FHWAAlkaliSilicaReactivityDevelopmentandDeployment Program

Issue 51 Sept/Oct 2008 Contents FHWA Alkali-Silica Reactivity Development and Deployment Program Guide Specification for Concrete Subject to ASR ASR Prevention in Texas Virginia's Approach to ASR HPC Bridge Views is published jointly by the Federal Highway Administration and the National Concrete Bridge Council. Reproduction and distribution of this newsletter is encouraged provided that FHWA and NCBC are acknowledged. Your opinions and contributions are welcome. Please contact the Editor: Henry G. Russell 847.998.9137 847.998.0292 fax email: henry@hgrconcrete.com This material is based upon work supported by the Federal Highway Administration under Cooperative Agreement No. "DTFH61-07-H-00041". Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the Author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Federal Highway Administration.

GinaAhlstrom,FederalHighwayAdministration Alkalisilicareactivity(ASR)isadeleteriousreactionthatcanoccurinconcrete mixtureswhenalkalisinthecementandotherpozzolanicmaterialsreactwith siliceousaggregatesandexpandwhenexposedtomoisture.TheFederalHighway Administration(FHWA)hasinitiatedanASRDevelopmentandDeploymentProgram inresponsetotheSAFETEALUlegislation.Acomprehensiveprogram,whichis focusedonpreventingandmitigatingASR,hasbeendevelopedtoaddressstates' needsandprovidethemwithtoolstoaddressASRinbridges,pavements,andother highwaystructuressuchasmedianbarriersorretainingwalls.Thisarticleoutlinesthe varioustasksoftheASRDevelopmentandDeploymentProgram. TaskArea1:UnderstandingtheASR MechanismProcessforMitigation Appliedresearchwillbeconductedto quantifycompetingchemicalreaction ratesbetweenvariousconstituentsinthe concretemixandtheenvironment.The goalofthisresearchistodevelopamodel thatcanpredictamixdesignthatis resistanttoASR. TaskArea2:DevelopTestingand EvaluationProtocol Protocolshavebeendevelopedfor Theapplicationoflithiumby engineersandtransportationpractitioners electrochemicaltechniques. toprovideastepbystepprocessonthe currentbestpracticesofASRpreventionandmitigation.Theprotocolsare titled"DeterminingtheReactivityofConcreteAggregatesandSelecting AppropriateMeasuresforPreventingDeleteriousExpansioninNewConcrete Construction"and"DiagnosisandPrognosisofAlkaliSilicaReaction(ASR)in TransportationStructures." Currentlyavailablerapidtestprocedureshavevaryinglevelsofconfidence andmosthavelimitations.Researchwillbeconductedtoidentifyrecent

worldwideadvancesinrapidtestmethods,identifythemostviableandeffectivetestmethods, determinetheirlimitations,assesstherequiredtestperiod,andrefineormodifythese methods.Ifarapidlaboratorytestmethodthatisreliableandcanpredictthelongterm performanceofaconcretemixdesigninashortperiodoftimeisnotavailable,anewonemay needtobedeveloped. TaskArea3:Selection,Implementation,andMaintenanceofFieldApplicationand DemonstrationProjects FundingisavailabletostatesthroughtheASRDevelopmentandDeploymentProgramfor projectsfocusedonapplyingmethodsandtechniquesforASRpreventionandmitigation. Technicalassistancefortheplanning,design,andconstructionoffieldprojectswillbeprovided. Instrumentationofprojectsfordatacollectionandanalysiswillalsobeprovided.Datawillbe collected,appropriatelaboratorytestingwillbeperformed,datawillbeanalyzed,and conclusionswillbedevelopedontheefficacyofthepreventionormitigationstrategy.Agoal withintheprogramistobeginfieldtrialimplementationbythefallof2008. Inaddition,researchwillfocusoncontrolledlaboratoryexperimentstoseekneworemerging technologiesthatmaybeviableandcosteffectiveforASRmitigation.ThemitigationofASRwill bedifferentforbridgesandpavementsandwilltakeintoaccountthevariouschallengeswith mitigatingASRinourtransportationstructures. TaskArea4:AssistStatesinInventoryingExistingStructuresforASR SAFETEALUlegislationspecificallyrequiresthatasystemfortrackingASRaffectedstructures bedeveloped.Anevaluationofthecurrentpracticesthatstatesareusingtosurveyandtrack ASRaffectedbridges,pavements,andotherhighwaystructureswillbeperformed.Ageneral planforincludingASRindicatorsinstatebridgeinspectionprogramsandpavement survey/pavementmanagementsystemswillbedeveloped.Inaddition,itisanticipatedthatan ASRseverityratingsystemwillbedevelopedtoassiststatesinprioritizingmitigation techniques,rehabilitation,orreconstruction. ItisimportanttodistinguishbetweenASRandotherdeteriorationmechanismssothatthe appropriaterehabilitationmethodisimplemented.Stateengineershaveraisedconcernswith thecurrentmethodsavailableforthefielddetectionofASR.Researchwillbeperformedto developasimplereliablenondestructivefieldtestmethodthatcandeterminethepresenceof ASRandpredictthetotalexpansionandtherateofexpansion. TaskArea5:DeploymentandTechnologyTransferofFindings Itisextremelyimportantthatinformationistransmittedinatimelyandeffectivemannerto stateengineers.ThedevelopmentofanASRReferenceCenterisunderway.ThisCenterwillbe housedonFHWAswebsiteandwillcontainvaluableresourcesrelatedtoASR.Someofthe resourcestobeincludedinthisReferenceCenterareresearchreports;listofreference
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documents;listoflocal,national,andinternationalspecifications;linkstootherASRrelated websites;andsummariesofpastfieldtrialsforASRmitigation. AnASRnewslettercalled"ReactiveSolutions"hasbeendeveloped.Thisquarterlynewsletteris designedtoprovideinformationtostateengineersregardingnationalactivitiesrelatedtoASR, presentanenvironmentinwhichstatescanlearnfromeachother,andofferaforumfor answeringquestionsrelatedtoASR. FurtherInformation YoucanviewpastissuesoftheASRnewsletterat http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/asr.cfmwhereyoucanalsofindoutmore informationaboutFHWAsASRDevelopmentandDeploymentProgram.Ifyouwouldliketobe addedtothedistributionlist,emailasrnewsletter@transtec.us.Ifyouareinterestedin participationinafieldtrialorwouldlikeadditionalinformationonASR,pleasecontactGina Ahlstromatgina.ahlstrom@dot.gov.

GuideSpecificationforConcreteSubjecttoASR
BeatrixKerkoff,ConsultanttothePortlandCementAssociation

Threetestsusedtoassessthesusceptibilityofanaggregatetoalkalisilicareaction.

Mostaggregatesarechemicallystableinhydrauliccementconcretewithoutdeleterious interactionwithotherconcreteconstituentmaterials.However,thisisnotthecasefor aggregatescontainingcertainsiliceousmineralsthatreactwithsolublealkaliesintheconcrete, sometimesresultingindetrimentalexpansionandcrackingofconcretestructures. Thebestwaytoavoiddeleteriousalkaliaggregatereactionsistotakeappropriateprecautions beforeconcreteisplaced.Reducingthepotentialforalkalisilicareaction(ASR)requires(1) understandingtheASRmechanism;(2)properlyusingteststoidentifypotentiallyreactive aggregates;and,ifneeded,(3)takingstepstominimizethepotentialforexpansionandrelated cracking.

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Becausedifferentgeographicregionshavedifferentneedsandavailablematerials,thePortland CementAssociationhasdevelopedaGuideSpecificationforconcretesubjecttoalkalisilica reactions. TestingtheAggregates TheGuideSpecificationprovidesforacombinationofthreeseparatelaboratoryteststoassess thesusceptibilityofanaggregatetoASR.Thetestsmaybedoneinanyorder;however, petrographicexamination(ASTMC295)andthemortarbartest(ASTMC1260)wouldgenerally beperformedsimultaneously,whiletheconcreteprismtest(ASTMC1293)isperformedlater,if needed. Theaggregateisexaminedpetrographicallytoidentifyandquantifytheconstituents,with maximumlimitssetforthevariousmineralsthatarepotentiallyreactive.Inthemortarbartest, a14dayexpansionexceeding0.10%indicatesthattheaggregateispotentiallyreactive.If eitherofthesetestsindicatestheaggregateispotentiallyreactive,itmaybefurtherevaluated bytheconcreteprismtest,withaoneyearexpansionlimitof0.04%. MaterialsandMethodstoInhibitASR MostconcreteisnotaffectedbyASRandspecialrequirementsarenotneeded.However,if historicalexperienceortheaggregatetestsmentionedabovedemonstratethatASRisa potentialconcern,thenconcretemixturesmustbespecificallydesignedtomitigateASR. AvarietyofmaterialscanbeusedtocontrolASR.Supplementarycementitiousmaterials (SCMs)suchasflyash,slagcement,orsilicafumecanbeincludedasaconcreteingredient addedatbatching,asacomponentofablendedhydrauliccement,orboth.Blendedhydraulic cementsshouldconformtoASTMC595(AASHTOM240)orASTMC1157.SCMsaddeddirectly toconcretearegovernedbyASTMC618orAASHTOM295forflyashandnaturalpozzolans; ASTMC989orAASHTOM302forslagcement;andASTMC1240orAASHTOM307forsilica fume.SpecifierscaninvoketheoptionalphysicalandchemicalASRrequirementsinthese standards;howeverlimitsonexpansionaretypicallynotapplicableforaparticularprojectas thetestsdonotusejobaggregates,andthelimitsmaybemorerestrictivethanarenecessary orachievable.Usinglocallyavailablematerialsinappropriateamountsisgenerallythemost efficientsolutiontomitigateASR. Whenpozzolans,slagcements,orblendedcementsareusedtocontrolASRexpansion,their effectivenessshouldbedeterminedusingtheflowchartbelow.

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EffectivenessofSCMsforControllingASR

Theacceleratedmortarbartest(ASTMC1567)canbeusedtoevaluatecombinationsof cementitiousmaterialsandaggregates.Amortarbarexpansionat14daysoflessthanorequal to0.10%isconsideredacceptabletocontrolASRforaparticularjobaggregate.Combinations ofactualcementitiousmaterialsandaggregatesthatdonotmeetthislimitcanbefurther evaluatedbytheconcreteprismtest. Combinationsofmaterialsthatexhibitaconcreteprismexpansiongreaterthan0.04%at2 yearsareconsideredpotentiallyreactive.Combinationsofcementitiousmaterialsand aggregateexhibitingexpansionslessthan0.04%anddemonstratingnopriorevidenceof reactivityinthefieldareconsiderednonreactive. Wherepossible,differentamountsofpozzolanorslagcementshouldbetestedtodetermine theoptimumdosage.Somematerialsexhibitapessimumeffect:dosagesthataretoolow mayactuallyresultinhigherASRrelatedexpansionsthanifnopozzolanorslagcementisused. Theflowchartaboveshowsthesequenceofcheckingthesuitabilityofblendedcementsor
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supplementarycementitiousmaterialstomitigateASR.Fortheentireguidespecification processtodetermineifpotentialaggregatereactivityexistsandtoselectmaterialstocontrol ASR,go to http://www.cement.org/tech/cct_dur_AAR.asp#flowchart. Ifpozzolans,slagcements,and/orblendedcementsarenotavailable,oriftestingorother engineeringconcernsprecludetheiruse,portlandcementandotherconcreteingredientscan beselectedtolimittheconcretesalkalicontentbasedonthereactivityleveloftheaggregate, orbasedonprovenfieldperformancewiththepotentiallyreactiveaggregate(Farnyand Kerkhoff2007).Forserviceconditionsmoreseverethanexperiencedinthepast,suchas increasedexposuretoexternalalkaliesorincreasedconcretealkalicontent,relyingonproven fieldperformancemaynotbeavalidoption.Anothersolutionistheuseofchemicalinhibitors, suchaslithiumcompounds.ThedegreetowhichlithiumcompoundssuppressexpansiveASR dependsonaggregatereactivityandconcretealkalicontent.TheFederalHighway Administrationhaspublishedguidanceontesting,specifying,andusinglithiumcompoundsin newconcreteconstruction(Thomasetal.2007). FurtherInformation Farny,JamesA.andKerkhoff,B.,"DiagnosisandControlofAlkaliAggregateReactionsin Concrete,"IS413,PortlandCementAssociation,2007,26pp. PCADurabilitySubcommittee,"GuideSpecificationtoControlAlkaliSilicaReactions,"IS415, PortlandCementAssociation,2007,8pp. PortlandCementAssociation,"AlkaliAggregateReaction." Thomas,M.D.A.,Fournier,B.,Folliard,K.J.,IdekerJ.H.,andResendez,Y.,"TheUseofLithium toPreventorMitigateAlkaliSilicaReactioninConcretePavementsandStructures,"FHWA HRT06133,FederalHighwayAdministration,McLean,Virginia,2007,47pp. Thomas,M.D.A.,Fournier,B.,Folliard,K.,Shehata,M.,Ideker,J.,andRogers,C.,"Performance LimitsforEvaluatingSupplementaryCementingMaterialsUsingtheAcceleratedMortarBar Test,"R&DSerialNo.2892,PortlandCementAssociation,Skokie,Illinois,USA,2005,22pp. Editor'sNote AsummaryofthedifferenttestsforASRisgiveninHPCBridgeViews,IssueNo.36, November/December2004.

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ASRPreventioninTexas
BrianD.Merrill,TexasDepartmentofTransportation

Crackinducedinaprestressedconcretebeambyalkalisilicareaction.

Forsomestates,alkalisilicareaction(ASR)inconcretehasbecomejustasbigaconcernas corrosionofreinforcingsteel.SuchisthecaseinTexas,wherereinforcingsteelcorrosion mainlyaffectsthefarnorthernpartofthestateandalongthecoastline. ASRistheresultofthereactionbetweenalkaliesinthecementandcertainsiliceous aggregates.Thisreactioncanresultinexcessiveexpansionandcrackingofconcreteexposedto moisture.CrackingofstructuressufferingfromASRisusuallyobservedwithin10yearsof construction.ForexcessiveexpansionofconcreteduetoASRtooccur,fourrequirementsmust bemet:theaggregatemustbesufficientlyreactive;thepHoftheporefluidmustbehigh(high alkalinity);theamountofreactionproductformed(ASRgel)mustbelarge;andtheremustbe sufficientwateravailableintheconcrete. TheTexasDepartmentofTransportation(TxDOT)reviseditsstructuralconcretespecifications in1999inanattempttopreventASRinnewconcreteby(1)limitingthetotalalkalicontribution totheconcretemix;(2)usingsupplementarycementitiousmaterials(SCMs)suchasClassFfly ash,groundgranulatedblastfurnaceslag(GGBFS),andsilicafume;(3)usingblendedTypeIPor IScements;or(4)performancetestingusingASTMC1260orASTMC441. Atthesametime,TxDOTlaunchedamassiveASRresearchprojecttostudytheissue.Oneof thestudieswasProject04085,PreventingPrematureConcreteDeteriorationduetoASR/DEF
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inNewConcreteconductedattheUniversityofTexasCenterforTransportationResearch. Thisprojectusedextensivelaboratorytestingalongwithalargeexposuresitetoevaluatethe effectivenessofvariousASRmitigationmethods.TxDOTusedtheresultstoconfirmandexpand the1999specificationstopreventASR. TxDOTscurrentASRspecificationsforstructuralconcretearelargelyprescriptiveduetothe highvolumeofconcreteusage(>60millionyd3in2006)andthetimeittakestoruntestson morethan150commonlyusedaggregatesources.Allaggregatesaretreatedasiftheyare potentiallyreactiveunlesswehavetestdataconfirmingotherwise.Thefollowingeightmix designoptionsweredevelopedwithindustryinputtoprovidemaximumflexibility: Option1.Replace20to35%ofthecementwithClassFflyash. Option2.Replace35to50%ofthecementwithGGBFSorMFFA.MFFAisClassFflyash modifiedtoimproveearlystrengthgainandsettingproperties. Option3.Replace35to50%ofthecementwithacombinationofClassFflyash(35%max), GGBFS,MFFA,UFFA,metakaolin,orsilicafume(10%max).UFFAisultrafineflyash. Option4.UseTypeIPorTypeIScement.Upto10%ofaTypeIPorIScementmaybereplaced withClassFflyash,GGBFS,orsilicafume. Option5.Replace35to50%ofthecementwithacombinationofClassCflyash(35%max)and atleast6%ofsilicafume(10%max),UFFA,ormetakaolin. Option6.Uselithiumnitrateadmixtureataminimumdosageof0.55gal.(30%solution)per poundofalkalies. Option7.Usestraightcementifthetotalalkalicontributionfromthecementintheconcrete doesnotexceed4.00lb/yd3ofconcrete. Option8.PerformanceTesting.Testbothcoarseandfineaggregatesseparatelyinaccordance withASTMC1567andcertifythatexpansionforeachaggregatedoesnotexceed0.10%. Also,TxDOTgenerallyusesprescriptivespecificationswhenspecifyingHPCtokeepconstruction costsdown.PerformancespecificationsforconcreteinTexashavetendedtoincreasebidprices becausethehighvolumeofconcreteconsumptionintroducessomelevelofrisktothe contractorsthattheconcretemaynotmeettheperformancerequirements.Wehavedone enoughtestingofHPCmixesthatwearecomfortableprescribingmixdesignsthatwillmeetour needs.TxDOTsHPCspecificationslimitthemixdesignoptionsthatcanbeusedtoOptions1 through5(notestingrequired)andOption8,ifthepermeabilityislessthan1500coulombsat
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56dayswhentestedinaccordancewithAASHTOT277. HPCmixesasspecifiedbyTxDOThavebeenshownthroughtestingtomitigateASRintwoways. Thefirstisphysicalmitigationbecausethepermeabilityoftheconcreteismuchlowermeaning lessmoisturecanpenetratetheconcretetoformASRgel.Thesecondischemicalmitigation. SCMsreactwithcalciumhydroxideandthisreactionlowersthealkalinityoftheconcreteand tiesupfreecalciumionsneededtoformASRgel. FurtherInformation ForfurtherinformationonTxDOTsASRefforts,pleasecontactBrianD.Merrillat5124162232 orbmerrill@dot.state.tx.us.

Virginia'sApproachtoASR
D.StephenLane,VirginiaTransportationResearchCouncil Alkalisilicareaction(ASR)wasfirstreportedtohaveoccurredinVirginiain1941,when KammerandCarlsonrevisitedthecauseofexpansionandcrackinginadamattributeda decadeearliertoanunidentifiedcementaggregateinteraction(Lane,1993).Inthelate1950s andmid1960s,occurrenceswerenotedinpavementsofthePentagonnetworkandtheR.E. LeeBridgeinRichmondconstructedinthemid1930s(Lane,1993).Thereactiveconstituentin theaggregateswasmicrocrystallineorstrainedquartz,whichismoreslowlyreactivethanother reactiveconstituentssuchasopal,chalcedony,orvolcanicglass.Despitetheseearlyidentified occurrences,ASRwasnotconsideredtobeasignificantconcerninVirginiauntilmuchlater,in partbecausethefocusofearlyworkonASRrevolvedaroundtherapidlyreactingmaterials. Inthelate1980s,astretchofinterstatepavementplacedintheCharlottesville,VA,areainthe early1970swasreplacedbecauseofsignificantcrackingcausedbyASR.Otherstretches,less severelyaffected,wereultimatelyoverlaidbythemid1990s.Twocoarseaggregates,a metabasaltandagraniticgneisswereinvolved,bothcontainingmicrocrystallineand/or strainedquartzasthereactivecomponent.Thiscoincidedwithagrowingregionaland internationalrecognitionofthepotentiallydeleteriousnatureofaggregatescontaining varietiesofquartzasthereactiveconstituent,greatlyextendingtheareaswhereproblems mightbeencountered.In1989,theNationalReadyMixedConcreteAssociationandthe NationalAggregatesAssociationorganizedtheMidAtlantictechnicalcommittee,composedof industryrepresentatives;stateDepartmentsofTransportationofMaryland,NorthCarolina, Delaware,Pennsylvania,andVirginia;FederalHighwayAdministration;andthelocalmass transportationagencytoserveasaworkinggrouptostudytheproblemanddevelopsolutions. Whilethe1980swasaperiodofreawakeningregardingtheimpactofASR,itwasalsoaperiod whentheuseofpozzolansandslagcementexperiencedgreatgrowthintheUnitedStates concreteindustry.TheVirginiaDepartmentofTransportation(VDOT)hadreviseditsconcrete specificationstoallowtheuseofflyashandslagcementin1984and1985,respectively.
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Althougheconomicconsiderationsweretheprimarydrivingforcesatthispoint,numerous studieshaddemonstratedthebeneficialattributesthatthesematerialscouldprovidewith respecttomitigationofbothASRandchlorideinducedcorrosion. In1990,VDOTlaunchedastudytodeterminetheextentofitsASRproblemandtodevelop measurestopreventfurtherproblems.ItquicklybecameclearthatthelocalavailabilityofClass FflyashandslagcementprovidedaneconomicalsolutiontoboththeASRandchloride inducedcorrosionproblems,withoutanyrealdownside.In1991,VDOTreviseditsconcrete specificationtorequire15%replacementplus5%additionofClassFflyashor25to50%slag cementunlessTypeIIcementwithanalkalicontentlessthan0.40%Na2Oequivalent=Na2O+ 0.658K2Owasused. Theoutcomeoftheinitialstudysupportedtheinterimspecificationbecausepotentially reactiveaggregateswereinwidespreaduseandtestmethodscapableofclearlydistinguishing betweennondeleteriousanddeleteriouslyreactiveaggregateswerenotavailable.Also,it seemedthattheprimarypurposebehindidentifyingnondeleteriousaggregateswastoavoid havingtouseflyashorslagcementintheconcrete,whichwouldbelesseconomicalandleave itmoresusceptibletochlorideinducedcorrosionbecauseofconcretepermeability. VDOTASRMitigationRequirements1995Revision CementitiousMaterials* CementOnly CementwithMinimum15%ClassFFlyAsh CementwithMinimum20%ClassFFlyAsh CementwithMinimum25%ClassFFlyAsh CementwithMinimum30%ClassFFlyAsh CementwithMinimum25%SlagCement CementwithMinimum35%SlagCement CementwithMinimum50%SlagCement CementwithMinimum3%SilicaFume CementwithMinimum7%SilicaFume Maximum Cement Alkali Content,% 0.45 0.60 0.68 0.75 0.83 0.60 0.90 1.00 0.60 0.90

CementwithMinimum10%SilicaFume 1.00 *Replacementofportlandcementbymass Afollowupstudy(LaneandOzyildirim,1995)focusedondeterminingtheamountsof pozzolansorslagcementneededtopreventdeleteriousreactivityusingastandardreactive

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material(borosilicateglass).Theworkshowedthattheamountofagivenmitigatingmaterial neededwasafunctionofthealkalicontentoftheportlandcementwithwhichitwasused. Basedonthisstudy,VDOTreviseditsconcretespecificationtoaslidingscaleofminimum replacementofportlandcementwithClassFflyash,slagcement,orsilicafumeasafunctionof thecementalkalicontent.Theabovetableliststheminimumpercentagesofflyash,slag cement,orsilicafumetobeuseddependingonthecementalkalicontent. Asubsequentstudy(LaneandOzyildirim,1999)wasthenconductedtoverifythefindingsby testingconcretesproducedwithareactiveaggregateusedinVirginiaconstruction.Thisstudy includedotherdurabilityfactorsinadditiontoASRandrecommendedadjustmentstothe earlierspecificationwiththeintentofprovidingadequatemitigationofbothASRandchloride inducedcorrosion. VDOTRecommendationtoProvideASRMitigationandLowPermeabilityConcrete PortlandCementAlkaliContent,% ClassFFlyAsh,*% SlagCement,*% SilicaFume,*%
*Minimumpercentagecementreplacementbymass

0.75 20 40 7

>0.75 25 50 10

Theabovetableliststheminimumpercentageofcementreplacementusingflyash,slag cement,orsilicafumeforportlandcementalkalicontentslessthanorequalto0.75%and greaterthan0.75%. TheuseofpozzolansorslagcementhasservedVDOTwellovertheyearsinpreventing significantearlydamageresultingfromASR.Assuringcompliancehasbeenstraightforward, relyingprimarilyonmillcertificationsofthecementitiousmaterials.IthasallowedVDOTto avoidthemuchmoredifficultandlargertaskofdevelopingandmaintainingaprogramof testingaggregatesforASRpotential,whichwouldimposemuchgreatermanagementand manpowerdemands. WhiletheidealistoavoidASRrelateddamageandthespecificationsinplaceforoverfifteen yearsappeartobeaccomplishingthat(Lane,2006),structuresbuiltearliermayrequireperiodic repairorrehabilitation.VDOThasoverlaiddamagedbridgedeckswithlatexmodifiedconcrete since1970,polymermortarsincetheearly1980s,orsilicafumeconcrete(nowlow permeabilitywithpozzolansorslagcement)sincetheearly1990s.Thesesystemshaveserved asprimarymaintenanceandrehabilitationtools.Anumberofthesedeckswereundoubtedly damagedbyASRbutthecause(s)neverclearlydefined.VDOThashadexcellentsuccesswith theseoverlaysystemsinextendingbridgedeckservicelife.

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References Lane,D.S.,"AlkaliSilicaReactivityinVirginia,"FinalReport,VirginiaTransportationResearch Council,ReportNo.94R17,1993. Lane,D.S.andOzyildirim,H.C.,"UseofFlyAsh,Slag,orSilicaFumetoInhibitAlkaliSilica Reactivity,"FinalReport,VirginiaTransportationResearchCouncil,ReportNo.95R21,1995. 41pp. Lane,D.S.andOzyildirim,C.,"CombinationsofPozzolansandGround,Granulated,Blast FurnaceSlagforDurableHydraulicCementConcrete,"FinalReport,VirginiaTransportation ResearchCouncil,ReportNo.00R1,1999,22pp. Lane,D.S.,"AnEvaluationofthePerformanceofConcretesContainingFlyAshandGroundSlag inBridgeDecks,"VirginiaTransportationResearchCouncil,ReportNo.07R7,2006,21pp. Furtherinformation ForfurtherinformationonVDOT'sapproach,pleasecontacttheauthorat4342931953or stephen.lane@vdot.virginia.gov.

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