82 X 3 Set 3242 44.85 87.07 84.89 84.66 84.45 84.19 82.41 81.07 79.55 74.03 73.81 68.76 67.24 82.83

Country/Unit.Years

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Average Values Balanced by Power

100 90 80 70 percent 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 X 82 X 105 X 256 X 422 X 67 X 63 X 681 X 933 X 74 X 105 X 174 X 244 X 14 X 19 X 3 Set 3242 15.71 9.07 7.99 7.84 6.42 5.49 5.36 5.19 4.5 4.27 4.22 3.83 3.02 6.18 2.09 0.13

Country/Unit.Years

Page 10 - UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Median Values

100 90 80 70 60 percent 50 40 30 20 10 0
89.41 89.13 88.84 88.53 88.4287.1 88.35 88 88.988.57 87.75 87.37 86.93 86.96 86.75 86.59 86.44 86.33 86.3885.5 86.586.15 86.12 86.2 85.99 85.94 85.79 85.74 85.64 85.51 85.5 86.3 85.5

1 28

2 35

3 49

4 55

5 67

6 78

7 83

8 90

9 92

10 100

11 101

12 101

13 93

14 99

15 108

16 112

17 114

18 109

19 127

20 134

21 136

22 126

23 120

24 118

25 118

26 123

27 107

28 98

29 88

30 86

31 80

32 70

33 58

Year old/Unit.Years

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Median Values

10 9 8 7 6 percent
5.04

5
4.22 4 3.7

4.7 4.4 4.14 3.7 3.33 3.04 2.8 2.68 2.78 2.72 3 4.04 3.64 3.58 3.98 3.89 3.96 4.12 3.58 3.22 4.1 4.43

4.68 4.05

4.7

4 3 2 1 0

3.63 3.36

3.7

3.52

1 28

2 35

3 49

4 55

5 67

6 78

7 83

8 90

9 92

10 100

11 101

12 101

13 93

14 99

15 108

16 112

17 114

18 109

19 127

20 134

21 136

22 126

23 120

24 118

25 118

26 123

27 107

28 98

29 88

30 86

31 80

32 70

33 58

Year old/Unit.Years

UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002 - Page 11

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - 100/199 MW - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Median 87.16 250 230 220 200 Best Quartile 93.03

180

number of units

150

1070 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=82.82 95

127

100

51 50 21 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 2 0 4 0 0 8 8 8 10 17 33

51

75

80

85

90

95

100

percent

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - 100/199 MW - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Best Quartile 1.7 700 600 500 400 300 233 200 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 percent 85 36 13 8 7 4 2 3 1 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1070 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=5.89 673 Median 3.7

Page 12 - UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002

number of units

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - 200/399 MW - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Median 87.04 300 292 Best Quartile 92.6 289

250 number of units 192 1413 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=82.43 150 124

231

200

100 45

78 38 7 3 10 4 15 3 20 4 25 5 30 7 35 13 13 20 20 25

50

0 5 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 percent

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - 200/399 MW - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Best Quartile 1.5 900 800 700 number of units 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 percent 130 46 16 14 4 4 1 1 2 1 2 327 1413 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=5.61 865 Median 3.5

UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002 - Page 13

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - 400 to 599 MW - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Median 85.25 90 80 70 61 number of units 60 50 40 30 21 20 11 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 percent 1 1 4 5 1 0 1 0 7 11 25 27 446 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=80.77 43 85 76 66 Best Quartile 91.6

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - 400 to 599 MW - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Best Quartile 2.29 248 250 Median 4.1

200 number of units

150

446 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=7.61 89

100

50

44 32 12 6 30 4 35 5 40 4 45 0 50 0 55 0 60 0 65 0 70 2 75 0 80 0 85 0 90 0 95 0 100

0 5 10 15 20 25 percent

Page 14 - UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - P>=600 MW - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Median 87.6 80 71 70 60 number of units 50 40 30 20 11 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 percent 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 4 2 13 17 313 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=84.59 42 34 47 64 Best Quartile 93.9

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - P>=600 MW - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Best Quartile 1.65 199 200 Median 3.45

number of units

150 313 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=6.06 100

56 50 27 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 percent 11 6 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002 - Page 15

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - Coal - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Median 87.13 400 350 300 number of units 250 200 150 100 59 50 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 percent 2 2 6 1 5 6 10 7 22 23 25 66 84 1686 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=83.26 156 373 354 Best Quartile 92.6

266 216

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - Coal - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Best Quartile 1.9 996 1000 Median 3.91

800 number of units

600

1686 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=6.53 367

400

200

156 72 39 22 30 11 35 8 40

5 45

4 50

1 55

2 60

0 65

0 70

2 75

0 80

0 85

0 90

0 95

1 100

0 5 10 15 20 25 percent

Page 16 - UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - Coal - (1990 to 1997) Median Values

100

95 89.91 90.63

90 87.1 percent 85.41 85 85.4 85.1 86.62

88.89

80

75

70 1990 222 1991 243 1992 230 1993 202 1994 190 1995 193 1996 217 1997 189

Year/Unit.Years

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - Coal - (1990 to 1997) Median Values

10 9 8 7 percent 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1990 222 1991 243 1992 230 1993 202 1994 190 1995 193 1996 217 1997 189 3.7 3.78 3.2 3 2.84 5.39 4.93 5.11

Year/Unit.Years

UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002 - Page 17

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - Coal - (1990 to 1997) Median Values

100 90 80 70 percent 60 50 40 30 20 10

94.74

92.1

91.9

89

87

86.89 86.61 86.4

84.25 82.79 82.7

87.13 81.6 73.2

0 0 X 159 X 28 X 149 X 63 X 104 X 32 X 497 X 422 X 24 X 6 X 123 X 14 X 65 X 0

0 X 0 Set 1686

Country/Unit.Years

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - Coal - (1990 to 1997) Median Values

100 90 80 70 percent 60 50 40 30 20 11.1 10 0 X 65 X 63 X 32 X 422 X 123 X 24 X 497 X 104 X 149 X 159 X 28 X 6 X 14 X 0 X 0 Set 1686 6.9 4.9 4.74 4.5 4.25 4.06 3.3 3 2.63 2.53 1.26 1.15 3.91 0 0

Country/Unit.Years

Page 18 - UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - Lignite and Others - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Median 86.91 180 163 160 140 number of units 120 101 100 80 63 60 40 20 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 percent 2 2 3 2 2 7 8 13 6 5 12 18 36 26 721 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=82.8 Best Quartile 94.44

127

123

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - Lignite and Others - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Best Quartile 2.07 450 400 350 number of units 300 250 206 200 150 100 58 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 percent 18 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 721 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=5.09 433 Median 3.84

UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002 - Page 19

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - Lignite and Others - (1990 to 1997) Median Values

100

95 89.8 90 87.28 percent 85 83.28 83.64 87.35 86.33 87.1 89.93

80

75

70 1990 87 1991 87 1992 95 1993 92 1994 89 1995 91 1996 92 1997 88

Year/Unit.Years

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - Lignite and Others - (1990 to 1997) Median Values

10 9 8 7 percent 6 5.08 5 4 3 2 1 0 1990 87 1991 87 1992 95 1993 92 1994 89 1995 91 1996 92 1997 88 4.47 4.72 3.43 3.77 3.91 3.1 3.46

Year/Unit.Years

Page 20 - UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - Liquid Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Median 84.3 Best Quartile 91 106 100 96

number of units

80 533 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=79.46

75

60

55

58

40 30 20 6 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 1 2 2 2 2 5 8 9 15 5 18

37

75

80

85

90

95

100

percent

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - Liquid Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Best Quartile 0.78 Median 2.5 356 350 300 number of units 250 200 150 100 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 percent 533 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=5.74

72 56 22 8 6 4 3

UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002 - Page 21

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - Liquid Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Median Values

100

95

90 percent 86.22 85 83.6 85.45 83.88 86.2 84.3 80.6 80

88.95

75

70 1990 62 1991 67 1992 76 1993 70 1994 69 1995 70 1996 65 1997 54

Year/Unit.Years

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - Liquid Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Median Values

10 9 8 7 percent 6 5 4 3 3 2 1 0 1990 62 1991 67 1992 76 1993 70 1994 69 1995 70 1996 65 1997 54 2.4 2.5 1.84 1.7 1.15 4.3

Year/Unit.Years

Page 22 - UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - Gaseous Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Median 88.4 80 73 70 60 number of units 50 40 30 22 20 13 10 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 percent 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 6 8 5 12 16 302 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=83.32 30 58 54 Best Quartile 93.6

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - Gaseous Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Best Quartile 1.4 200 200 Median 3.36

number of units

150 302 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=5.88 100 60 50 16 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 percent 12 3 3 1 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002 - Page 23

Unit Capability Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Comb. Cycle or Cogen. - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Median 85.07 51 50 46 39 Best Quartile 90.6

40 number of units

30

230 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=80.01 21 20

20 12 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 percent 0 1 1 0 2 0 3 3 4 3 5 14

Unplanned Capability Loss Factor AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Comb. Cycle or Cogen. - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Best Quartile 1.93 140 125 120 Median 4.54

100 number of units

80

71

230 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=6.18

60

40 16 6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 percent 3 6 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

20

Page 24 - UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002

Unplanned Automatic Grid Separation per 7000 hr (TOH >=1000) AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Best Quartile 2.3 1000 955

Median 5.2

800 number of units

600 484 400 259 200 140 45 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 33 17 8 11

1960 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=7.53

6 50

1 55

1 60

number of grid separations per 7000 hours

Unplanned Automatic Grid Separation per 7000 hr AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Median Values

number of grid separations per 7000 hours

14 12 9.9 10 8 6.5 6 4 2 0 1990 237 1991 286 1992 279 1993 211 1994 237 1995 228 1996 258 1997 227 5.3 4.4 4.35 3.7 3.5 7.7

Year/Unit.Years

UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002 - Page 25

Unplanned Automatic Grid Separation per 7000 hr AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Average Values

number of grid separations per 7000 hours

14 12.28 12 10.63 9.99 10 8 6.38 6 4 2.15 2 0 0 X 74 X 255 X 671 X 1 X 37 X 33 X 106 X 67 X 189 X 423 X 91 X 0 X 16 X 0 X 0 Set 1963 0 0 0 5.94 5.7 4.02 9 8.7 8.22 7.63

Country/Unit.Years

Unplanned Automatic Grid Separation per 7000 hr AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Median Values

14 number of grid separations per 7000 hours

12

10

7 6.4 5.8 5.35 4.55 5.1 4.6 6.15 5.7 4.9 5.8 4.6 5.95 5.55 5 4.45 4.7 4.5 5.3 4.8 4.9 4.7 5.7 5.8 4.95 4.7 4.3 6.1 5.5 5.55 5.5

1 15

2 17

3 28

4 36

5 43

6 53

7 55

8 57

9 57

10 68

11 72

12 72

13 66

14 64

15 70

16 74

17 82

18 80

19 80

20 83

21 77

22 79

23 85

24 73

25 72

26 71

27 61

28 47

29 46

30 42

31 35

Year old/Unit.Years

Page 26 - UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002

Unplanned Automatic Grid Separation per 7000 hr (TOH >=1000) AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Comb. Cycle or Cogen. - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Best Quartile 0 45 40 35 number of units 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 number of grid separations per 7000 hours 14 15 82 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=7.75 39

Median 6

7 1

Successful Startup Rate AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Median 94.74 256 250 Best Quartile 100

200 number of units

150

527 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=80.5

100 50 50 23 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 percent 0 7 6 8 16 1 10 1 39 20 5 6 7 27 28 17

UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002 - Page 27

Industrial Safety Accident Rate AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA All installations - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Best Quartile 5.6 400 350 300 number of units 250 200 149 150 100 52 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Industrial Safety Accident Rate 30 39 36 15 11 5 0 242 1237 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=12.31 391 Median 9.9

267

Industrial Safety Accident Rate AT/BE/CH/CZ/DE/DK/ES/FR/HU/IE/IL/IT/NL/PT/ZA Steam Turbine - All Fuels - (1990 to 1997) Distribution
Best Quartile 5.48 400 362 350 300 number of units 250 200 150 100 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Industrial Safety Accident Rate 42 23 31 33 12 10 3 0 136 Median 9.3

225

223 1100 Unit.Years Arith. Mean=11.96

Page 28 - UNIPEDE - THERMAL PERFORMANCE NWE - 1998-514-0002

Publications Order Form Name: ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... Position:................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ Company: ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... Address: ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ Town: ................................ ....................... Country:................................ ................................ .......... (with postal code) Telephone: ................................ ....................... Fax:................................ ................................ .......... (with international & regional code) UNIPEDE/EURELECTRIC member: Reference No. Title1 p Yes p No (Tick the appropriate box) Quantity

To be returned to:

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