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COM
OBSOLETE
U. S. ARMY
COUNTERINSURGENCY FORCES
DO NOT CHARGEmmiw
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-. 6237)
p I LJ ~ L.P
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NOVEMBER 1963
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FIELDMANUAL HEADQUARTERS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL
Section I. I n t r o d u c t i o n - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - J
- - 1.2
..
11. U.S. policy and definrtlons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,4
I N T E L L I G E N C E - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 88-93
99-105
TRAINING
TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR U.S. ARMY COUNTERINSURGENCY 119-124
FORCES.
PART ONE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL
Section I. INTRODUCTION
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those portions of Indo-China (Repub- selves to the development of insurgent move-
( 4 ) Desire for economic and soeid im- tact with other cultures.
provements. The historical examples (2) The expectation of radically improved
of insurgency movements cited above living standards within a short period
have all been influenced by the desire of time.
for economic and social improvements.
(3) ~ r e s s b r eof a dense and rapidly ex-
Additionally, it is a major factor fre-
quently observed in coups d' etat or panding population in an agrarian
insurrections in Latin America. This society.
desire is continually exploited by the (4) Divisive rifts in the population stem-
communists with their propaganda. ming from class, ethnic, religious, or
(5) Elimination of corruption. This is an- linguistic differences.
other primary cause of insurgency. (5) Aspirations of the underprivileged for
The movements in the Philippines and improvement in their social status and
China offer good examples of large opportunities for individual expres-
segments of the population supporting sion and individual satisfaction.
a communist-inspired insurrection in (6) Widespread illiteracy and an inade-
an attempt to eliminate graft and cor- quate educational system.
ruption in the existing government. (7) Indolent national character.
In the case of the Philippines, positive (8) The gap between the powerful urban
action by the government prevented elite and the unorganized and inartic-
the insurgency from succeeding; the ulate majority of the peasants.
outcome in China is well known.
b. Political.
b. Not every insurgent movement has been (1) Present or recent domination by a
communist-inspired, although many have pro- colonial power ; inexperience of new
vided opportunities for subsequent communist indigenous leaders and administra-
exploitation. Some insurgent movements, a s in tors; inadequate civil service system.
China, have been communist in origin and pur-
pose from their 'inception. In Indo-China, a (2) A government unresponsive to the
Communist Party led and dominated a popular aspirations of the people.
movement to throw off colonial rule, while in (3) Tyrannical, repressive, corrupt or in-
I efficient leadership.
Cuba a revolution to overthrow a repressive
regime was betrayed and captured by com- (4) Lack of communication between the
munists. In a number of cases (e.g., Greece government and the people.
and the Republic of Vietnam) insurgency has (5) Lack of control by the government
been organized and instigated from a neighbor- over rural areas and consequent
ing communist state. In such cases the insur- breakdown of law and order.
gents have enjoyed the advantage of a secure (6) Unstable government.
base for training and logistical support, plus (7) F rustrated and articulate segments of
sanctuary from pursuit, on the communist side the intelligentsia which advocate radi-
of the border. cal solutions to speed modernization.
(8) A small but growing middle class, and
6. Basic Causes and Motivation Factors of extremes of right and left which op-
Insurgency pose the struggle of the middle class
The following conditions are characteristic for political and economic influence.
of many transitional societies and lend them- (9) The immaturity of the political process
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which does not permit the diffusion of (12) Lack of, or underdevelopecl, natural
power in the form of multiple interest resources.
groups and political parties. (13) Inadequate transportation and coin-
(10) The unwillingness of the leading elite munications systems.
to tolerate responsible opposition, and d. Military.
the propensity for opposition groups (1) Estrangement of the military forces
for conspiracy and subversion. from the people.
c. Economic.
(2) Failure to provide effective military
(1) Widespread poverty. and police forces.
(2) Grossly inequitable distribution of (3) Organizations, equipment, and doc-
of wealth and income; concentration trine that are obsolete or inappro-
of wealth and economic power in one priate to the circumstances.
class or in a few individuals or fami- (4) An inadequate intelligence system.
lies. (5) Military elements that are unrespon-
(3) Agricultural backwardness character- sive to higher authority.
ized by low capitalization, low level of (6) Factionalism within the military
agrarian techniques, poor transporta- forces.
tion, incapability of weathering minor (7) Absence of truly national loyalties in
crises, land hunger and one-crop eco- the military establishment.
nomics. (8) Lack of motivation.
(4) A highly inequitable and inefficient (9) Lack of awareness of popular aspira-
system of land tenure tending to pro-
tions and attitudes.
duce either vast landholdings or frag-
mented small holdings, combined with e. Psychological.
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CHAPTER 2
17. The U.S. Air Force tions. Coordination for all air support is ef-
fected through appropriate joint staff elements
The mission of the U.S. Air Force is to train,
of the MAAG.
advise, and assist the a i r forces of the host
country in consonance with the U.S. Military
Assistance Program and to provide logistical 18. The U.S. Navy
and administrative air support to other U.S. The U.S. Navy organizes, equips and provides
and host country counterinsurgency forces. The Navy Forces for joint counterinsurgency opera-
U.S. Air Force element is a part of the U.S. tions and for support of the country counter-
Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) insurgency program. Due to the geographical
and functions under the Chief of the MAAG locations of many of the countries of U.S. in-
in the same manner a s other MAAG elements. terest, the unified or specified commander may
The a i r support normally provided counterin- require that support services in the operational
surgency forces includes, but is not limited to, area be furnished from predominantly Navy
cargo, troop and passenger airlift ; aeromedical sources. These services may vary from finance
evacuation; airborne loudspeaker broadcasts support for U.S. military troop payment to
and leaflet drops for psychological operations ; supervision of MAP construction projects. As
visual and photographic reconnaissance; close required, the MAAG is provided Navy elements
a i r support and support of airmobile opera- to train, assist and advise the naval forces of
12 AGO 6448A
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the host country. Additionally, in the absence forces in counterinsurgency operations and
of indigenous navy forces, the U.S. Navy may participates with the other services in joint
furnish operational and training assistance to developmental actions related to naval and air
river and lake forces operating on inland water- conduct or support of counterinsurgency opera-
ways. tions. The Marine Corps develops language
trained and area oriented USMC forces a s nec-
19. The U.S. Marine Corps essary for employment in training or providing
Marine Corps responsibilities parallel those operational advice or support to indigenous
outlined herein for Navy and Air Force forces. security forces. U.S. Army Civil Affairs and
In addition, the USMC participates with the Psychological Operations personnel may also be
Army in the joint development of the doctrine, attached to U.S.Marine Corps units to perform
tactics, procedures, techniques and equipnient their normal missions a s an integral part of
employed by Army and Marine Corps ground such units.
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PART TWO
CHAPTER 3
Section I. GENERAL
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up forces for the SAF's. Area-orient- based U.S. Army forces, including the
ed, partially language and fully count- base SAF which serves as a rotational
erinsurgency trained, these backup base for deployed elements. In con-
forces - probide mobile training teams sonance with contingency planning,
and operational units of sizes and ca- area-oriented and counterinsurgency
pabilities consistent with mission re- trained brigade-size backup forces are
quirements. Generally, their elements designated for employment in speci-
are committed when the capabilities fic areas as required to assist in pre-
of the MAAG/Mission and/or the venting or defeating insurgency. The
SAF are exceeded by the requirements third tier satisfies requirements that
of the country concerned. exceed those of the first and second
(3) The third tier consists of CONUS- tiers.
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Section Ill. OTHER U.S. ARMY COUNTERINSURGENCY FORCES
26. Backup Forces, Second and Third Tiers force are capable of training, advising, and
providing operational assistance to indigenous
Brigade-size backup forces are organized
regular and paramilitary forces. The tailoring
from selected overseas and CONUS divisions to
of this force as MTT,s is discussed in paragraps
provide area-oriented and partially language-
57 through 59. Trainipg requirements for this
trained mobile training teams, detachments,
force or elements ther'eof are outlined in para-
and operational units as backup for the SAF's
graph 123.
and/or MAAG's (par. 21b(2) and (3)). The
mission, training and organization of these
forces generally parallel that of the SAF; how- 28. General Purpose Units
ever, since they are normally deployed follow- In addition to the SAF and brigade-size back-
ing an escalation in the level of insurgency, up forces discussed above, general purpose
more emphasis is placed on developing combat CONUS and theater army forces may be de-
capabilities. ployed to support the activities of the MAAG/
Mission or specified command, in accordance
27. Brigade Organization, Capabilities with the requirements of country internal de-
fense plans. Such requirements may include
"f in these forces are specially trained
smal infantry, artillery and armored cavalry
mobile training teams, and engineer, psycho-
combat support and combat service support
units and, under exceptional circumstances,
logical warfare, signal, civil affairs, intelli- combat units. These units are deployed to
gence, aviation, Army Security Agency, medi- countries to support indigenous military and
cal, military police, and other support units of paramilitary forces or U.S. Army units in the
varying sizes and capabilities. These teams and conduct of counterinsurgency operations. The
units may be deployed and assigned to a de- primary mission of such units is to provide op-
ployed SAF or MAAG or, under exceptional erational assistance to indigenous forces in
circumstances, the entire brigade may be de- cases where the latter do not have the capability
ployed, when required. The elements of this of providing their own.
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CHAPTER 4
-
ABN SF
GP
.
r ---
HQ 8 HQ SIG AVN SF
CO CO D ET CO
LIIL
SIG
co
-
-
CO BASE MBL BASE
HQ OP PLAT RAD PLAT RAD PLAT
. 3
AVN CO
I
I I I
COMD EL CON
I
COMD 8 CON
I
CO HQ PLATOON MAlNT
COMM SEC PLATOON
SVC PLAT
(FIXED WING) (ROTARY WING)
*
I I
TEAM STRIKE TEAM TEAM
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( 7 ) Fixed wing transport team. This team, tions in scale with the small number
equipped with cargo aircraft, is used of aircraft involved.
a s the primary means of furnishing ( 1 1 ) Maintenance and service platoon. This
logistic support to deployed elements platoon provides third echelon field
of the company, special forces group, maintenance, motor maintenance sup-
and other elements of a special action port, and POL and ammunition han-
force. Its good cargozcarrying capa- dling and storage. Elements from this
bility, together with the short takeoff platoon are attached to other elements
and landing characteristics of the air- of the company which are operating
craft, make i t ideal in furnishing air- for extended periods of time a t great
lift support between refined air facili- distances from the main base of the
ties which can be used by Air Force- company.
type aircraft and the smaller strips
which can normally be used only by 41. Special Forces Company
Army-type aircraft. a. Mission. To provide command/control of
( 8 ) Command and control platoon head operational detachments and mobile training
quarters (rotary wing). This section teams and to plan for, advise, train, and assist
headquarters has the same capabilities indigenous forces in the conduct of counterin-
a s the fixed wing command and con- surgency operations.
trol section headquarters. Normally,
b. Organization. The special forces company
when the rotary wing reconnaissance
consists of an administrative detachment, one
and strike and transport teams are
eperational detachment C, three operational de-
employed in airmobile operations, the
tachments B, and twelve operational detach-
team commander, together with the
ments A (fig. 5). This company was organized,
indigenous ground force commander,
a s such, for garrison purposes, i.e., administra-
will be located together in a command tion, mess, and training. Its flexible organiza-
control helicopter from the flight
tion, however, with appropriate augmentation
operations section. from components of the SAF facilitates its
( 9 ) Rotary wing reconnaissance and strike organization for counterinsurgency mission as-
team. This team provides additional signments. The special forces company com-
aerial reconnaissance and surveillance mander is also the commander of the opera-
means in support of indigenous forces. tional detachment C.
Its fire support capability, rockets and c. Operational Detachment C . This detach-
machine guns, is employed to support ment is the senior operational unit of the special
ground troops, to attack targets of op- forces company. It is capable of-
portunity and a s escort for the trans- ( 1 ) Participating in counterinsurgency
port helicopters. operations with indigenous forces.
( 1 0 ) Rotary wing transport teams. These (2) Exercising operational control over
teams provide the principle means of subordinate detachments.
reaching remote areas in carrying out (3) Providing the nucleus for the estab-
all aspects of counterinsurgency and lishment of a special f ~ r c e sopera-
psychological operations. They trans- tional base within a host country to
port personnel, supplies, materiel, and support the activities of a MAAG/
equipment of elements of the special Mission or other U.S. military author-
action force. These teams provide the ity in support of the indigenous coun-
type of airlift most frequently lacking terinsurgency effort.
in developing countries where the com- (4) Providing training, operational advice
pany is most likely to be employed. and assistance in counterinsurgency
They provide the essential means for operations to appropriate military and
mobility in counterguerrilla opera- paramilitary forces of a host country.
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I OP DET I
-
OP DET
L,
L
OP DET
-L
-
" B" "A "
-
Figure 5. Special forces company, airborne special forces group.
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d . Operational Detachment B. This detach- ard procedure when detachments and MTT's
ment is capable of- are training, advising and assisting the coun-
(1) Exercising operational control over try's national army. Detachments and MTT's
assigned or attached operational de- engaged in organizing and training paramili-
tachments A and mobile training tary forces in remote areas or training counter-
teams. part units may be in a chain of command es-
(2) Providing training and operational tablished by the senior commander within the
advice and assistance to indigenous country. Their operations may be planned and
battalions, regiments or brigades. supervised directly from the SFOB.
(3) Performing limited military civic ac-
tions. 42. Civil Affairs
(4) Participating in counterinsurgency The civil affairs detachment of the SAF ad-
operations with indigenous forces. vises and assists indigenous forces in carrying
out civil affairs functions. Where indigenous
(5) Form mobile training teams as re-
quired within its capabilities. civil affairs organization, staff sections and
units are in being, the task is simplified. If no
e. O p e r a t i d Detachment A. This detach- civil affairs organization is present, the indig-
ment is capable of- enous commander of the area must rely on
(1) Training, advising and providing forces available to him. In such a case, U.S.
operational assistance to paramilitary civil affairs elements should encourage the for-
forces, indigenous special forces and mation of a provisional indigenous staff organi-
other military forces. zation. The Special Forces Group Civil Affairs
(2) Form mobile training teams a s re- staff officer assists in planning for the employ-
quired within capabilities. ment of the civil detachment.
(3) Performing limited military civic ac-
tions. 43. Civil Affairs Detachment
(4) Organizing, training, advising, and a. Mission. The civil affairs detachment and
directing a s required tribal, village its component elements participate and assist
and other remote area groups in coun- in military civic action by providing profes-
terinsurgency operations. sional and technical assistance and advice to
U.S. and indigenous military forces in the use
f. Employment of the Special Forces Com-
of military skills and talents in ways which will
pany. The special forces company forms the strengthen the social, economic and political
nucleus for a SAF task force. The operational
posture of the country.
detachment C, in its dual role a s an operat-
ing/control team, establishes an opera- b. Organization. The civil affairs detach-
tional base within the host country when re- ment contains appropriate functional teams,
quired, and conducts operations in accordance and detachment and platoon headquarters
with provisions of the country team plan and drawn from TOE 41-500. The teams are se-
supplementary directives of superior military lected and are expanded or reduced to meet the
headquarters. The base is located to facilitate requirements of the mission and the character-
operations and is in the vicinity of an air fa- istics of the area of operations. A type civil
cility and support installations. The task force affairs detachment (fig. 6) may be organized to
commander may employ operational detach- include a detachment headquarters, three pla-
ments B to control and administer the activities toon headquarters, two economic sections, two
of subordinate elements in a designated area of government sections, two public facilities sec-
operations. However, separate detachments and tions, two special functions sections, and two
mobile training teams may also be placed under language teams. The following skills are repre-
the operational control of MAAG advisors when sented in this type detachment: economics,
assigned missions within the latter's area of agriculture, public health and sanitation, public
responsibility. The latter course may be stand- welfare, public education, labor, public works
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-7
7 C A DET
- SPECIAL
FUNCTI 0 N S
-
LAN GUAGE
-
'I
ECONOM lC S
FACILITIES
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MED
SERVICE
DET
1
MEDICAL MEDICAL
CONTROL SUPPORT
TEAMS TEAM (MTT)
a
(TOTAL OF 21
MOBILE TRAINING TEAMS)
Figure 7. Type medical service detachment, special action force.
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46. Medical Service Detachment teams to support a deployed SAF Task
Force.
a. Mission. To provide planning, training
and operational assistance to indigenous mili- d . Employment of Medical Service Detach-
tary forces of a host country with particular ment.
emphasis on the latter's development of civic (1) Organizational flexibility permits the
action projects. The detachment will provide, detachment to provide medical control
within its capabilities, unit level medical serv- teams and medical support teams for
ice for U.S. personnel. support of elements of the SAF as
b. Organization. The detachment contains required. Normally one medical con-
appropriate functional teams drawn from TOE trol team and 6 to 10 medical teams
8-500. A type detachment (fig. 7) might con- will be attached to a special forces op-
sist of three medical control teams (Team SA) , erational detachment C when the lat-
and 21 medical support teams (Team SB) con- ter is deployed as the major unit of
sisting of a chief medical specialist, a medical the SAF. These teams may be placed
specialist and a preventive medicine specialist. in support of operational detachments
The senior control officer commands the detach- A and B. Medical teams may remain
ment when the SAF is deployed a s an entity or under the operational control of the
in garrison prior to deployment. The number operational base when required to
of medical support teams that can be con- work independently with indigenous
trolled and supervised by a medical control team medical units and civic action projects
will vary according to the situation; however, not involving special forces participa-
control teams are allocated on the basis of 6 to tion.
10 medical support teams deployed. (2) Medical control and support teams
may be placed under the operational
c. Capabilities. The detachment is capable control of MAAG advisory detach-
of- ments operating with indigenous mili-
(1) Providing training, advice and opera- tary forces.
tional assistance to indigenous mili-
tary and paramilitary forces engaged (3) As required, medical control and sup-
in counterinsurgency operations. port teams may be deployed sepa-
. rately to a host country and assigned
(2) E stablishing clinics to provide limited to a MAAG/Mission or other U.S.
medical treatment to indigenous military authority.
civilians as a part of the coordinated
civic action program.
47. Military Engineers
(3) Providing medical support to special
Military engineers provide support in coun-
forces operations in remote areas.
terinsurgency operations in both a combat role
(4) Providing supervision, advice, and as- and supporting civic action projects. U.S. Army
sistance in instituting preventive engineers have adequate technical and mana-
medicine programs to include public gerial capacity for their cold war mission. Con-
hygiene and insect and rodent control versely, indigenous forces in the newly develop-
programs. ing countries lack a sufficient number of trained
(5) Providing medical service in district engineers.
or village dispensaries on a scheduled
part time basis. 48. Engineer Detachment
(6) Providing medical support, within its a. Mission. The engineer detachment pro-
capabiltiies, to U.S. personnel. vides training, advice and assistance to indig-
(7) 1n furtherance of the above capabil- enous engineer units, and to other forces en-
ities the detachment provides medical gaged in counterinsurgency operations or per-
control teams and medical support forming civic action.
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rl
E NGR DET
I CONTROL
TEAM
nI 1
ADVISORY 1 lkF,-
MP DET
--
MOBILE
DET HQ TRAINIffi
TEAM
I
COUNTER INTELLIGENCE
DET HQ COLLECTION TEAM INTERROGATION f EAM
TEAM
F
( I I) TEAM
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MBL
OP ELEMENT ELEMENT I
I I
E
p a tfLJPRINTING AND
PRESS TEAM
RADIO
]*
3
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j-j
Mi 1
-
.
7,
7
(+)
Isvc
SVC SPT
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0. ,
, ,,,,ATTACH ED NON-MVISIOMAL UNITS.
-1
- -.-
,,
, WVtSlOW A N 0 NU#- D~VISIONLU.COMBAT
SUPeORT UbCUS ARE ATTACHED AS MQUIRED.
security roles. The team provides limited ad- ing, personnel of this element can be organized
vice on military civic action projects. It may be into MTT's to provide training and advice to
placed under the operational control of a indigenous military, paramilitary police, and
MAAG advisory detachment when employed in police organizations in riot control, area con-
a host country. trol, police public relations (to include civic
action), police intelligence, physical security,
d . Aviation Component. The aviation com-
general investigation, and police subjects. The
ponent, organized from the division aviation military police element or its constituted MTT's
battalion, provides the provisional brigade may be placed under the operational control of
backup force with necessary airlift to support the MAAG/Mission or other U.S. authority
its activities when deployed to a host country when deployed to a host country.
as an entity. The organization should include,
as a minimum, one airlift section of the air- g. Signal Component. The forward area sig-
mobile company, one observation helicopter nal center platoon, with minor personnel and
from the tactical support section of the gen- equipment changes, can provide the necessary I
eral support aviation company, and mechanics. communication support required by the pro-
Sufficient equipment is provided to sustain a visional brigade backup force elements operat-
second echelon aircraft maintenance capability. ing in a host country. The installation section
The primary mission of the aviation component can be eliminated by adding two wiremen to
is to provide administrative and logistical sup- the telephone section. The following specialists
port to the widely dispersed mobile training should be added to the platoon headquarters:
one still photographer, one still photo lab spe-
teams. On a limited basis, personnel, aircraft
cialist, one cryptographer, one general crypto-
and equipment may be employed to provide graphic repairman and two radio repairmen.
training for indigenous units and to support Additional equipment required are a still
psychological operations and civic action proj- camera set, laboratory darkroom, and one shop
ects. truck with sufficient maintenance equipment to
e. Engineer Component. The engineer com- provide second echelon and limited third eche-
pany, airborne or infantry division engineer lon signal maintenance. The mission of the
battalion, provides the capabilities required for signal component is to support the provisional
support of a SAF or provisional brigade backup brigade backup force operational base and its
signal activities in a host country. The platoon
force. The company may be employed to pro-
can provide, on a limited basis, training advice
vide training and operational assistance to and operational assistance to indigenous mili-
indigenous military and paramilitary forces, tary and paramilitary forces.
and combat support to indigenous forces en-
gaged in counterinsurgency operations. It can h. Augmentation Units. As required, over-
seas unified commands and USCONARC may
support civic action programs involving a con-
provide military intelligence, civil affairs and
struction effort. Details of the roles and mis-
psychological operations elements and the
sions of engineer units are contained in chap- Chief, USASA may provide additional re-
ter 5. The company may be placed under the sources to augment the capabilities of the pro-
operational control of the MAAG or other U.S. visional brigade-size backup force. Skills re-
military authority when deployed to a host quired in these units are not available within
country. When supporting the country's civic the infantry o r airborne division. Such units
action program, its efforts will be closely co- should have capabilities corresponding to like
ordinated with the U.S. AID mission. units in the SAF.
AGO 6448A 45
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CHAPTER 5
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tions to entrap and destroy guerrilla tinuous surveillance missions should
forces and to deny support to those be flown. These missions accomplish
forces. The fleeting targets presented the following :
by guerrilla forces dictate that a high ( a ) They restrict guerrilla daylight
volume of saturating area fire from movement to the more difficult areas
armed helicopters be directed in mini- with dense vegetation.
mum time and before the guerrillas ( b ) They increase the pilots and observ-
disperse. Continuous pressure through ers knowledge of the operational
pursuit can be maintained by the use area enabling them to notice
of helicopter-borne troops. changes which might have a tactical
(4) Command, Liaison, Courier, and Com- significance.
munications. Commanders of indig- (c) They become so commonplace that
enous counterguerrilla forces use fixed reconnaissance flights for airmobile
or rotary wing aircraft to observe op- operations do not warn the enemy
erations in progress and be in a posi-
tion to move rapidly to critical points
of im~endinn - action.
(d) They can locate and report all suit-
to personally influence the action. able landing and drop zones so that
Such aircraft are also used by com- the information is readily available
manders and staff officers to effect in fast moving situations such as re-
liaison visits between widely separate action force employment and emer-
counterguerrilla forces and echelons gency medical evacuation.
of command. Army aviation may pro-
(e) They can discourage or detect am-
vide air courier service to effect a
bushes where road or rail nets exist.
rapid and relatively safe means of cir-
culating tactical and administrative ( f ) They can provide emergency radio
information and thus relieve or com- relay stations.
plement electrical signal communica- (g) They have a favorable psychologi-
tions traffic. Communication is ef- cal effect on both guerrillas and un-
fected by radio for air-to-ground, air- committed civilians who constantly
to-air and a i r relay traffic and through see them as an example of superior-
message drop and pickup between ity in equipment.
ground units and headquarters in spe- ( h ) They can provide border or coastal
cial situations. surveillance to detect the movement
(5) Reconnaissance and Surveillance. of large scale support.
Army aviation provides the indig- (6) Aerial Photography. Aircraft may be
enous counterguerrilla force a means equipped with aerial cameras to pro-
of reconnoitering large and distant vide rapid and timely photographic
areas which are difficult to reconnoiter coverage of suspected areas. This cov-
by ground elements because of area erage should include daylight and
size and/or location. Weather and ter- night photography.
rain are major considerations in the (7) Direction Finding. Under certain cir-
selection of aerial reconnaissance cumstances, aircraft may be equipped
tasks. Aerial reconnaissance is ac- with a direction finding capability to
complished in conjunction with ac- supplement ground-based units in the
tions of and information from ground detection and location of insurgent
patrols or other units. The guerrilla forces.
obtains many advantages through (8) Aerial Fire Support. Various army
knowledge of country, well concealed aircraft may be armed with such
.hideouts and his ability to blend into weapons a s machine guns and rocket
the population. When availability of launchers. Armed helicopters, em-
light fixed-wing aircraft permits, con- ployed in reconnaissance and search
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missions, attack targets of opportun- conditions encountered, such as ter-
ity and provide suppressive fires in rain, weather, guerrilla dispositions
support of counterguerrilla forces. and avenues of escape. Standing
Such fires are directed through voice operating procedures should be pre-
radio, smoke, panels, arm and hand pared for helicopter assault opera-
signals or other prearranged signals. tions. Once the operation is under
When counterguerrilla forces are de- way, particularly after the initial
ployed within guerrilla small arms assault wave has been committed,
range, suppressive fires are provided schedules should be adhered to as
from lead or supporting helicopters closely a s possible. Helicopters
prior to and during landing and with- must be rapidly evacuated, and dis-
drawal of troops. embarked troops must immediately
( 9 ) Airmobile Support. gain contact or pursue the guer-
rillas. A small element should cover
(a) In newly developing areas air trans-
planned subsequent landings of
portation may be the only suitable
troops or supplies in conjunction
means for rapid movement. This
with aerial fire support.
transportation includes the move-
ment of forces, such a s reaction or (d) Fixed wing aircraft can support
reserve forces, to execute counter- counterguerrilla operations in those
guerrilla operations, the movement areas not suited for air landings or
of reinforcements and the shifting when the radius of action is not
and relocation of these forces a s re- within the capability of helicopters.
quired to improve the relative force Such operations F a y be conducted
ratio in favor of the counterguer- where guerrillas have succeeded in
rilla force. establishing firm control over a
large land area and penetration is
( b ) To obtain maximum advantage
desired. Parachutists may be
from the use of transport aircraft, dropped with appropriate tools to
designated counterguerrilla forces
clear areas for subsequent personnel
with their organic equipment must
and supply deliveries by helicopter.
be in close proximity to departure
sites. Selected troop units and sup- ( 1 0 ) Aeromedicd Evacuation. Under those
porting air crews must be on an circumstances where airborne assault
alert status. When possible, rotary operations are required, the most
wing aircraft should be so located ptactical means of evacuating sick and
that the operational flight time to wounded will be by air. Additionally,
the most likely areas of employment the possession of this capability will
is no greater than 20 minutes. improve the morale of committed
troops. Medical and aviation personnel
(c) Helicopter assault operations are are trained to assist in loading and
conducted in mass with emphasis on unloading casualties.
mobility, surprise and speed. Tac-
tical surprise is achieved through
delivery of assault forces immedi- 64. Logistical Support Requirements
ately adjacent to a known or sus- Army aviation units deployed to an opera-
pected guerrilla force. Trained tional area are supported through both MAAG
shock troops are committed in the and indigenous support resources. Aviation
initial assault wave. Control of heli- maintenance and service units are deployed to
copter assault operations are best operational areas in accordance with require-
effected by the force commander ments and augmented with indigenous labor to
from an airborne command post. the extent possible. POL and repair parts are I
Helicopter formations and landing supplied through unit distribution to the maxi-
procedures are determined by the mum extent practicable.
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struction companies. Among its capabilities
65. Engineer Support
which make this unit especially suitable for
The Corps of Engineers has wide experience
support of a host country's civic improvement
in both civil and military engineering. The
program are-
Corps of Engineers has performed construction
work related. to the development of emerging (1) Construction or rehabilitation of
nations ; i t has gathered a storehouse of practi- routes of communication, bridges, and
cable experience in the area of foreign assist- forward tactical and forward cargo
ance through construction. The construction of airfields and heliports.
public works has a beneficial effect on the popu- (2) Construction of buildings, structures
lation and its attitude toward the established and related facilities.
government. Such facilities a s roads, railroads, (3) Construction of pipelines and storage
airports and waterways not only provide valu- tanks.
able mobility for the military forces, but also (4) Construction and rehabilitation of
help the general economic growth. The purpose railroads, ports, depots, hospitals and
of this section is to describe how engineer units utilities.
can exploit their capabilities.
(5) Limited bituminous paving.
(6) Producing potable water.
66. U.S. Army Engineer Organization
c. Division Engineer Battalions or Corn-
A wide variety of engineer units are available
panies. These units may, if deployed as part of
within the U.S. Army structure. These units
a task force, be employed within their capa-
are organized and possess a wide range of capa-
bilities to support a host country's civic im-
bilities to provide training and operational as-
sistance to a host country's indigenous military provement program when not engaged in
tactical operations. The capabilities correspond
forces and other agencies in support of a
with those of the combat engineer battalion and
counterinsurgency effort ( F M 5-1). Engineer
companies.
units considered most suitable for deployment
to support counterinsurgency operations are d . Engineer Topographic Company, Corps.
described below. The company organization includes a company
a. Engineer Combat Battalion. The battalion headquarters, survey platoon, photo mapping
is organized with a headquarters and head- platoon and a reproduction platoon. I t is capable
quarters company and three engineer combat of--
companies. Capabilities which are especially (1) Preparation of sketches, drawings,
applicable in supporting a host country's maps and map substitutes.
counterinsurgency operations are- (2) Reproduction of existing maps, and
(1) Engineer reconnaissance and intel- other intelligence material.
ligence. (3) Distribution of maps and similar
(2) Construction, repair, and maintenance materials.
of roads, fords, culverts, fixed or float- (4) Accomplishment of surveys as re-
ing bridges, landing strips, command quired for topographic mapping and
posts, supply installations, shelters, to furnish geodetic control for the use
and defensive installations. of the field artillery.
(3) Preparation and removal of obstacles, e. Engineer Base Survey Company. The com-
including minefields. pany organization includes a company head-
(4) Installation and operation of field quarters, operations section, aircraft section
water supply facilities. and three survey platoons. I t is capable of-
b. Engineer Constructicm Battalion. The bat- (1) Providing organic topographic survey-
talion is organized with a headquarters and ing.
headquarters company, engineer equipment and (2) Performing geodetic survey of second
maintenance company, and three engineer con- and third order precision, including
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leveling and establishment of base or combat support to indigenous fotces
lines. engaged in combat.
(3) Performing topographic surveys using (2) Provide advice and training to
conventional field methods. counterpart forces, in order that these
(4) Providing necessary control data for forces may take over combat support
compilation of new or the revision of missions.
existing topographic maps by stereo- (3) Provide operational assistailce to
photogrametric methods. indigenous paramilitary forces with
f. O t l ~ U
r nits. Other engineer units which emphasis on the development of field
may be used to support projects established in fortifications for secure villages and
a country internal defense plan are dump truck communications centers.
companies, port construction companies, pipe- (4) C onstruct and repair major roads,
line equipment companies, forestry companies, bridges, landing strips and helipads
light equipment companies, construction sup- in forward or remole areas, railroads
port companies, and a number of TOE 5-500 and waterways, and operate ferries
teams such a s firefighting, equipment operating, when these projects contribute di-
construction, utilities and electrical power, rectly to the combat effort of indige-
topographic and intelligence teams and dredge nous forces.
crews. (5) Advise, assist, and train indigenous
mi-litary and paramilitary forces in
67.' Employment of U.S. Army Engineers neutralizing guerrilla mines and booby I
a. General. Engineer advisors, teams or units traps, clear vegetation and destroy
may be required to support counterinsurgency faoilities useful*to guerrillas.
operations in a host country during all levels c. Engineer Contribution to Civic Zmprove-
of intensity of subversive insurgency. I t is rnent. The following list is considered repre-
necessary that engineer support be closely co- sentative of engineer tasks :
ordinated with other U.S. agencies to insure (1) Construction of simple irrigation and
efficient programming. Coordinatiw and free drainage systems.
exchange of ideas with the local civil authorities
(2) Reclamation of land by clearing and
is of equal importance. Whenever possible,
draining swamps.
projects should be set up as joint enterprises
between indigenous military and civil forces. (3) G rading operations.
Engineer units may be deployed separately to (4) Forestry activities such a s planting,
a host country for the accomplishment of thinning, and harvesting.
specific projects or with a counterinsurgency (5) S etting up and operating saw mills.
task force. In many situations, engineer func- (6) Devising and constructing flood con-
tions will involve pioneer tasks accomplished trols.
with local materials and limited equipment.
Improvisation and the use of field expedients (79 Assessment and development of ac-
will be the rule rather than the exception. To ceptable sand and gravel resources for
fulfill his combat role the engineer must be road work and general construction.
thoroughly familiar with the tactics and meth- (8) Construction of housing and other
ods of the insurgent force and with the methods buildings.
used by a counterinsurgency force. (9) Construction, repair, or improvemqnt '
b. Engineer Combat Role. In those areas of of roads, bridges, railway equipment,
a country where the level of insul'gency has and airfields.
escalated and the defeat of the insurgents re- (10) Improvement of sanitary conditions.
quires major military action, engineer units or (11) Devising acceptable methods of dis-
advisory teams may be employed to- posing of hultlan waste when this
(1) Provide technical service support and/ waste is not used for fertilizer.
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(12) Providing safe water supply systems. such as bamboo mats, planks, corduroy, and
(13) Providing technical training to indig- log tread roads should be explored, but other
enous military personnel which will more permanent type surfacing should be used
be useful to them upon their return to whenever possible. Surfacing will normally
a civilian status. consist of natural or processed materials such
(14) Preparation of necessary maps and as crushed rock, coral, caliche and tuff; or
charts as required for planning: road, stabilized soil surface. Soil cement can be used
railroad, and airfield projects; irriga- a s a wearing course for roads and other hard-
tion and land development ; political stands. If proper types of mixing machinery
subdivisions and geographical fea- are available, such hardstands are simple and
tures; and land use. easy to construct and do not require excessive
amounts of cement. It can also be used for
(15) Construction, repair, and operation of
lining ditches and canals for bank stabilization.
utility systems. In the construction of helicopter landing areas
in rugged terrain i t may be necessary to con-
68. Engineer Counterinsurgency Techniques struct elevated or raised platforms.
The discussion of the following techniques c. Bridges, Ferries and Rafts.
may be beneficial to engineering personnel. (1) Bridges may be constructed of steel,
a. Field Fortifications. Defenses around fixed concrete, lumber or logs, or even rope.
installations such as supply points, and secure Depending on the time and materials
villages and communications centers will be available, bridges may vary from a
required. Field construction as provided for in permanent multilane bridge to the
F M 5-15 is generally applicable to counterin- very crude expedient type (TM 5-
surgency operations, but the protection needed 258). Const~uctionequipment may be
will be more from direct fire and infiltration in very limited supply, and maximum
rather than from the blast caused by large use must be made of hand labor and
explosives. This will minimize the requirement such techniques as gin poles, tripods,
for overhead construction and wide dispersion. shears, boom derricks, cable runs and
Subject to local conditions, consideration should expedient pile drivers.
be given to interconnecting trench type fortifi- (2) Expedient ferry systems include fly-
cations around small field installations. Local ing ferries using cable and bicycle
materials can be used for revetments to reduce traveler, hand operated ferries, and
the requirement for sand bags or other items. river ferries using dugouts and bam-
Areas for observation and fields of fire should boo outriggers.
be cleared. The use of impenetrable brush and (3) Raft construction will often be of
nuisance items such as sharpened stakes around locally available materials, and impro-
a position may be effective. Improvised booby vised. These include a framework
traps, man traps, camouflage pits and snare- covered with canvas, a brush raft,
type traps can be used as warning devices for wrapping vehicles with tarpaulins,
local security or in areas frequented by guer- bamboo rafts, and a combination of
rillas. Extreme caution must be used to prevent dugout canoes.
local inhabitants.from being injured by these d. Building Construction. Construction of
devices. Construction of watch towers and
office buildings, barracks, mess halls, commu-
moats a t fortified areas may prove valuable.
nity buildings and homeg for relocated families
b. Roads, Railzuays and Airfields. The con- or displaced persons may be required. The con-
struction of good transportation facilities not struction should be simple, durable, economical
only assists in combatting the guerrilla, but and easy to maintain. Standard plans may
also helps the economy of the country. Heavy have to be modified to meet local conditions.
reliance must be placed on local labor and ma- Often it will be necessary and advisable to fab-
terials. Since unusual soil conditions may pre- ricate or manufacture the needed construction
vail, the use of expedient type road surfaces materials. Some examples are-
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(1) Making of brick from local clays (TM rodents and other pests can be a major
5-742). problem. Types of control measures
(2) Making of concrete block (TM 5-742). are construction and maintenance to
build up and keep out severe pest prob-
(3) Operating saw mills, blacksmith shops lems, proper drainage, filling, rodent
and rock quarries (TM 5-342, TM 5-
proofing, ease of termite inspection
728, TM 5 3 3 2 ) .
and use of treated lumber. Biological
(4) Engineers must be prepared to build control, to include protection of bene-
facilities similar to native construction ficial parasites and predators, use of
(straw roofs, bamboo framework, traps and barriers for the prevention
adobe siding) and to construct with- of infiltration and use of pesticide
out such essentials a s steel nails. Drift chemicals should be considered (TM
pins, mortise and tenon, dove tail 5-632).
joints, proper rigging techniques, and
the use of fasteners or other materials f . Area Damage Control Operations. To
can substitute for these devices. minimize danger and to expedite recovery oper-
ations, engineers help organize area damage
(5) The decision to utilize permanent or
control teams to engage in recovery operations
temporary construction must be ap-
after natural or other disaster. Further, engi-
proached with judgment and a conser-
neers can train paramilitary forces to include
vative attitude. Permanent construc-
SDU's in fire fighting, fire prevention, and other
tion must not be indulged in to meet
repair and rehabilitation work in the event of
a short-term mobilization capacity
natural disaster.
when operational plans indicate that
requirements for such capacity will g. Assistance to Agriculture. Engineers can
pass within the life of temporary con- provide valuable assistance to local farmers. A
struction. few examples are soil erosion control by means
of check dams and terracing ; maximum utiliza-
e. Sanitation. Water supply and distribu-
tion of available forest resources by proper
tion, rodent and pest control and refuse collec-
selection, grading, classifying and controlled
tion and disposal are all areas in which the
cutting; mechanization of the grain grinding
local population needs assistance.
process; movement of water for irrigation pur-
(1) The local water system will often be a poses; and clearing of land and building of
primitive unsanitary type. Ancient homes to open up new areas for farming.
methods of securing water from shal-
low hand dug pit wells are still prac- h. Power Production. In most undeveloped
ticed. Improved systems may be obi areas, work is almost exclusively done by hand
tained by the use of gravel-filled gal- labor. Engineers can introduce such power pro-
lery intake, and the use of bamboo, duction by harnessing devices as the windmill,
hollow logs or concrete lined ditches or the water wheel and the gasoline, steam or
troughs and windmill powered pumps. diesel engines. The production and limited dis-
Water may sometimes be obtained in tribution of electrical power might also be ex-
arid and semi-arid regions by digging plored.
or drilling in dried lakes and river i. Construction, Planning and Manageme7~t.
beds. In planning work, the engineer must take
(2) Simultaneously with improvement of proper cognizance of the skills, prejudices and
the water supply should come refuse customs of the local work force. He must also
collection and disposal. Covering of know the amount, type and condition of equip-
human waste, use of latrines, and dis- ment available for the project. In order to plan
posal of garbage and other refuse in construction projects special experience factors
sanitary fills or incinerators should be must be compiled and then adjusted to meet
encouraged. varying conditions. The less developed coun-
(3) In tropical climates the control of tries are characterized by limited resources and
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operate on severely restricted budgets; avail- might profitably be applied in civic action pro-
able money must be stretched to the utmost. grams. Imagination must be given free play,
This requires the best in engineering, planning however, to cope with nontraditional situations.
and management. Some of the artillery skills and equipment
\
available to aid in counterinsurgency are dis-
69. U.S. Army Artillery cussed in this section.
U.S. Army Artillery units may be required
to provide tactical support to indigenous forces. 71. Advantages and Limitations
Normally the commitment of these artillery a. The advantages gained through the use of
units will not occur until the intensity level of artillery fire in counterinsurgency are essen-
insurgency has reached phase 111. The role of tially the same a s in conventional situations but
artillery in counterinsurgency operations, its with the added advantage of possibly a greater
advantages and limitations, techniques of em- psychological impact on the enemy forces
ployment and various types of artillery fire, (guerkillas). Some of these advantages are as
and some special capabilities which artillery follows :
units possess for performing civic action pro- (1) All-weather and all terrain capability.
grams are explained in paragraphs 70 through
74. Additionally, the information accumulated
(2) Continuous operations.
in the succeeding paragraphs can be used in the (3) Flexibility.
advice and assistance to indigenous artillery (4) Surprise.
units. (5) Accuracy and mass.
(6) Psychological impact.
70. Role of Artillery
(7) Show of force.
a. The role of artillery in support of counter-
insurgency operations is not materially differ- b. The limitations in the use of artillery fire
ent from its role in conventional warfare; how- in counterinsurgency operations,are essentially
ever, the tactics and employment of artillery the same as in conventional situations. Some of
must be modified to meet the specialized re- the more pronounced limitations are-
quirements of these operations. (1) Difficulties in identification of the
guerrilla.
b. In counterinsurgency operations, artillery
fire support will be of great value. Plans must (2) Difficulties in observation of artillery
a
be coordinated and executed in such manner fire.
that the resulting artillery fires will not cause (3) Difficulties in the movement of artil-
ill effects or perhaps alienate the population and lery weapons.
cause them to support the insurgents. (4) Lack of survey control.
c. The psychological impact of artillery in (5) Restrictions placed on the use of artil-
support of counterguerrilla operations will lery fire.
probably be out of proportion to the damage
that the fire has actually accomplished. Con- 72. Employment
stant harassing fires directed against guerrilla
In addition to the basic principles used when
safe havens may cause the guerrillas to keep
employing artillery under conventional condi-
moving and thus induce serious morale prob-
tions, the following will generally apply when
lems. Timely and accurate artillery fire deliv-
supporting counterinsurgency operations.
ered on a guerrilla force is a two-prong morale
factor; it is both devastating to the guerrilla a. The necessity for movement of artillery
and reassuring to the counterguerrilla. weapons by air, boat, pack-mule, and often per-
haps by hand-tow.
d. Artillery units contain personnel with
specialized skills developed through artil1,ery b. Observation of artillery fire in difficult
training. In addition, artillery units contain terrain will often require the employment of
various types of specialized equipment which aerial observers.
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c. Survey data, in the form of trig lists and guerrilla force. Because artillery fire may ex-
bench marks, will in most cases be nonexistent pose guerrilla installations by destroying natu-
or unuseable. The observed firing chart, and ral cover and camouflage, aerial photographs
when time is available, the high burst registra- should be taken before and after the prepara-
tion will become the norm. tion is fired. Aerial observation should be in-
d . Fire planning must be extensive in order creased greatly during the firing in order to
to have preplanned concentrations on call to detect and report guerrilla activity. The possi-
neutralize, block and canalize fleeting targets. bilities and the opportunities to employ recon-
naissance by fire in a counterinsurgency situa-
tion are extremely limited. The indiscriminate
73. Fire Support
mixture of friendly populace and hostile insur-
In addition to the normal fire support plans, gents preclude any large scale use of this tactic.
certain fires peculiar to operations against Indigenous artillery units should be capable of
guerrilla forces must be planned. These plans employing this technique, however, since there
are innovations or variations of fire plans used are occasional "free zones" in which reconnais-
in conventional artillery support. Among these sance by fire can be practiced indiscriminately.
are-
g. Preparatory Fires. Artillery preparatory
a. Flushing. These fires are prepared to sup- fires may be planned to-
port counterguerrilla operations by "flushing" (1) Suppress guerrilla activity in objec-
the guerrilla into an ambush. They are em- tive areas of air assaults or landings.
ployed in rough and difficult terrain and in (2) Achieve surprise and create confusion
vegetation near paths, roads, and streams that in the raiding or assault of guerrilla
are used a s routes of communication. bases.
b. Harassing Fire. These fires are planned h. Aid to Navigation. A preplanned air
to deny use of communication routes, selected burst on specified coordinates will often enable
areas and terrain features, and to disrupt guer- patrol leaders to definitely locate themselves in
rilla operations. These fires may also be used difficult terrain.
in conjunction with ground operations in the
area. The amount of such fire must be well
74. Skills and Equipment Useful in Civic Ac-
controlled to prevent wasting ammunition.
tion Programs
c. Neutralization Fire. Artillery may be a . Communications. The very complete com-
used for the destruction of guerrilla bases or munications facility which is organic to most
camps. U.S. artillery units may be used to augment or
d . Blocleing or Barrier Fires. These fires are provide communications systems for civil use
planned to support infantry operations by deny- in remote areas.
ing guerrillas ingress or egress in the area of ( 1 ) Wire.
Artillery units can furnish tele-
operations, preventing escape, and denying re- phone line construction personnel,
inforcements. These fires may be especially switchboard operators, and telephone
effective where the movement of guerrillas is operators, with necessary equipment,
canalized by waterways or jungle trails. and installation and repair capabili-
e. Illuminating Fires. The illumination fire ties to augment the civilian facilities,
plan is made to assist friendly troops by ex- particularly within the perimeters of
posing guerrilla activity and deterring infiltra- secured areas.
tion. It is particularly effective in support of (2) Radio and Radio Teletype. Techni-
night ambush operations, and i t may be used to cians are available who are capable of
orient friendly patrols. installing, operating, repairing, and
f . Reconnaissance by Fire. Reconnaissance supervising these communications
by fire is conducted to obtain target locations. media.
It is accomplished by firing on suspected target b. Survey. The unit survey crew, with some
areas in order to produce reactions from the additional training, can provide invaluable as-
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sistance in aiding civic actions by laying out and air cavalry elements are especially suitable
unsophisticated roadways, bridges, building to this type operation. Ground armored cavalry
sites, airstrips, and other installations. is limited to objective areas that can be ap-
c. Trangportution. Transportation available proached by vehicles. Armored units are capa-
in most artillery units can be of great assistance ble of moving a t high speed and attacking
to the local government and the populace. promptly. They can carry sufficient riflemen to
root out hidden insurgents and have sufficient
d . Motor Maintenance. Although the number fire power to overcome any of the usual targets.
of mechanics within an artillery unit is limited, Armored personnel carriers should habitually
some instruction and supervision can be offered overrun the objective area so as to gain maxi-
to indigenous personnel. mum shock action. This technique should be
e. Electronics Maintenance. After a short applied vigorously until such time as insurgent
transition period, maintenance personnel can forces gain a repressive anti-tank capability.
be used a s radio mechanics and repairmen to b. Pursuit. In every possible instance, fleeing
aid the local populace. insurgents should be relentlessly pursued,
f . Administration. Administrative assistance pinned down, and killed or captured. SincSe dis-
can be provided local governments from organic persing guerrillas usually use preplanned
sources. Although this capability is limited, routes of withdrawal, or if pressed, simply scat-
instructors and supervisors can be supplied in ter to rally later a t a predesignated point, any
this field. pursuit must be undertaken immediately both
on the ground and in the air. Infantrymen are
75. Army Armor and Armored Cavalry necessary to conduct the ground pursuit. Arm-
ored personnel carriets possess a distinct capa-
The circumstances under which U.S. Army bility for ground pursuit in high grass, small
Armor and Armored Cavalry units may be com- brush and any terrain the vehicle is capable of
mitted to support indigenous forces are the negotiating. The speed, armored protection,
same a s for artillery units discussed in para- fire power and elevated position of an observer
graph 69. The assumption is that the commit- in the vehicle hatches make this a particularly
ment of these types of units will not normally effective technique when flushing insurgents
occur until the intensity level of insurgency has from positions.
reached phase 111. For additional guidance on
c. Ambush. Indigenous infantry are best
the employment of armor/armored cavalry
units, see F M 31-16. suited for this mission since they are not lim-
ited by terrain conditions. Air cavalry and dis-
mounted armored cavalry troops are also well
76. Armor in Limited Field Offensive Opera- organized and equipped for this type action.
tions Since insurgent tactics consistently call for
The types of offensive actions in which arm- withdrawal into areas relatively inaccessible to
ored units may participate successfully are- vehicles, the successful employment of mounted
raid, pursuit, ambush, and counterattack. With armored cavalry units in an ambush role is
the exception of ambush, these operations in- doubtful. Air cavalry units may be employed to
volve the movement of forces which must have establish impromptu ambushes to cut off with-
greater mobility, fire power, and staying power drawing insurgents.
than the insurgents. Additionally, armored d . Counterattuck. To be effective, the coun-
units may support infantry attacks against in- terattacking force must be able to move swiftly
surgents. This role may become the more com- into the battle area and assault the insurgents
mon during the latter phases of insurgency. in the face of a large volume of automatic weap-
a. Raid. The most important characteristics ons fire. They must close with the enemy to
of a raid are secrecy and speed. Raiding ele- destroy or disperse them. If the insurgents
ments must be able to move rapidly to an objec- withdraw, they are relentlessly pursued. Armor
tive area, and attack simultaneously before the protection and great numbers of automatic and
target disappears. Armored cavalry platoons large bore weapons are useful in assaulting an
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enemy and overcoming his heavy automatic fire. ploited to the fullest by aggressively overrun-
A mobile, indirect fire support capability should ning and destroying the objective area.
be available to the counterattacking force. All
a. Armored vehicles are employed to move
the required characteristics for a successful
through and control streets, destroy barricades
counterattack force are available in an aug-
and reduce strong points. To prevent insurgent
mented armored cavalry squadron. snipers from killing crew members who man
e. Support of I n f a n t r g Operations. The em- automatic weapons, and to keep insurgents
ployment of infantry in counterinsurgency from throwing grenades into open hatches, it is
operations may take place in terrain not suit- desirable t o have armored vehicles which can
able for vehicles. The infantry can move into button up and still employ machineguns. This
forests, jungles, and mountains to search out applies to scout vehicles and armored personnel
and destroy the insurgents. The infantry will carriers, as well as tanks. Armored vehicles are
execute these types of operations by constant especially effective in riot control.
deep patrolling, raids and ambushes. There will
b. Air cavalry can play an important role in
be instances, however, when infantry will be
developed areas. Armed helicopters can hover
fighting in open terrain, especiallly during
or patrol over the area, observing, reporting,
phase I11 conditions when large insurgency and interdicting any movements of insurgents
forces take to the field in force to engage gov- across rooftops or in streets hidden from view
ernment troops. At such times, armor/armored of the friendly troops. Helicopters can attack
cavalry elements can play a decisive role by insurgents hidden on rooftops, and can easily
providing armor support lo the infantry. Dur-
maneuver behind barricades or weapons posi-
ing phase 111, the insurgents can be expected tions to place machineguns or rocket fire on
to have antitank weapons, such as rocket them. If necessary to reduce a strongpoint, the
launchers and recoilless rifles. Generally their air cavalry troop can land riflemen on rooftops
anti-tank capability will be limited And their to attack downward into a building or to secure
troops vulnerable to armored attack. Armored
a better vantage point for covering fire.
cavalry can be employed as a maneuvering ele-
ment, provide direct and indirect fire support, c. In addition to its suitability for combat in
or provide other support that will assist the cities, the armored cavalry squadron can also
infantry to complete its mission. subdue and disperse rioting mobs, provide mo-
bile communications for police, and protect key
77. Armor Operations in Developed Areas government and industrial facilities.
The. types of developed areas are villages,
towns and cities. Villages usually consist of 78. Security Force
poorly fabricated Huts clustered in a disorderly One of the first steps in counterinsurgency
arrangement convenient to the local industry. operations is to convince and show the people
In many countries, houses provide no cover for that the established government will protect
weapons crews, but are often used for conceal- them. The government must take positive ac-
ment of insurgent supply caches, especially for tion to insure that insurgents cannot enter
food and ammunition. In some areas, there may populated areas a t will to assassinate officials,
be permanent structures in towns and cities, terrorize the people, and appropriate whatever
such as factories, major stores, warehouses, supplies they need. I t is necessary, therefore,
temples, schools, and government facilities. to outpost villages with small, powerful ele-
Combat against insurgents in these highly de- ments which can be promptly reinforced by
veloped areas will be conducted in the same highly mobile forces from adjacent troop bases.
manner a s against hostile troops. In the attack An armored cavalry platoon reinforced with
of rural villages consisting of the bamboo and indigenous infantry would be useful in this role.
thatched hut construction, armored vehicles can The vehicles are effective in moving quickly
operate in the same manner as outlined in para- under &R to different parts of the village as
graph 76b. In the absence of an enemy antitank required. The village defense is undertaken in
capability the inherent shock action can be ex- the same way as the organization of a strong
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point, explained in F M 17-36. To place an arm- specified for meeting engagements. See appen-
ored cavalry platoon in all villages, however, dix IV for details on transportation security.
would require f a r more units than are nor-
mally available. Even a massive program of 80. Reconnaissance and Surveillance
resettling the populace in secure village com- a. Reconnaissance, other than route recon-
plexes may be insufficient, and leave a large naissance discussed in paragraph 79, will be
number of villages undefended. Once a village conducted primarily by aerial and dismounted
is apparently progovernment, has organized a elements. Finding specific insurgent bases or
self-defense system, and has participated in camps will be extremely difficult because of the
some actions against the insurgents, it can be lack of adequate intelligence. In pinpointing
outposted by an indigenous infantry element suspected insurgency forces, reconnaissance
o r left with only its own self-defense forces should be made by aircraft since speed is essen-
and thus relieve armored vehicles for other tial. Air cavalry aircraft and crews are well
missions. Armored cavalry units may remain suited for this type mission. To avoid opera-
in major towns, however, t o free troops for a tional intentions, reconnaissance aircraft should
more active counterinsurgency mission. not hover over or appear to show unusual inter-
est in any particular area. Periodic flights over
79. Security of Routes of Communication suspected areas will accustom the insurgents to
This mission involves keeping the roads, such reconnaisance and tend to make them less
trails, and waterways open for traffic. Securing cautious when a specific objective is searched.
land routes requires constant reconnaissance This will also permit continuous photographic
coverage for comparative checks.
and surveillance to discover and eliminate
mines, roadblocks, and ambushes. It is manda- b. Dismounted armored cavalry elements
tory that units performing route security have a usually conduct zone reconnaissance and often
high probability of surviving ambushes. They patrol selected areas. This area reconnaissance
must be able to destroy or disperse ambushing mission has a three-fold purpose-it permits
elements and inflict casualties on the insurgents the troops to become thoroughly familiar with
with minimum casualties t o themselves. Since the trails, cul-de-sacs, and habitations in the
ambushes are frequently conducted by insur- local terrain; i t threatens the insurgents with
gents, continuous employment of properly the loss of supply caches and hidden cultivated
equipped armored cavalry units can be an effec- food plots; and i t forces the insurgents to keep
tive instrument in the defeat of the insurgents. constantly on the move or to stay dispersed.
Actions are similar to standard route reconnais- Caution must govern the scheduling, size and
sance and passage through defile techniques de- routes of such patrols, however, since they are
scribed in F M 17-36, and follow the tactics vulnerable to ambush.
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d . Dental Operating Detachment (Team KZ). hospital unit is staffed and equipped to provide
The detachment is capable of providing emer- medical and surgical treatment of all types of
gency dental treatment and a limited scope of cases ; however, it prepares patients for evacua-
routine dental care to 1,000 troops in isolated tion who cannot be returned to duty within pre-
areas. scribed limitations.
e. Helicopter Ambulance Medical Detach- h. Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (TOE 8-
ment (Team R A ) . The principal mission of this 57'1). Units of this type may be required to
unit is to furnish organization or field medical support U.S. or indigenous forces if the level
evacuation service by air for patients requiring of intensity of insurgency reaches phase 111.
immediate and definitive medical treatment and i . Evacuation Hospital, Semimobile (TOE
services. The detachment may be attached to 8-581). The primary mission of the evacuation
one of the major medical service installations hospital is to provide hospitalization for all
for operational control. However, the low dens- classes of patients within the combat zone and
ity of troops, great distances involved, unusual to prepare patients for further evacuation a s
and difficult terrain, and inadequacy of road necessary. The normal basis for allocation is
nets, may dictate that some of the five helicop- one per U.S. division in a limited or general war
ters be dispersed to support local dispensaries situation. I t may be advantageous to employ a
or other established evacuation systems. Added unit of this type for treatment and evacuation
to these factors which may require unusual of U.S. troops when other permanent facilities
methods of employment is the very austere are available within the theater to treat cases
medical service support provided in a host beyond its capability and it would not be feasi-
country. ble to establish adequate treatment facilities
f . Field Hospital (TOE 8-510). The field within the host country.
hospital is designed to provide a single hospital j. Medical supply, optical, and equipment
facility of 400-bed capacity, or 3 separate, inde- maintenance detachments are also provided by
pendently operating, hospitalization units of TOE 8-500. A Veterinary Food Inspection De-
100 beds each. This flexibility in organization tachment Team J A (TOE 8-500) may be
permits commitment of one or more of its 100- required.
bed units to meet requirements as they occur.
The hospital is capable of providing station hos- 83. Medical Service for the Indigenous Popu-
pital type support on an area basis and operat- lation
ing a specialized treatment facility when aug-
mented by professional service teams. Included In coordination with the U.S. AID mission
in its responsibilities are provisions for medical- and appropriate agencies of the host country,
surgical care and treatment for patients nor- U.S. Army medical service units and personnel
mally requiring a limited period of hospitaliza- should provide support and assistance to the
tion and preparing patients for further evacua- maximum extent possible to the indigenous pop-
tion. Each of the separate 100-bed hospitaliza- ulation. Probably in no other area of military
tion units can provide support for troop civic action can so much good will be gained. In
concentrations of up to 4,000. In computing consonance with the availability of indigenous
requirements consideration should be given to personnel, all U.S. Army medical service units,
the allocation of a numbec of beds for emer- facilities, and personnel should be encouraged
gency treatment of indigenous civilians. to utilize and train indigenous personnel to the
limit of their abilities. In connection with medi-
g . Station Hospital, Communications Zone cal training, English language training should
( T O E 8 - 5 6 3 - 8 - 5 6 7 ) . There are five types of be given to facilitate learning. Other medical
station hospitals: loo-, 200-, 300-, 500-, and services which may be provided are-
750-bed. These units may be increased in multi-
ples of 20 beds. The organization of each in- a. The establishment of outpatient clinics,
cludes three major components--the hospital operated by indigenous personnel, with sched-
headquarters, an administrative complement uled visits by a U.S. Army medical officer.
and a professional complement. Each station b. Medical supplies.
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c. The use of aircraft for evacuation of emer- c. Support of Indigenous Police and Para-
gency cases, especially those resulting from in- military Police. During phases I and 11, the
surgency adion. principal function of the military police is to
d. Advice and assistance on sanitation. assist the development and the improvement of
the indigenous police and paramilitary police.
' e. Emergency dental service.
The following are some of the areas of military
police activity :
84. Military Police Services (1) Organization of the national police to
a. General. Military police units, having the meet the police, security, and safety
capability of providing training, advice, and needs of the country. Emphasis is
assistance to indigenous forces, and comple- placed on the creation of a police or-
menting MAAG/Mission or U.S. Army forces, ganization that will support the social
are deployed as a part of the forces in counter- structure of the nation.
insurgency operations. The indigenous police (2) Organization of the paramilitary
forces will be in thd first line of offense organ- forces to serve as a defense force, yet
ized by the established government against sub- complement and support the national
version and insurgency. Subversion and insur- police.
gency activities are illeqal, and participants are (3) Provide plans, training, advice, and as-
considered criminals. 'It has historically fol- sistance for the military police and
lowed that police forces and police operating paramilitary police, which will insure
methods have been employed with success by their effectiveness in the fields of police
different governments in counterinsurgency op- and military activities to include tac-
erations. This fact, coupled with the police-type tics and techniques in counterinsur-
function of most paramilitary forces, ideally gency operations.
indicates the use of military police during all
phases of counterinsurgency operations. (4) Development of equipment needs,
equipment utilization, and local re-
b. Support of ~ i l i t a t - bCivic Action. The in- sources to support the mission of such
digenous police force is usually the only govern- forces.
mental agency that reaches down to the grass
(5) Provide guidance for indigenous police
roots level since in the emergent nations very
few public services other than police are sup- civic action.
plied to the citizenry. The police, having in (6) Provide advice in the handling of in-
most cases unlimited authority over the indi- surgency prisoners.
vidual, create the f h h e r image of the state. d. Psychological Aspects. Police type activity
The image and support of the indigenous gov- by nature is restrictive and may, by the layman,
ernment is correlated to the efficiency and effec- be considered negative. Without a positive pub-
tiveness of the police in the performance cf lic relations program based on impartial and
these duties. Any civic activities connected with just police operations, the public will easily
the operating police will have an immediate form an unfavorable image of the police. Such
effect on the local populape. Some specific areas an image is a weapon in the insurgent psycho-
of pdice civic action are- logical war. The military police, working in
?,
'(1) Training of the local citizens as aux- cooperation with the psychological operations
iliary police. team, are a vital link in the war for men's minds.
(2) Assisting the development of p o l i c e As with other army units i t is a continuing mis-
community relations. sion of the military police to develop among the
(3) Developing police youth activity pro- indigenous population an appreciation of the
grams. American way of life.
(4) Developing a correctional and rehabili- e. Military Police Role in Counterguerrilla
tation system. Operations.
(5) Developing an effective physical and (1) Military police units, having roles in
community security program. all phases of counterinsurgency, may
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be used as a basis for expansion into (6) Another common military palice task
counterguerrilla operations. is providing physical security to indi-
(2) Jn close cooperation with intelligence viduals and installations, to include
and counterintelligence personnel, mil- towns and villages. While performing
itary police have the capability of de- this security'the military police unit is
veloping a police intelligence net to offensively oriented to defeat possible
provide information that will enhance guerrilla activity.
the overall intelligence effort. f . Potice Intelligence. The development of a
(3) Military police patrols can, when re- police intelligence operation by the indigenous
quired, serve a s small fighting forces police and the military police complements the
capable of overcoming smhll independ- overall intelligence program by suppying infor-
ent roadblocks and other small gum- mation. Police intelligence includes-
riUa activities. The constant route and (1) An identification program with finger-
reconnaissance activities performed by print, photograph, and description
the military police complement all activities.
other U.S. surveillanae programs. (2) Establishment of police files, a part of
These patrols help to maintain open which will be central informatilon file,
lines of communication while hamper- modus operandi file, and police records
ing the guerrilla movement. sectioh.
(4) With the augmentation of automatic (3) I t may be necessary to organize a spe-
weapons the military police have the cial information section which would
capability for conducting fast raids maintain contacts to furnish informa-
o r patrols into guerrilla operational tion which could assist in the control
areas. Mobility, communicati~ne,and of individuals, prevention of crime,
training provide the base that allows and the processing of valuable infor-
the military police unit to effectively ' mation.
perform this task. The posture of the
military police performing this role is 85. Trahsportation Services
improved with knowledge of the area In accordance with the country plan, U.S.
gained from patrolling and coopera- Army Transportation Corps units may be re-
tion with the local police. quired to support U.S. and indigenous forces in
(5) A major role in any counterguerrilla the host country. Usually high priority require-
operation is the control of individuals, ments will exist for general purpose aviation
a normal 'police function. The control units and transportation aircraft maintenance
of individuals is, in part, within the detachments. There may also be requirements
area of police intelligence. This may for motor transport units, although, a s a gen-
be extended to include operation of eral rule, host countries possessing good routes
checkpoiqts, inspection of identifica- of communication will usually have a d e ~ u a t e
tion cards and travel permits, enforce- ground transport. When the U.S. Army com-
ment of curfew regulations, hnd in- ponent of a MAAG/Mission or other coqmand
vestigation of movements. Also in- has the responsibility for terminal operations,
cluded is the control of movements of some motor transportation may be required.
weapons, food, medicine, and lother Additionally, much of the U.S. force structure
items benefidal to the guerrilla. lacks organic vehicular transportation which
Prompt police action in the control of could be provided by transportation light truck
individuals reduces the possibility of companies. Other U.S. Army transportation
civilian support reaching the guerrilla corps units which h a y be employed in a host
and of mob action and riots taking country are transportation boat companies,
place. If a riot occurs, the military floating craft maintenance teams, terminal serv-
p o l i ~ ea re trained in mob and riot con- ice teams, and railway service units. When re-
trol. quired, all transportation units can make valua-
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ble contributions to the host country's civic im- to repair deadlined aircraft on the
provement programs by providing transporta- spot. Organic and supporting aircraft
tion for goods and services. Back haul should maintenance units should be prepared
be planned and exploited for this purpose. to carry a large quantity of slower
moving repair parts. Accurate records
86. Supply and Maintenance and data on consumption factors must
a. Indig- Forces. Normally a host coun- be maintained.
try receiving support under the Military Assist- (2) Normally class I11 and IIIA (POL)
ance Program will have and operate its own requirements will involve the largest
logistics system. When such is not the case, i t tonnages to be handled within a host
may be necessary to provide U.S. Army units to country to support U.S. counterin-
operate supply points and depots and direct and surgency forces. Due to the usual in-
general support units to perform various eche- adequacy of routes of comiunication,
lons of maintenance. U.S. Army supply and POL bulk reduction points must be
maintenance units should integrate indigenous established to facilitate movement to
personnel into their own organizations, when the user. These bulk reduction points
qualified by training, as rapidly as possible. should be located a s close to the users
b. Support fm U.S. Forces. The size and as possible. It can be expected that
degree of dispersion of the in-country U.S. large quantities of packaged POL will
force will largely determine the type supply be moved by both fixed and rotary
and maintenance organizations required. Ex- wing aircraft. Weather considerations
perience has shown that even though units and may cause larger than usual stockpiles
personnel are widely dispersed, garrison type of POL a t local or user storage sites
support is the most practical. Unless the host when movement is dependent on air
country requests a large combat task force, or transport. Most shipments will be in
requires extensive U.S. combat service support, 55-gallon drums and five-gallon cans
there is no requirement for a logistical com- which should be appropriately marked
mand or comparable organization. Elements of to insure that they are always used for
the military services, each with its own capa- the same type fuel. Planners should
bilities, may share in providing common sup- make provisions for testing of petro-
port items and services. I t will be .the usual leum products.
practice to provide general support from estab- (3) The probable wide dispersion of U.S.
lished logistical installations in the overseas troops in a host country imposes a
theater or from CONUS a s required. However, distribution problem for rations. Many
there are certain areas in supply and mainte- of the teams and detachments do not
nance which present unusual requirements. have a capability to receive and store
(1) The nature and employment of U.S. perishables and some staple items of
Army aviation units may require an food, nor do they have adequate mess-
increase above the normal for aircraft ing facilities to prepare meals from
maintenance support. This is brought issue rations. In a long range counter-
about by the requirement for detach- insurgency effort, generators for small
ing subordinate aviation companies or detachments power supply may be
elements to support indigenous units issued which will enable refrigerators
and thereby separating them from and freezers to be utilized. Usually, a
their normal supply and maintenance centrally located commissary, operated
support. Additional transportation by the embassy or MAAG, can provide
aircraft maintenance detachments and the necessary components to supple-
teams should be provided to support ment local perishables. Order and ac-
detached units. These detachments countability procedures should be suffi-
and teams can be further organized ciently flexible to accommodate re-
into small mobile maintenance teams motely located field detachments and
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an austere transportation system. De- 87. Morale Services
liveries frequently can be accomplished
a. General. Counterinsurgency forces may
only once or twice a week, and often be deployed to a host country in which provi-
only by air. In some situations, i t sions have not been made for certain ancillary
may be necessary to resort to para- support activities. These include postal, finance,
chute delivery. The commissary or
army exchange, and chaplain services.
other established ration point should
be prepared to package class I items b. Postal. U.S. mail service to ct particular
to fit the method of delivery and to country will always be available. Frequent
prevent spoilage before consumption. delivery of mail to the many dispersed elements
U.S. personnel working with indige- and personnel of a U.S. Army counterinsur-
nous units should make every possible gency force can assist in maintaining high
effort to exist on the indigenous diet. morale. Procedures should be established to
The attendant physical difficulties that coordinate delivery of mail with air courier and
will accompany the adjustment in die- transport service.
tary habits must often be accepted if c. Finance. Procedures established for pay-
the U.S. Advisor is to be effective. ment of MAAG/Mission personnel are usually
(4) Requirements for clothing and individ- adequate for U.S. Army counterinsurgency
ual equipment are minimal because the forces. Troops operating in remote areas should
tour of duty in the host country is be afforded the opportunity to secure U.S.
usually short. Special items of clothing Treasury checks payable to a designated recipi-
and equipment required may be issued ent. Provisions should also be made for cashing
to individuals on arrival a t a staging personal checks. Any of the U.S. military serv-
or processing center. ices may be charged with providing finance
services for all U.S. military elements within a
(5) The provision of ordnance mainte- host countrv.
"
nance support will depend on the
amount of ordnance equipment to be d . Exchange Service. Post exchange facilities
supported. Deployed operational units are normally located only where there are troop
concentrations. The responsibility for exchange
which have ordm
operations may be charged to any one of the
nance equipment be authorized military services. Provisions should be made
maintenance personnel and for delivery to troops who do not have access
to a partial third to an exchange with attendant flexible mail
maintenance capability- (hdnance di- order and credit procedures. Small mobile ex-
rect support maintenance units may be change units containing fast moving items and
required to support U.S. Army units mounted on vehic!es or aircraft may make
within a host country which lacks a scheduled visits to outlying areas. Establish-
sound maintenance capability. Such ment of delivery service to remote areas can
maintenance units should be author- be coordinated with other agencies having
ized a maintenance float or excess movement requirements.
stockage to permit exchange of equip- e. Chaplain. As with the other ancillary
ment to the user and the evacuation of support activities, it is not feasible to provide
deadline equipment which requires complete chaplain coverage for all the widely
higher echelons of maintenance. The dispersed troops. It should be a standard prac-
employment and training of indige- tice to station chaplains in the headquarters
nous labor in ordnance maintenance area and/or areas of troop density with these
units will contribute to the civic action chaplains conducting services a t outlying de-
program and reduce the number of tachments on a circuit rider basis. A chaplain
U.S.military personnel required in a should be ready to go anywhere in the country
host country. when troops cannot come to him. Minimal but
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essential chaplain support may be provided by force requirements, the provisions of legal
special forces chaplains, or U.S. Armed Forces assistance service for U.S. military personnel
chaplains assigned to MAAG's or other agen- should be considered. In countries where only
cies. In exceptional circumstances American or a small contingent is deployed, the U.S. Em-
foreign missionaries and selected indigenous bassy may be requested to provide minimal sup-
clergy may be requested to provide for U.S. port. It may not be feasible, however, to pro-
personnel the opportunity to worship, the ad- vide full legal assistance to all dispersed
ministration of sacraments, certain other re- personnel a t all times. For emergency cases
ligious activities and, in some cases, limited procedures should be established which author-
counseling. ize personnel to travel to the nearest contact
f . Legal Assistance. During planning for point for legal assistance.
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PART THREE
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER 7
INTELLIGENCE
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c. In the beginning, the intelligence officer 91. Intelligence Requirements and Special
contributes most to the commander and other Considerations
staff officers by making detailed intelligence a. Basic Intelligence. See FM 31-228.
and counterintelligence estimates of the situa- b. Phase I. See FM 31-22A.
tion. The assembly of all available intelligence
c. Phase ZZ. See FM 31-228.
bearing on the area facilitates the start of an
area study, if required. FM 31-21 contains an d. Phase IZZ. See FM 31-22A.
area study outline for special forces personnel. e. Special Considerations.
While this study outline is oriented toward (1) Intelligence agencies a t all levels sup-
guerrilla warfare, rather than to counterinsur- porting counterinsurgency may expect
gency, the basic elements to be studied are much many factors limiting their overall
the same. FM 30-5 and FM 33-5 give further efficiency. Planning in advance may
guidance on area analysis. The necessity for lessen the impact of these factors. The
adequate map and air photo coverage for following are general categories :
planning and preparation of estimates by all ( a ) Insurgent penetration of the host
staff sections places this requirement early on country governmental structure.
the intelligence officer. He must have appropri- (b) Lack of a national registry or census
ate map indices not only for his own use but data.
for the convenience of other planners. See FM (c) Apathy and/or lack of a spirit of
101-10 and FM 30-5. cooperation.
d. In the discharge of his responsibilities the (d) Lack of an adequate governmental
structure to receive the preferred
intelligence officer must plan for, direct, and
military or economic aid.
supervise the activities of the SAF intelligence
augmentation detachment. This detachment as (e) Language difficulties; inability to
communicate.
presently composed has the capability of pre-
paring operational plans, determining the in- (f) P ersonality conflicts.
telligence training requirements for the host (g) L ack of trained personnel.
country's armed forces, preparing a complete (h) Lack of adequate funds and mate-
intelligence training program, and either super- riel support.
vising, training, or assistihg the indigenous (i) Lack of proper and timely guidance.
intelligence units in the conduct of their opera- ( j ) Personality
of chief executive of
tions. Doctrinal guidance for utilization of host country, his cabinet and ad-
intelligence specialists is contained in the per- visors.
tinent DOD publications, Army Regulations, (k) Political factionalism in-country.
Field Manuals, Pamphlets, and 30-series TOE. (1) Excessive centralization of author-
Basic individual training in collecting and re- ity.
porting military information is contained in (2) Formal agreements between the U.S.
DA Pam 21-81. The specialists constitute the and the host country, status-of-forces
school trained, skilled and experienced cells that agreements, and other jurisdictional
will conduct most of the specialized activities arrangements must be thoroughly
in the intelligence effort. Decision making rests understood and complied with for ef-
on their efforts. The intelligence officer must fective bilateral operations. For these
make full and correct use of these assets. All reasons, close liaison and coordination
must be maintained with the Judge
personnel involved in advising on intelligence
Advocate providing legal support for
matters within a host country must be conscious
the command.
of the sensitive manner in which such subjects
are dealt with by their indigenous counterparts. (3) The degree of control the government
exercises over means of communica-
e. See FM 31-228. tions has a bearing on intelligence
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i operations. If censorship is in effect,
for example, it may provide support
difficulties that will be encountered in
initiating a sound military intelligence
for certain security operations. operation. There is often an inherent
(4) The degree of control the host country reluctance on the part of people to
exercises over telecommunications accept training or advice in this field.
media, including internal and external Similarly, political bias or jealousies
cable service, has considerable bearing a t the local level often precludes the
on the overall efficiency that may be exchange of vital intelligence infor-
expected for certain operations. mation. Maximum efforts are needed
(5) Basic intelligence principles and tech- to develgp the confidence of persons or
niques can be utilized but must be units being advised and a full appreci-
changed to fit the peculiar needs of ation of social and political factors
counterinsurgency. Additionally, the must be developed.
entire intelligence cycle must be
speeded up in order to provide the 92. The Scope of Intelligence Activities in
quick response which is necessary. The Counterinsurgency
preparation of elaborate reports, rou-
tine dissemination, and like proce- See FM 31-22A.
dures may not be practicable, and if
emphasis is placed on such practices 93. Relationships, Coordination, and/or Col-
the inherent delay will seriously laboration Within the Intelligence Com-
hamper intelligence operations. munity
(6) There must be a recognition of the See FM 31-22A.
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CHAPTER 8
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operations in the area concerned. While this extended periods and when timely resupply
approach appears to invite dissipation of stocks cannot be effected. In carrying out this con-
and to constitute uneconomical dispersion of cept, only essential supplies should be obtained
supplies, i t is essential. Operations against an from the local economy. Rapport must be es-
enemy who has fled the area a t the first signs tablished between the government and the popu-
of a logistical buildup waste not only supplies, lation in operational areas, to insure that sup-
but time, manpower, morale, and prestige. port is readily available and that on-the-spot
payment will be made in a satisfactory manner.
c. Dispersed stockage will facilitate support
In areas where food is available, commanders
of combat patrols and larger elements operat-
should be provided with funds to purchase food.
ing in relatively inaccessible areas. Stocks of
This will tend to deny food to the enemy. In
this nature can be quickly supplemented or re- remote areas where food is normally in short
placed, a s used, by aerial resupply, provided
supply, and in order to assist in establishing a
this does not endanger security by focusing feeling of mutual confidence and support, oper-
attention on the operation and if there is rea-
ational forces should consider using food and
sonable assurance that the supplies and equip-
other needed civilian supplies a s payment for
ment will not fa4 into the hands of the enemy.
services rendered by the civilian community,
Under these conditions, resupply requests from
rather than monetary payment. These supplies
using units should be handled by the fastest
should be requested from nearby consolidated
available means, primarily radio, but also re-
supply areas and distributed by the commander
lying on runners and prearranged signals when in the name of the government.
the situation requires. Supporting units should
respond with expedited supply action, accom- f . In consideration of the concept of mini-
plishing required administrative accountability mum essential supplies and equipment for oper-
a t a subsequent time. ating units, i t is imperative that the individual
soldier be taught the importance of conserva-
d. Tactical units should normally receive
tion and maintenance of his limited supplies
support from the closest combat operations base
and equipment. Preventive maintenance must
or other supply base in or near the area in which
be continually emphasized. This is of prime
they are working. In those instances where
importance in those areas where adverse
resupply of the tactical units must be made by
weather and terrain conditions necessitate more
air, consideration should be given to the desir-
than normal maintenance and where indige-
ability of using stocks from supply points near
nous forces are not fully familiar with the im-
the departure airfield. This action may pre-
clude ah unnecessary handling of supplies to portance of maintenance to the efficient useful-
resupply the forward operations/supply base. ness of weapons and equipment. Mobile main-
When points of contact are used for resupply, tenance teams from combat service support
these points of contact will ' be changed fre- units should be available to using units to assist
quently during the operation to accommodate in preparation for operations and in rapid re-
the movement of the operation, to insure more covery from completed operations. In those
rapid response to resupply requirements, and operations where maintenance services cannot
to confuse the enemy. In planning for opera- accompany combat units, direct exchange of
tions, the combat bases or supply bases which unserviceable items, such a s weapons and
are to provide support should be designated, radios, must be provided for in the selected
and prearranged rendezvous points for resup- stockage which is positioned a t security posts
ply established. $upply requirements can there- or combat bases.
fore be called for by code name on a phased
g. Personnel are instructed to destroy dis-
basis, or if the situation dictates, delivered on carded supplies and equipment to prevent con-
call a t other prearranged points. version by the insurgents into vital food needs,
e. The principle of self-sufficiency should be weapons or other items. Procedures should be
followed to the maximum practicable extent established to safeguard against the loss of
when units are operating in hostile areas for equipment by individual soldiers. Such proce-
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dures might include an educational program c. When operational conditions permit, medi-
indicating the danger to the unit and to the cal personnel accompanying counterinsurgency
individual through failure to safeguard equip- units should provide all possible medical treat-
ment, payment by the soldier for lost items, ment, equipment, and supplies to the civilian
disciplinary measures where circumstances in- sick and injured. Excess depot stocks or medi-
dicate negligence or carelessness, frequent cines approaching unserviceable dates could be
equipment checks by patrol leaders and com- specifically provided for this purpose.
manders, and, in a positive light, reward or
commendation for those who continually accept 97. Transportation
responsibility for the security of their indi-
vidual equipment. a. The objective of transportation planning
for counterinsurgency operations is to provide
96. Hospitalization and Evacuation a reliable transportation system responsive to
the requirements of tactics and logistics, capa-
a. Direct medical support of counterinsur-
ble of operating over varied and difficult ter-
gency operations may be as unconventional as
the combat operation itself. Since these opera- rain, and employing the various modes of con-
tions normally involve small, mobile combat ventional transportation and those unconven-
units with few or no organic medical personnel, tional means not organic to units. Control of
initial emergency medical treatment will be by transportation should pass to the appropriate
attached aidmen, by the buddy system, or by commander during operations, reverting to the
self-aid. Because of the shortage of sufficient parent unit upon completion of the mission.
numbers of qualified medical personnel, train- b. Certain unique transportation problems
ing of all combat soldiers should emphasize the
must be considered in providing transportation
practical application of emergency treatment,
support to counterinsurgency operations. Sup-
i.e., pressure bandages, tourniquets, splints,
recognition of shock, and so forth, to insure port must be provided under all conditions.
essential initial treatment. Medical personnel Minimum essential items required in support
must be trained and qualified to accompany of unit operations, which cannot be man-packed
airborne units on operations, or to parachute by the soldier or carried by organic vehicles
into isolated areas to provide additional medi- because of terrain conditions, must be trans-
cal support to operational units. ported by other modes of transportation, such
as bicycles, indigen&s porters, pack animals
b. Units operating in remote areas may be
and rafts and sampans. Such modes of trans-
required to hold casualties for extended periods
of time before evacuation can be effected. When portation should be planned f a r in advance,
the combat situation allows, medical evacuation and SOP's and control organizations developed
should be accomplished expeditiously to the to control their use. These procedural guides
nearest medical facility, using the best available should be flexible enough to enable the various
means of transportation. Emphasis should be modes of transportation t o be selected based
placed on air evacuation of wounded, supple- on terrain, environmental and operational con-
mented by porters and pack animals. Evacua- ditions. Unconventional modes of transporta-
tion procedures should be reflected in unit tion will back up aerial logistic support to for-
SOP's, and be flexible enough to facilitate use ward isolated areas as necessary to accomplish
of various modes of transportation appropriate the mission.
to the terrain and operational conditions. The
commander and staff of the indigenous force c. SOP's should include provisions for secu-
must be advised of the necessity for including rity of the resupply element, not only on its way
medical evacuation in their operational plan- to the unit concerned, but on its return trip.
ning. Knowledge of an existing plan for medi- Based on availability and the nature of opera-
cal evacuation will improve the morale, and tions, tracked and/or armored vehicles may be
consequently, combat effectiveness, of the coun- effectively employed for security of convoys
terinsurgency force. and a s logistical carriers.
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98. Construction sion of shelters, the clearing of trails and drop
Construction performed by tactical units zones by machete, and construction of access
operating in hostile areas will normally be lim- roads: bridges and ferries.
ited to pioneer activities. This includes provi-
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CHAPTER 9
COMMUNICATIONS
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and early warning of guerrilla attacks and for tively communicate with one another. This
the dissemination of timely information re- communications capability does not have to be
garding insurgent activities. With regard to direct, but the systems used should insure that
the use of radio in counterguerrilla operations, there is a minimum of delay involved.
consideration should be given to the following:
c. Although transistorized, modularized and
a. Radio intercept serves a s a means by single-sideband (SSB) radios are in use for our
which well-organized insurgent forces may own forces i t is likely that the standard radios
learn of impending counterguerrilla operations of World War I1 will comprise for some time
in time to escape or evade an attack. Communi- the principal types available for counterguer-
cations therefore should stress security even rilla communications.
though specific operations may often be de-
signed to be accomplished so rapidly that guer- 105. U.S. Army and Special Action Force
rilla elements will not be able to take advantage (SAF) Communications
of their intercepted information. The follow-
ing are a few of the standard communications a. U.S. Army communications channels into
techniques which can be applied to assist in a disturbed country or area will be provided by
maintaining security : one or more terminal stations of the Defense
(1) Stations can use different frequencies Communication Agency Network, an integrated
for transmission and reception. world-wide U.S. military communications sys-
tem. This system, providing immediate voice
(2) Transmission sites can be changed
frequently ; transmissions can be and teletype circuits, has the capability for
made just prior to moving to a new linking terminal commands as well as with
location. CONUS.
(3) Transmissions can be made a t sched- b. Within the Special Action Force (SAF),
uled but irregular intervals. integral special forces communications ele-
(4) Brevity codes to reduce the length of ments will provide communications for sub-
transmission should be used a s often ordinate units of the SAF and, if required,
as possible. provide a link between an operational base and
(5) Keep transmission to a minimum. elements of the SAF operating in remote areas
(6) Encrypt all transmissions. of the country.
(7) Avoid predictable operations in com- c. The special forces operational base com-
munications. munication complex, described in FM 31-21
b. It is important that counterinsurgency can, with little modification, support the SAF
forces a t all levels be able to rapidly and effec- in counterinsurgency operations.
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CHAPTER 10
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
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mendations that cannot be resolved by the com- key to success of a national program in cold
mittee through direct contact with the separate war and counterinsurgency situations. For an
agencies are forwarded to the Chief of the effective and credible program, military and
Country Team for decision. civilian psychological planning and operations
must be integrated and coordinated a t this
c. In countries where the insurgent threat is level. In most situations, the only psychological
critical, and U.S. agencies become more active operations and information representatives at
in operations, it may be necessary to establish the lower administrative and military command
a full time inter-agency psychological opera- levels are Army psychological operations per-
tions staff working group. This working group sonnel.
acts as a staff for the subcommittee and pro-
! vides the day-May research, analysis, and
1 10. Employment of Psychological Opera-
; planning necessary for a coordinated, positive,
tions Resources
; military/civilian indigenous propaganda pro-
gram. a. General.
d. Planning guidance, propaganda intelli- (1) In the conduct of cold war and coun-
terinsurgency activities, the U.S.
gence, and opinion target analysis and propa-
Army psychological operations re-
ganda analysis, prepared by the psychological
operations working group are integrated with sources are used generally to accom-
plish the following missions:
similar information from indigenous sources.
This information is the basis for the U.S. ad- (a) Provide advice to the commander
visory effort or operational assistance for the and his staff on psychological opera-
conduct of psychological operations a t all levels tions and the psychological aspects
in the country. At lower levels, locally avail- and implications of all operations,
able information will augment information and activities or inactivities of the com-
guidance received from higher authority. mand.
( b ) Through the MAAG, Mission or
e. Counterinsurgency psychological opera- Army Attache, provide advice and
tions, planned a t the national level, differ in training support for the develop-
some respects from those planned for the local ment of psychological operations
level. Programs implemented at the national capabilities in indigenous armed
level are in support of national strategy and forces and paramilitary forces.
objectives and employ radio and printed com-
munications generally addressed to the entire (c) Provide operational advice and as-
country. Local psychological operations are sistance to indigenous forces in the
more closely tuned to local intelligence and actual conduct of psychological op-
addressed to more specific target groups in sup- erations.
port of civic actions, tactical operations, or (d) Develop military requirements for
other programs in a particular area. Materials and support U.S.civil agencies.
used in national level operations exploit the (2) In areas where potential or actual in-
broad aspecta of the counterinsurgency pro- surgency exists, the Army may become
gram as it affects the majority of the popula- involved in one or more of these mis-
tion. As such, the material is general in scope sions concurrently dependent on the
and deals primarily with national policy and level of insurgency in the particular
programs. If regional radio stations are avail- area. Participation in these missions
able, more specific propaganda is employed by is discussed in the following para-
these stations towards this segment of the graphs.
population. In countries with large or impor- b. Training Support t o MAAG's or Missions.
tant minority ethnic groups, psychological oper-
ations also include efforts conducted in the (1) MAAG's and Missions are responsible
minority languages. for establishing psychological opera-
tions capabilities within indigenous
f. Local psychological operations hold the forces by providing training advice
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and assistance through the employ- c. Advice and Assistance to Indigenous
ment of individual advisors or mobile Forces.
training teams. In addition, U.S. (1) In those foreign countries supported
forces provide training advice and by the U.S., the normal activity of
assistance to friendly foreign govern- army psychological operations person-
ments in counterinsurgency opera- nel is to provide advice in the conduct
tions, and conduct or assist in the con- of psychological operations by the in-
duct of psychological operations. The digenous forces. Planning is directed
terms of reference for MAAG's and to insure adequate coverage of the
Missions provide for qualified U.S. whole country. Only in cases where
psychological operations officers on local psychological operations forces
their advisory staffs, who evaluate the are nonexistent or inadequate should it
requirements for adequate indigenous be necessary to provide operational as-
psychological operations forces and sistance. It is normally not politically
training. The MAAG/Mission advis- acceptable or prudent to have U.S.
ory effort includes- military personnel actually conducting
(a) Advice in organizing psychological psychological operations for the indig-
operations units. enous government. The use of mili-
tary psychological operations in coun-
( b ) Providing necessary mass communi-
terinsurgency operations augments ac-
cations equipment for supported
tivities of the civilian information
psychological operations units.
agencies and is closely coordinated
( c ) Establishing
psychological opera- with them. This is required because
tions schools. the target audiences of both agencies
( d ) Augment the capabilities of USIS overlap and are often identical, par-
and support other U.S. civil agen- ticularly in those cases where U.S.
cies. advisors are working directly with
paramilitary f o r c e s , self -defense
( e ) Advise in the preparation of propa- forces and tribal groups.
ganda programs, materials and the
conduct of psychological operations. ( 2 ) The
Role of the Individual.
( 2 ) The type and capabilities of psycho- (a) The purpose of psychological opera-
logical operations forces organized in tions in combatting subversive in-
friendly foreign nations through the surgency is to gain and maintain the
military aid program are evaluated in loyalty of the people towards the
the context of cold war and hot war re- government and specifically to win
back the support of those ele-
quirements. In those countries where
ments of the population which are
potential or incipient insurgency ex- supporting the insurgent force.
ists, the emphasis is placed on the de- Every representative of the govern-
velopment of psychological operations ment, including the personnel of
forces to provide an internal counter- indigenous military forces, is a
insurgency operational capability. The reflection of the character, vitality,
type of units organized and the train- progressiveness and attitude of the
ing provided emphasize psychological government. In many areas of the
activities a t the local level among the country, the only members of the
civilian population. These require- national government with whom the
ments are supported by a more sophis- people come in contact are military
ticated military psychological planning personnel. The manner in which
and production capability a t the na- these military personnel act in their
tional level to support field require- association. with the people has a
ments. definite effect upon their attitude to-
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wards the government. Arrogance especially in emergency situations re-
on the part of officers and enlisted quiring immediate action. In this re-
men towards civilians will turn them gard, the personnel and materiel assets
away from the government. Reck- of army psychological operations or-
lessly driven and speeding military ganizations are often called upon to
vehicles have adverse effects on the augment existing USIS facilities. In
people. On the other hand, if the most cases these army resources would.
soldier treats his fellow citizens with be deployed to provincial/village level
respect, assists them a s occasions where they are capable of operating
arise, and maintains a friendly atti- effectively under hostile or primitive
tude a t all times, he is doing a great conditions.
part in winning support of the popu- (2) The range of support which army psy-
lation. He is performing his task in chological operations are capable of
the conduct of positive psychological furnishing U.S. civil agencies includes
operations. The role of the individ- propaganda research, analysis, intelli-
ual soldier cannot be overempha- gence, content development, news col-
sized. His face-to-face contact with lection, broadcast monitoring, and the
the people, a reflection of the govern- hardware of mass communications
ment he represents, is a powerful media, together with pertinent skills.
force in the psychological battle be- These elements may be in direct sup-
tween the opposing forces. While port of the PAO, and under the admin-
this is a normal command responsi- istrative control of the MAAG, Mis-
bility, the psychological operations sion or Army Attache. While use of
advisor can do much to emphasize army psychological operations assets
its importance to the overall psycho- to augment USIS occurs primarily in
logical operations program. potential subversive insurgent areas,
( b ) Similarly, the role of the U.S. officer it may be necessary to continue such
and enlisted man is of great impor- support during periods of higher in-
tance in psychological operations. tensity insurgent activity.
Personnel on duty in foreign coun- (3) Support requirements for other agen-
tries, particularly in the country- cies are provided as directed.
side, have a profound effect on the
image the civilian has of the United (4) It is reiterated that psychological op-
States. The importance of being a erations, particularly a t the local level,
"grass roots ambassador" is appar- must be conducted by indigenous per-
ent in order to offset the image of sonnel and attributed wholly to the
the United States projected by the host government.
communists. All personnel must be (5) I t is vital that the key communicators
imbued with a spirit of helpfulness in the host country be employed and
and understanding of the local peo- that face-to-face communications be
ple and their problems. utilized wherever possible.
d. Support to U.S. Civil Agencies. (6) The lack of radios and movie theaters,
(1) As the official U.S. overseas informa- and the high illiteracy rate, etc., will
tion and propaganda agency, USIA, preclude the use of sophisticated com-
through its overseas service (USIS), munication media and the operator
conducts operations on a world-wide must seek other means of disseminat-
basis. In some areas operations in sup- ing propaganda based on local facili-
port of Country Team requirements ties and patterns of behavior, e.g., use
have been so extensive that they strain of itinerant troubadors and puppet
the capabilities and resources of USIS, shows.
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CHAPTER 11
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regular military forces on static security duty 1 15. Training Paramilitary Forces
throughout the country. It is essential that
paramilitary forces be organized to perform a. Requirements.
static security missions in order that the na- (1) The paramilitary force training pro-
tional army may be relieved of these tasks to gram should insure the development of
concentrate on offensive operations. Addi- basic military skills and, a t the same
tionally, paramilitary units can support the time, promote long-term benefits by
national army in the conduct of counterinsur- providing citizenship training.
gency operations when the latter are being (2) Instruction given to paramilitary
conducted in their own province or political forces should be based on local geo-
subdivision. graphic considerations and emphasize
those tactics and techniques which are
b. The organization of paramilitary units
most applicable to the particular unit
and the maintenance of these units a t the local
and its respective mission.
level, not only gives the local population a feel-
ing of security and increases their morale, but (3) Paramilitary t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m s
it makes them a part of the national effort. should insure that behind all counter-
insurgency actions stands the opera-
c. The organization and presence of effective tive governmental authority for which
local defense units can neutralize the insur- the paramilitary force acts only as an
gents' efforts to gain support from the people; agent. Throughout the conduct of mili-
the insurgent must face the realization that it tary training programs, attention
may now be necessary to fight for support, should be focused on the government's
whereas before, persuasion or threats were plans and policies which must be im-
sufficient. plemented.
(4) Training programs should emphasize
1 14. Responsibilities of the Indigenous Gov- instruction for positive political be-
ernment havior, protection of the population
a. When civilians cooperate or join the para- under combat conditions, and render-
military units in campaigning against the in- ing military civic action in both secure
surgents, i t must be remembered that they do and crisis areas.
so a t a certain sacrifice and risk to themselves. (5) The control of available training ten-
This fact is often forgotten or ignored. In ters or areas should be centralized to
soliciting civilian cooperation, the government, assure maximum utilization of all
particularly the armed forces, must be ready to facilities.
assume some responsibilities. Most important
of these responsibilities is the protection of the b. Type Training Programs. Suggested train-
lives and property of the civilians who run the ing programs for paramilitary units are con-
risk of being listed for reprisal by the insur- tained in appendix VII.
gents. The government should also provide
funds for families of those members who are 1 16. U.S. Assistance
killed in action. Additionally, financial aid Assistance for organizing, equipping, and
should be provided for the support of the fami- training paramilitary forces may be provided
lies of paramilitary force personnel whose mili- through the Military Assistance Program, the
tary duties prevent them from pursuing their U.S. AID Mission (for civil police), or other
regular occupations. elements of the Country Team. The MAAG/
Mission in the host country provides and directs
b. Being aware of these responsibilities is not the advisory support effort involving the MAP.
enough. It is important that the government Representatives of U.S. AID Mission are re-
assure the people that i t stands ready to reward sponsible for supervising the assistance pro-
citizens who demonstrate their loyalty by co- vided by that agency. The Special Action Force,
operating with the armed forces. under command of the MAAG/Mission or other
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U.S. component provides advisory personnel (3) Payments should include compensa-
and mobile training teams to advise, train and tion for lengths of service, and alloca-
provide operational assistance for paramilitary tions for dependents and special skills.
forces. In coordination with representatives of
b. Paramilitary personnel should be paid in
U.S. AID Mission, the military police detach-
ment and other appropriate elements of the proportion to the time devoted to the cause.
Special Action Force may be required to assist c. A survival benefits program should be
in the training of the civil police. established for dependents of paramilitary per-
sonnel.
117. Pay and Benefits
d. Payments should b e timely and accurate.
a. A standard prescribed pay scale for para- From past experience this has proven to be one
military forces favorable to that of the indige- of the most critical factors.
nous civilians should be established to alleviate
morale problems.
(1) Monetary payments for self defense
118. Supply and Equipment :
type personnel should be based on that Equipment and supplies for the various in-
of the local economy. In certain cir- digenous paramilitary forces may be provided
cumstances it may be advisable or ap- through the national government's military
propriate to provide part or all of the logistics system. Advantages which might ac-
compensation for self defense person- crue from such a support arrangement are-
nel in the form of commodities in
kind, particularly foodstuffs, provided a. Accounting and control.
from U.S. surplus stocks under P L b. Security.
480.
c. Cooperation between military and para-
(2) Civil guard units should be paid on a
military units.
standard which is in consonance with
operational requirements. d. Economy in administration and overhead.
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PART FOUR
TRAINING
CHAPTER 12
COUNTERINSURGENCY FORCES
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h. General Subject Selected Personnel. The jects. Training should emphasize field expedi-
environment in which a special force detach- ents and the use of locally available materials.
ment is normally employed may require skills The following subjects should be covered in
not assigned to the detachment. Selected per- the program of instruction :
sonnel in the detachment will require special- (1) Field fortifications.
ized training or a specialist may be attached to (2) Construction and repair of roads, rail-
the detachment to provide the skills required. roads, and airfields.
An example that has been most common is a
requirement for a vehicle mechanic within the (3) Bridges, ferries, and rafts.
detachment. (4) Waterways.
i . Special Forces Operational Base. During (5) Building construction.
field training exercises the S F operational de- (6) Sanitation and water supply.
tachment C, with appropriate augmentation (7) Area damage control.
should establish and operate an SFOB. Sub- (8) Assistance to agriculture.
ordinate detachments and MTT's should be
realistically dispersed over a wide area and be (9) Power production.
provided logistics and administrative support. (10) Use and maintenance of engineer-type
Communications procedures should be thor- equipment.
oughly tested. (11) Engineering and design.
(12) Construction planning and manage-
122. Augmentation Units ment.
a. General. Training for augmentation de- e. Military Police Detachment. As a part of
tachments of the SAF should be integrated into area orientation, members of the detachment
the special forces group training program for should receive detailed instruction in subjects
area orientation, language training, common relating to civil and military law of the antici-
subjects, and field training exercises. Physical pated area of deployment. This orientation
conditioning should be stressed in order to de- should emphasize authority and jurisdiction.
velop an ability to function under adverse cli- The program of instruction should include, a s
matic and sanitary conditions. Positions re- a minimum, the following subjects :
quiring professional skills should be filled by (1) Military and paramilitary police in
personnel who are already trained. riot control to include riot control for-
b. Civil Aflairs Detachment. Training for mations, use of chemical agents and
personnel assigned to the Civil Affairs Detach- equipment, and mob psychology.
ment in a SAF should include a detailed review (2) A rea control operations to include
and study of the functional areas of civil affairs police patrolling; operation of check-
to include low level actions as they apply to the points ; road blocks and strong points ;
anticipated area of employment. The scope of personnel identification systems; civil
training should include all levels of civic action defense; police security investiga-
programs. tions ; and customs enforcement con-
c. Medical Detachment. In addition to MOS trol.
training,' members of the medical detachment (3) Police public relations to include res-
should receive instruction in the treatment of cue squad operations, safety planning,
diseases indigenous to the area of anticipated fire protection measures, sponsorship
deployment. The medical and preventive medi- of civic actions, schoolboy patrols,
cine specialist should be given extensive on- athletic leagues, and town "clean up."
the-job training in local hospitals and dispen- (4) Physical security operations to include
saries. physical security surveys; security of
d . Engineer Detachment. Members of the ports, airports, railroads, oilfields, and
engineer detachment should receive instruction terminals; security of critical public
in both combat support and civic action sub- utilities, industrial facilities, and mili-
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tary installations; and security of (4) Civic action programs.
critical and sensitive materials. (5) SAF operations in remote areas.
(5) General investigation and police sub- (6) Preparation of psychological opera-
jects t o include circulation control of tions programs.
individuals, traffic control, training
and supervision ; military and civilian h. ASA Special Operations Detachment
prisoners, prisoners of war ; law and (SOD). Initially the SOD will be trained as
order, criminal investigation, crime directed by the chief of USASA. In addition
prevention ; weapons instruction ; and to technical training, the SOD'S receive pre-
communications. assignment instruction in languages, airborne,
(6) Development of a police intelligence ranger and similar subjects. Other training
system which will complement crimi- will be in accordance with the training pro-
nal investigation and military intelli- grams established by the commander of the
gence efforts. SAF to which the detachment is assigned.
(7) Military police combat patrols, strik-
ing force operations, route and area 123. Brigade Size Backup Forces
reconnaissance, and airmobile opera- a. General. Backup forces, like the SAF's,
tions. are specifically oriented for deployment to par-
f . Military Intelligence Detachment. Mem- ticular areas of the world. Accordingly, each
bers of the MI detachment should receive de- U.S. Army division designated is required to
tailed instruction on the organization and func- develop training programs for the brigade and
tions of U.S. and indigenous intelligence sys- its subordinate elements selected for deploy-
tems in the anticipated areas of deployment. ment to areak in which the capabilities of
As a minimum, the program of instruction MAAG's and S A P S have been exceeded. Unit
should include-- training programs must be modified to accom-
(1) Intelligence and counterintelligence modate counterinsurgency training for the
functions in counterinsurgency opera- brigade as a tactical unit but with primary em-
tions to include support for civic ac- phasis being placed on the use of brigade ele-
tion programs, psychological opera- ments organized as mobile training teams
tions, and military and paramilitary .
(MTT) Personnel assigned to MTT's should
operations. be thoroughly trained in their respective MOS
skills and personnel within each MTT should
(2) Clandestine intelligence operations
be given MOS cross-training to the extent prac-
and techniques for selected personnel.
ticable. FM 31-16 provides information and
(3) Combat intelligence operations for an- guidance for training of the brigade and its
ticipated area of employment.
subordinate elements in its tactical counter-
g. Psychological Operations Detachment. guerrilla role.
The members of the unit should receive detailed
instruction in the various communication b. Training Objectives. The backup forces
media being utilized in the anticipated area of training objectives are-
deployment. They should also receive instruc- ('1) To be proficient in MOS skills.
tions on agreed activities between both U.S. (2) To be highly proficient in counterin-
and indigenous agencies having psychological surgency operations.
activities responsibilities. Special emphasis
should be placed on training of all assigned (3) To understand the role of backup
personnel in psychological operations in sup- forces in the Army Special Warfare
port of- Program. .
(1) Area orientation (detailed). (4) To be familiar with the designated
(2) Counterinsurgency operations. area.
(3) Intelligence, police and related coun- (5) To maintain language skill levels
tersubversion operations. through refresher training.
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c. Area/Country Orientation. This program tion should include minimum refresher training
will closely parallel the area study program con- of one hour per week of supervised practice.
ducted by the SAF. When the backup force For this purpose each division should maintain
orientation is directed to a region with several a minimum of one qualified instructor per as-
nations, country priorities may be established signed language. Normally the very limited
based on the best available intelligence. Brigade number of instructors and language facilities
commanders may elect to assign each battalion available will require that language instruction
and its augmentation a particular country. A be centralized, for control and scheduling, a t
typical subject schedule would include the fol- brigade or higher level.
lowing : e. Guerrilla Tactics and Techniques. In addi-
( 1) Geography. tion to instruction contained in the area orienta-
(2) Communications media and transpor- tion study program, backup force personnel
tation systems. should receive instruction in the tactics and
(3) History. techniques employed by guerrillas. A method
by which this training may be accomplished is
(4) Religion, cults and sects. by participation a s guerrillas in the regularly
(5) Industry and agriculture. conducted special forces training exercises.
(6) Nationalism, customs and taboos. f . Engineering/Demolitions. Personnel as-
(7) Government. signed to backup force MTT's should receive
(8) Armed forces. training in antipersonnel mines, antitank mines,
(9) Insurgent forces. hand grenades, trip flares, and those engineer-
ing subjects likely to be of use.
(10) U.S. Assistant Program.
(11) U.S. Military Assistance Advisory g . Medical. Instruction in sanitation, severe
Groups. weather hygiene, and subjects in first aid ap-
(12) Intelligence Briefing.
propriate to the area of operation should be
provided all personnel in the backup force.
d. Language Study. Language proficiency
h. Communicaticms. All personnel in the
for personnel assigned to the backup force will
MTT's should be provided familiarization in-
be in accordance with standards prescribed by
appropriate headquarters. Each division might struction in the use and operation of portable
maintain a pool of native-speaking or school- radio sets, to include selected international
trained linguists to support the brigade. It is morse code emergency formats.
important that personnel assigned to MTT's i . Civic Action. The U.S. Army Civil Affairs
learn to speak and read words and phrases School provides a course of instruction for offi-
which are pertinent to their duty position. For cers scheduled for a counterinsurgency assign-
example, the machine gunner in the infantry ment. This course is described in section V
MTT should learn words and phrases which will below. Civic action training for MTT person-
enhance machine gun instruction to indigenous nel should emphasize the role and conduct of
troops. The language training program should the individual soldier and techniques for ac-
provide for maximum use of existing labora- complishment of simple projects a t the "grass
tory equipment, training facilities and assigned root" level.
instructors. Professional civilian instructors
j. Survival, Evasion and Escape. All mem-
may be provided on approval of Department of bers of the provisional brigade backup force
Army. Backup force personnel should be en- should be provided instruction in survival and
couraged to enroll in appropriate language evasion and escape with emphasis on techniques
courses available through the general educa- applicable to the designated area of operations.
tional development program. Additionally,
quotas can be obtained to send selected individ- k. Physical Conditioning. All personnel must
uals to the U.S. Army Language School. Since be physically conditioned to perform and endure
linguistic skill deteriorates rapidly through dis- adverse climatic and dangerous sanitary con-
use, backup force language proficiency instruc- ditions.
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124. Training Requirements include a s a minimum area/country orientation,
organization, tactics and techniques of indig-
a . Combat Units. The deployment of combat enous forces to be supported, and language
units to support a host country will be made only instruction for selected personnel. The program
under exceptional circumstances, and then as a of instruction should include civic action func-
show of force or to conduct counterinsurgency tions and practical work on projects which can
operations in phase 111. Except for those in- be executed within the units' capabilities. Spe-
fantry, armored, and artillery units organic to cial instruction should be provided in the care
the designated brigade backup forces, only mini- of equipment and supplies in preparation for
mal additional training is required. Usually an anticipated deployment to countries possessing
abbreviated area/country orientation program unusual climatic conditions.
will suffice. In this respect area orientation
should emphasize those subjects which will en- c . Combat Service Support Units. Training
hance military operations, such a s terrain stud- requirements for combat service support units
ies, indigenous military force organizations, will be as indicated for combat support units.
tactics and techniques, and the enemy. Commanders, staffs and selected personnel
should become thoroughly familiar with and
b. Combat Support Units. These type units be trained to support both U.S. and indigenous
may be required for deployment in an early forces in the host country. Medical service
phase of insurgency to provide both military units should be trained to treat diseases and
and civic action operational assistance to the recognize health and sanitary hazards which
indigenous military forces or agencies of the are indigenous to the anticipated country of
host country. Predeployment training should deployment.
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APPENDIX I
REFERENCES
1. General
JCS Pub 1 Dictionary of United States Military Terms for Joint Usage.
JCS Pub 2 Unified Action Armed Forces.
(C) AR 10-122 U.S. Army Security Agency (U) .
ter-countermeasures) (U) .
AR 320-5 Dictionary of U.S. Army Terms.
AR 320-50 Authorized Abbreviations and Brevity Codes.
(FOUO) AR 380-8 Policy Guidance for Security of Special Forces Activities.
AR 380-200 Armed Forces Censorship.
(C) AR 381-25 Army Intelligence Collection Instructions (U) .
(C) AR 381-100 Intelligence Corps, U.S. Army Missions, Functions, and Employment
of Personnel and Units (U) .
AR 381-115 Counterintelligence Investigative Agencies.
(C) AR 381-205 Procedures Facilitating Intelligence Bxploitation of Captured Enemy
Personnel (U) .
Army Aviation ;Organization and Employment.
Aviation Battalion, Infantry, Airborne, Mechanized and Armored
Divisions.
Army Aviation.
Engineer Troop Organizations and Operations.
Field Fortifications.
Use and Installation of Boobytraps.
Engineer Construction and Construction-Support Units.
Engineer Topographic Units.
Field Artillery Tactics.
Field Artillery Techniques.
Infantry, Airborne Infantry, and Mechanized Infantry Battalions.
Infantry, Airborne, and Mechanized Division Brigades.
Medical Service Units, Theater of Operations.
Medical Service, Theater of Operations.
Transportation of the Sick and Wounded.
Ordnance Service in the Field.
Ordnance Direct Support Service.
Quartermaster Service in Theater of Operations.
Quartermaster Organization and Service in Army
and Corps.
Field Radio Relay Techniques.
Signal Operations, Theater of Operations.
Tactical Signal Communication Systems, Army,
Corps, and Division.
Signal Corps Pictorial Operations.
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Signal Battalion, Armored, Mechanized and
Infantry Division.
F M 17-1 Armor Operations.
FM 21-76 Survival.
FM 23-series As required.
FM 3 1 3 0 Jungle Operations.
(C) FM 3 1 4 0 Tactical Cover and Deception (U) .
FM 31-50 Combat in Fortified Areas and Towns.
FM 31-72 Mountain Operations.
(CM) FM 32-5 Community Security ( U ) .
( S ) FM 32-10 United States Army Security Agency in Support of
a Field Army (U).
Psychological Operations.
Joint Manual for Civil Aff airsiMilitary Government.
Civil Affairs Operations.
Transportation Services in Theater of Opera t'lons.
Transportation Corps Reference Data.
Army Forces in Joint Airborne Operations.
Airmobile Operations.
Pile Construction.
Construction in the Theater of Operations.
Pits and Quarries.
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Bituminous, Concrete and Expedient Paving
Operations.
Railroad Construction.
and Utilities.
TM 5-700 Field Water Supply.
TM 5-728 Engineer Foundry Practices.
TM 5-742 Concrete and Masonry.
TM 5-766 Electric Power Generation in the Field.
TM 57-210 Air Movement of Troops and Equipment.
DA Pam 21-81 Individual Training in Collecting and Reporting
Military Information.
DA Pam 30-26 A Guide to the Collection of Technical Intelligence.
(C) DA Pam 30-100 Intelligence Collection Guide : Telecommunications ( U ) .
(C) DA Pam 30-102 Intelligence Collection Guide : Identification of
SMD (U).
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APPENDIX II
Examples of military civic action that may be a portable generator for lighting the village
performed in one or more parts of a country school one or two nights a week to permit adult
faced with insurgency are indicated below. education classes, providing heavy equipment
I. Use of individual talents or knowledge, for assistance in construction or repair work
acquired in the military service or prior to being accomplished by civilians, or providing
military service, by soldiers to provide advice transportation of heavy or bulky materials for
and assistance in helping to solve problems of civilians for construction projects.
the people. This includes farmers, mechanics, 11. Provision of escort for convoys of critical
teachers, medical personnel, administrative per- products to markets where they are badly
sonnel, engineers,
- fishermen, electricians, car- needed.
penters, lawyers, or any other special talent 12. Establishment of military-civilian coun-
possessed by the individual soldier. cils a t village and hamlet levels to promote
2. Provision of troop labor for construction better relations, discuss mutual problems and
projects, harvesting crops, or preparation of provide for mutual assistance.
ground for planting.
13. Provision of teachers for primary level
3. Provision of safe water supply by provid- and adult literacy schools, until public education
ing advice, assistance, and material for digging organizations can assume this task.
wells or installing simple pumps and filtration
14. Sponsorship, organization, and training
systems.
of youth and women's groups until this can be
4. Supervision, advice, and assistance in con- assumed by the government.
struction of simple access roads from hamlets
to villages and to main roads, to include con- 15. Provision of a means of communication
struction of simple bridges and culverts. between hamlet, village, and district offices by
using existing military means and tying in with
5. Supervision, advice, and assistance in con- civilian community facilities where available,
struction of community development projects or using spare army equipment until civilian
to include markets, schools, community build- facilities can be established.
ings, nurseries, dispensaries, canals, and houses.
16. Provision of emergency food, clothing,
6. Provision of emergency medical treatment medical support, and shelter for civilians in the
and evacuation of civilians by armed forces event of insurgent attack, fire, flood, crop fail-
facilities. ures, or other disaster.
7. Provision of ambulance service to civilians 17. Provision of advice and assistance to
when not required for army personnel.
civilian agencies, both private and govern-
8. Assistance by military doctors o r aidmen mental, to enable them to accomplish their
in civilian medical facilities. mission more effectively. This may range from
9. Supervision, advice, and assistance in pure technical advice to provision of personnel,
instituting public hygiene and insect and rodent supplies, and equipment on a temporary basis.
control programs. 18. Provision of assistance and advice to the
10. Provision on a temporary basis of facili- local paramilitary units in the training of ham-
ties o r equipment not locally available, such as let and village defense forces.
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19. Provision of technical advice and super- model villages, or relocated villages to reduce
vision of hamlet and village administrations the time required to establish the hamlet or vil-
until this can be assumed by civilian agencies. lage, and provide assistance to villages in con-
20. Operation of local administrations where struction of homes and preparation of ground.
they are inoperative or nonexistent, until ap- 24. Conduct open house activities a t military
propriate civilian agencies can take over. installations, and participate in civil ceremonies
21. Provision of security for hamlets and vil- when the security situation permits.
lages until this can be accomplished by other 25. Coordinate the establishment of military
means. dependent communities, or integrate military
22. Provision of surplus or salvage items. dependents into the community, with local offi-
For example, salvage generators given to tech- cials to provide maximum assistance and cause
nical or vocational schools to provide cutaway the least disruption of normal activity.
models, salvage or surplus medical equipment
26. Contribute to local welfare agencies a t
given to welfare agencies for distribution to every opportunity, either by providing funds or
needy installations, and turning over to public
by providing personnel or equipment.
health officials medical supplies which will
shortly become salvage due to expiration date 27. Supervision, advice, and assistance in
of effectiveness and which are not required by establishing indigenous public services to in-
the army. clude police, paramilitary police, civil defense
23. Construction of public buildings, defense unit, fire protection, disaster relief, and physi-
works, and public facilities of secure hamlets, cal security.
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APPENDIX Ill
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3. Security Concept of the Village Complex b. Providing training aids where possible.
The concept of the security of the village c. Organizing and providing facilities for
complex is not only that of a static defense, but communicating between the village complex
through the use of patrols and mobile reserves and regular counterinsurgency forces. Through
is also an offensive defense. The security of these communication facilities there will be
the village complex includes- passed not only information concerning the
a. A secure zone around the entire perimeter guerrillas, but also word of any guerrilla at-
of the village complex in which village security tack against the complex.
forces, organized into paramilitary units, are d. Providing reconnaissance patrols of regu-
continually on patrol, particularly during the lar counterinsurgency forces which will fur-
hours of darkness. ther contribute to the security of the village
b. Division of the village complex for defen- complex.
sive purposes into areas of responsibility with
each village or area generally patrolled by secu- 5. Economic Improvement
rity forces of that village or area. Activities to improve the economic situation
c. Establishment of a limited number of within the village complex will include such
routes on which all traffic is checked in and out military-civic actions as are listed in appendix
of the village complex. A minimum number of 11.
routes will be utilized a t night. During the day,
additional routes may be used for miscellaneous 6. Extension of Democratic Procedures
reasons, such as reducing the distance farmers
must travel to and from their fields. These activities consist of the normal ad-
ministration by village officials, and also in-
d. Maintenance of a mobile reserve a t village clude committees within each village who act
level to move rapidly to the assistance of any as advisory groups to village officials. The
one village in the complex which might be under military, political, psychological and economic
attack. This reserve will generally be made up leaders of the village complex are a part of the
of paramilitary units. The village complex overall control committee.
concept envisions outside military assistance
from regular military forces in case of large
scale guerrilla attacks. 7. Summary
e. Establishment of an intelligence network The initial aim of the village complex con-
in the community for the purpose of developing cept is t o - h a t etraffic between guerrilla sympa-
information about guerrillas in the area and to thizers physically located among the population
insure the prompt exposure of any undercover and the guerrilla forces, regular and militia-
insurgent sympathizers in the community. type, which live in the open country. Within the
villages are political, propaganda, economic,
4. Organization and Training for Village intelligence and terrorist elements which sup-
Security Forces port the guerrilla forces. When this support
In view of the importance of village security has been effectively stopped, the guerrilla, in
forces, special emphasis must be given to the order to exist, is forced to smash the estab-
organization, equipment, and training of these lished barriers surrounding the village com-
forces. The military commander of the counter- plex. A concurrent aim of the village complex
insurgency forces assists in this program of concept is the total participation by all members
organizing and training these village security of the community in providing for their own
forces by- defense. This is accomplished by the integra-
a. Providing initial training cadres and tion of military, political, economic and socio-
training facilities. logical activities into one operation.
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APPEN~IXIV
TRANSPORTATION SECURITY
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in case of emergency, but not so close a. Appointment and Duties of Convoy and
that a small ambush will catch several Vehicle Commanders.
vehicles. ( I ) A commander must be detailed for
(7) Travel a t night should be restricted each convoy. The convoy commander
to cases of operational necessity. will position himself where, according
to the circumstances, he can best ac-
(8) Irregularity of movement should be
complish his mission. This will not
practiced to make guerrilla planning
necessarily be in the first or last vehi-
more difficult.
cle. An armored vehicle or an armed
(9) Additional precautions may be speci- soft vehicle, such as the 1/4, ton truck
fied for certain sectors of the road. with LMG mounted, should be used
Examples of these additional precau- as the commander's vehicle. Radio
tionary measures are as follows: communications must be provided for
( a ) Mounted and dismounted patrols movement control of convoys and noti-
should reconnoiter and patrol ahead fication to alert forces of an ambush.
if possible, and to the flanks of the In addition, provision must be made
convoy. for passage of command in the event
the commander becomes a casualty.
( b ) Check
points should be established
and single vehicles required to halt (2) A vehicle commander must be detailed
and wait until a "provisional" con- by name for each vehicle. The vehicle
voy of four or five vehicles can be commander's primary mission is to
formed. When a single vehicle must command the troops in his vehicle and
travel alone, reconnaissance by fire control the vehicle should the convoy
may flush small ambushes. Extreme be ambushed.
caution must be exercised on return b. Organization of the Convoy.
leg of round trip when an alternate (1) Reconnaissance elements will travel
route is not available. ahead of the convoy. These elements
c. Red Roads. These are roads lying within will attempt to trigger prematurely
active combat areas. Convoys traveling on Red any potential ambush.
Roads can expect to be ambushed a t any point, (2) Vehicles in convoys should not be
and all movements of vehicles on Red Roads overloaded with personnel or equip-
will be of a tactical nature. In addition to the ment. If vehicles are loaded to their
measures outlined for Yellow Roads, the fol- maximum, troops will be unable to
lowing measures should be implemented : effectively use their weapons. In a 2y2
(1) Convoys will always be escorted by ton truck, for example, 16 or 18 in-
armored vehicles and supporting dividuals should be the maximum
troops. carried. Similarly, the number of men
carried in other types of vehicles must
(2) Travel a t night will be limited to oper- be restricted to ensure freedom of
ational necessity. movement.
(3) Whenever possible, armed aircraft or (3) Personnel in troop-carrying vehicles
observation aircraft should be as- must be constantly on the alert and
signed for reconnaissance and to assist be prepared for immediate action.
in control of the convoy. Selected individuals should be posted
as lookout-men or guards. In large
4. Standing Operating Procedures (SOP) vehicles i t is usual that four men are
Every unit should have complete and com- posted, two a t the front and two a t
prehensive orders or plans covering movement the rear of each vehicle, with each as-
by roads. These should cover in detail the signed an area of observation cover-
following points : ing 90" from the center of the road
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to the side in each direction. These Phosphorous grenades are particular-
guards should be armed with auto- ly effective, for they not only produce
matic weapons as well a s with smoke an immediate and effective smoke
and fragmentation grenapes. Phos- screen, but are also a feared and pain-
phorous smoke grenades are particu- ful casualty producer.
larly useful as an antiambush weapon. d . Preparation of the Vehicles. It should be
If ambushed, the posted guards fire stressed that armed troops in a vehicle must
to cover disembarking troops. The have all-around visibility. They should be able
guards may also assist in control of to fire their weapons without hindrance and
the convoy by informing the vehicle be able to disembark quickly. "Soft" vehicles
commander when the vehicle follow- should be "hardened" as much as possible, us-
ing halts or drops back. ing such material as sandbags and armor-plate.
(4) Armored escort vehicles can be placed One simple and readily available method of
in various parts of the convoy. In ad- "hardening" a soft vehicle such as the 2% ton
dition, the armored escort vehicle may truck consists of placing a single row of sand-
serve a s a mobile CP for the convoy bags, stacked five high, down each side of the
commander. When large convoys truck. This single row of sandbags will stop
move on main roads, vehicles should most small arms fire. A wooden bench may be
be divided into blocks of five or six, rigged down the middle of the truck bed on
with armored escort vehicles placed which troops sit facing outwards. In addition,
in each block. The armored escort the following general preparatory actions
vehicles has two important functions should be taken :
during an ambush action: first, it (1) Vehicles should normally have tar-
provides immediate protection for paulins and bows removed.
personnel caught in the killing zone by
(2) The tail gate should either be removed
driving into the ambush and engaging
or be capable of being placed in a
the enemy a t point-blank range, and horizontal position upon instant
second, it provides direct fire support
notice.
for the counter attack.
(3) "Chicken wire" should be placed over
(5) Radio communications should link all the open windows of larger trucks to
command elements of the convoy and
prevent insurgents from throwing
any reinforcing alert forces.
grenades into the cabs of vehicles.
c. Location and Disposition of Weapons. (4) A cutting or deflecting bar should be
(1) Automatic weapons. Standard or im- attached to the front of vehicles to
provised mounts constructed so that prevent barrier cables or wires
guns can be quickly removed from the stretched across roads from decapitat-
truck are recommended. Weapons ing or otherwise injuring personnel
should be placed to ensure that im- riding in the vehicle. This is particu-
mediate automatic fire can be brought larly important in the case of the
to bear on any ambushing party. smaller vehicles such as the Y4 ton
( 2 ) Crew-served
weapons. These weapons truck.
should be distributed throughout the (5) Beds of trucks and floors of vehicle
length of the convoy to provide in- cabs should be protected by a t least
direct fire support. They can easily be one layer of sandbags to minimize
removed from a vehicle and rapidly casualties from mines detonating
placed into firing position or they can under the vehicle.
be fired from a vehicle bed. e. Immediate Action Procedures. Whatever
( 3 ) Rifle Grenades. All men armed with precautions are taken and whatever prepara-
riflle grenades should be trained to tions made, the properly planned ambush will
fire them immediately upon contact. always be an unexpected encounter. Immediate
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action drills are simple courses of action de- ( b ) Dismount from the vehicle on com-
signed to deal with the problem of the un- mand and attack ambush positions.
expected encounter. They aim particularly a t ( c ) Troops mounted in a "hardened"
neutralizing the ambush and regaining the ini- vehicle may not be required to
tiative through immediate and positive action. evacuate the vehicle immediately.
Experience indicates that i t is near-fatal t o They will fire all available weapons
halt in an area which guerrillas have carefully a t guerrilla ambush positions and
chosen as a killing zone. From superior tactical await the first "lull" in the initial
positions they endeavor to bring heavy and guerrilla fire, or for supporting fire
effective fire to bear on convoy elements in the from friendly armored escorts or
killing zone. area-fire type weapons, a s appropri-
(1) The basic immediate action procedure, ate. Dismounting will then take
therefore, is to endeavor to continue place on order and in manner
moving when fired upon, to halt only similar to the dismounting proce-
when the killing zone is either cleared dure from a soft vehicle.
or before entering it, and to counter- (3) Immediate action procedures should
attack immediately from the flanks of be rehearsed frequently by infantry
their own choosing. Therefore, when units. Where miscellaneous vehicles
vehicles are fired upon- are formed into a convoy, two or three
(a) Drivers should not stop, but should immediate action procedure drills
attempt to reach positions which should be held before the convoy
are clear of fire. e n p r s the danger zone.
( b ) Lookout men and guards should im-
mediately bring fire to bear on the 5. Counter Ambush Procedures
estimated ambush positions. Men in a. General. Guerrillas are particularly sen-
each vehicle will fire all available sitive to threats to their rear or flanks. Offen-
weapons to disrupt and confuse the sive action to develop such threats can best be
enemy. carried out by troops which are beyond the
( c ) As vehicles clear the killing zone limits of the killing zone. Commanders so
they should stop to permit oc- situated should launch an immediate flanking
cupants to detruck in order to take attack on guerrilla ambush positions, using as
immediate offensive action. supporting fire any crew-served weapons which
(d) Vehicles other than armored escort are available. It is difficult to launch a n attack
should not attempt to run the quickly from positions ahead of the ambush, be-
gauntlet of the ambush. Com- cause troops will have moved ahead of the scene
manders halted clear of the area of action and will require reorientation. In
should detruck their troops in order this case, the attack must be mounted as quickly
to take immediate offensive action. a s troops can be assembled and brought back
to the scene of action. It is difficult to prescribe
(e) Elements of the convoy under at-
precise courses of action in these counterattack
. tack will immediately effect com-
situations and i t must be (made clear a t the
munications with other elements of
convoy commander's briefing which particular
the convoy and/or with other subordinate commanders, if any, are to act on
friendly. forces who may provide their own initiative. For example, friendly
support. forces may be on both sides of a killing zone.
(2) Troops in vehicles which are unable to In this case, a determination must be made as
drive clear of the area should take ac- to which group will mount the main encircling
tion a s follows : attack against the guerrilla ambush positions.
( a ) Immediately open fire and launch If both groups attack a t the same time, without
grenades on the estimated ambush coordination, an inter-unit clash may result. It
positions. may be made standard practice that those
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troops which have not yet entered the killing seminated on a need-to-know basis and as close
zone should launch the counterattack. to departure time a s possible.
b. Armored Vehicle Tactics. Armored vehi- f. Plans should be formulated for alternate
cles can assist in counterattack actions by driv- routes and deceptive measures.
ing into the ambush and engaging the guerrillas
a t very short range. In this way the armored g. Convoys should be assembled a t the latest-
vehicle will be able to- possible time before departure.
(1) Reduce the pressure on friendly
troops which might be caught in the 8. Communications
killing zone. Provision must be made for communications
(2) Provide direct fire support for the in the movement of all convoys. Requirements
counterattack. will exist for communications for the convoy
c. Training. The counterambush techniques commander to control his convoy. In addition,
outlined above should be practiced in varying there will be a requirement for a means of com-
situations until the natural reaction to a guer- munication whereby other forces with a sup-
rilla ambush is the application of immediate port capability may monitor the progress of the
action procedures followed by the counterattack convoy or establish two-way communications.
procedures described. a. The principal means of communication
within a convoy will be radio. The convoy com-
6. Briefing mander in particular must be able to communi-
All personnel traveling in the/convoy will be cate a t all times with the leading element as
thoroughly briefed prior to movement. This well a s the rear element of his convoy. In ad-
briefing will include- dition to radio, various visual and audio signals,
a. Details of route, speed, check points, order such as smoke grenades and whistles may often
of march and maintenance of intervals and be employed.
contact between vehicles. b. When helicopters and/or other aircraft
b. Personnel loading of vehicles. accompany the convoy as escort, it is essential
c. Distribution of weapons. that the convoy commander be able to com-
municate with these aircraft. It is desirable
d. Appointment and duties of vehicle com-
manders and vehicle guards. that escort aircraft be able to monitor fre-
quencies within the convoy. While other friend-
e. Immediate action to be taken in the event ly forces in the area may monitor the convoy
of guerrilla ambush. frequencies, it is more likely that in the event
f . Counterattack plans. of an ambush on the convoy, they will be
alerted on an established emergency frequency.
7. Security
Maximum precautions should be taken to 9. Protection of Railroads and Trains
prevent guerrillas from gaining information Railroads are particularly vulnerable to guer-
concerning vehicle movements. Points t o con- rilla attack because the movement of a train is
sider are- directly determined by the condition of the rails.
a. Telephone systems may not be secure. The cutting of rails can produce effects com-
b. Radio messages may be intercepted. parable to direct attacks on trains, particularly
when the guerrilla objective is to stop a train
c. Loyalty of civilians cannot be guaranteed. or prevent the delivery of critical goods. Even
d. Fixed regularity or pattern in the move- when friendly forces dominate the area, there
ment of convoys invite ambush. is always a potential for deliberate sabotage
e. Information concerning the timing, route, and overt attack against railroad lines. General
and composition of a convoy should be dis- protective measures may include-
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a. Security Measures. Measures which may 10. Protection of Inland Waterways
be taken to protect rail movements include but Critical points such a s bridges, locks, dams,
are not limited to the following : and restricted areas along rivers and water-
(1) Tfains should run on irregular sched- ways should be guarded continously. Points of-
ules. fering favorable ambush sites should be cleared
(2) Railroad security elements should both of vegetation to the range of effective small
precede and follow individual trains. arms fire. Security measures may include-
(3) Flat cars loaded with sand may be a. Irregular schedules for movement.
pushed in front of each train to guard b. Mounting automatic weapons on all craft.
against derailment by mines or cuts
in the tracks. c. Adequate communication-means for each
craft.
(4) Automatic weapons should be mount-
ed to deliver fire along the right-of- d . Establishmegt of waterway patrols in
way a s well a s into adjacent areas. fast, heavily armed craft.
(5) A right-of-way may be cleared on e. Patrol of waterways from the air.
each side of the rail line to the range
of small arms fire and the cleared area 1 1. Conclusion
declared a restricted zone. Should Guerrillas should h o w , that every ambush
clearance of the entire right-of-way be they execute may result in rapid, violent, and
impractical, areas around critical loca- relentless pursuit by friendly forces. Such ac-
tions, such as defiles, tunnels, and tion, executed automatically as a matter of first
bridges may be cleared. priority, is most important to the overall effort
(6) Air cover of train and reconnaissance to reduce the effectiveness and frequency of
along the right-of-way may be made guerrilla ambushes. First, i t ensures an early
a t unscheduled intervals. relief of the ambushed unit; second, it increases
(7) Guard posts may be established a t the possibility of friendly forces making con-
critical installations and rail facilities tact with the guerrilla ambush party before i t
such as tunnels, bridges, and stations. disperses; third, it reduces the time available
b. Train Guards. to the guerrillas to destroy the ambushed forces
and to loot vehicles;' and, finally, successful
(1) Train guards may be assigned from
pursuit operations will improve the morale of
civil police, military police or other
troop units specially qualified for friendly units while having a corresponding op-
security duty. Economic use of per- posite effect upon the guerrilla forces. An air
sonnel and greater efficiency will re- cavalry unit or helicopter or parachute alert
sult if units are attached to a particu- force, positioned with aircraft ready for instant
lar railroad organization or division employment, provides an excellent relief and
for the specific purpose of providing pursuit capability. Armored personnel carriers
security for railroad operations. and/or armored reconnnaissance' vehicles may
(2) The guard force on a cargo train also be used in the pursuit role since they- have
should be concentrated in one or two the mobility means required. Pursuit of guer-
positions and should have radio com- rilla ambush forces must be initiated with the
\, munications with friendly units in the least possible delay, with only that degree of
area that can provide support in the caution required to prevent falling into a larger
event of ambush. and perhaps the primary guerrilla ambush.
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APPENDlX V
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APPENDIX VI
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major events for historical purposes. An ad- v. Don't lose a single opportunity to learn
visory filing system which includes a suspense about the area of operations, guerrilla fighting,
or periodic check system is essential. Security and security in rear areas. This knowledge will
considerations will govern the use and disposi- be valuable to you the rest of your military
tion of these systems. career.
m. Develop an appreciation of the workload w. Don't make promises which you cannot or
of the indigenous commander. He will be un- should not carry out.
able to spend the entire day with you although x. Don't let indigenous personnel substitute
he will probably never call this to your atten- your chain of command for theirs.
tion. Make yourself available a t all times, but
let him have sufficient time to run his unit and 3. Advisory Techniques
do his paper work.
a. Do not rush to establish yourself with your
n. Conform to and stress the use of the chain counterpart.
of command by commanders and advisors a t all
echelons. Keep your counterpart informed of b. Advising works both ways. Set an exam-
any advice you give to his subordinates, and ple for your counterpart by asking his advice;
keep your own subordinates and superiors in- you will get many good ideas from him.
formed. Your subordinates may be able to im- c. Approach the subject under discussion
plement procedures which you cannot. Your from a different direction and with different
superiors may be able to help you implement words until you know that your ideas are
procedures a t your level. understood.
o. Do not become involved in personality d. Don't be afraid t o advise against a bad
clashes between indigenous officers; they are decision but do i t in the same manner you would
often more concerned with person-to-person recommend a change of-action to an American
relationships than with organizational frame- commander for whom you have respect and
works. with whom you work on a daily basis.
p. When advice is rendered, be sure of your e. I t may take some time for the idea to
facts and be certain that i t is within the capa- germinate, but after planting an idea, let your
bility of the unit to carry i t out. Remember, ccunterpart take the credit for its initiation
your counterpart is responsible for all his unit and practice. Your satisfaction is in the overall
does or fails to do. This does not excuse a lack result obtained.
of aggressive action when i t is obvious the risk f. Transact important business directly with
will be rewarded by success. your counterpart to insure his full understand-
q. Advise against mistreating suspects or ing of difficult subjects. Written advice will
prisoners. also serve as a check l b t for your counterpart.
Prepare materials in a form that he can adopt
r. Constantly encourage the strengthening of
and issue "as is".
unit esprit. As in all wars, this will sustain the
unit in the face of difficulties. g. When seeking information on sensitive or
controversial subjects, work from the "soft
s. Persuade indigenous personnel to pass in-
sell" to the request for official information ; i.e.,
formation up, down, and laterally. first, an oral recommendation; second, informal
t. Don't hesitate to make "on the spot" cor- note; third, semiofficial letter; fourth, an offi-
rcctions ;however, do it tactfully. cial letter requesting information on which to
base a "required" reply to higher headquarters.
u. Understand that many indigenous soldiers
may be illiterate, and that some do not speak h. Exercise patience in all your dealings with
even their own language well. Training must your counterpart. Never expect the job to be
be repetitious and must emphasize practical done a t the snap of a finger; never snap your
work rather than lecture or conference-type fingers.
instruction. i. If you find i t necessary to make a sugges-
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tion or recommendation implying criticism of b. Avoid criticism of local politics in your
existing policy or procedures, do so in private, discussions with indigenous personnel.
never in the presence of superiors or subordi- c. Study your counterpart to determine his
nates of the commander. To change a policy personality and background, and exert every
or procedure, a written report to your superior effort to establish and maintain friendly rela-
with a copy (and translation if necessary) for tions.
your counterpart may be effective.
d. Set a good example in dress, posture, and
j. ~ l w a praise
~ $ a t least some part of what conduct, a s well a s in professional knowledge
your counterpart does or plans. If a critique is and competence.
required, include tactful suggestions for a
modification of procedures or plans. e. Emphasize the importance of doing things
on time by being punctual yourself.
k. Present your suggestions carefully, in de-
tail, with adequate reasons. f . Treat the person with whom you work as
equal in every respect.
I. If there is a language comprehension prob-
lem with your counterpart, use highly qualified g. Show an interest in indigenous customs,
interpreters on important matters, followed by language, history and peoples. Your ideas will
written memorandums. It must be recognized be more readily accepted if you show an under-
that some of our interpreters are marginal in standing of theirs.
ability. h. Develop a sense of responsibility toward
m. Before advancing important ideas, brief the unit being advised to the degree that you
your interpreter thoroughly and give him a can feel a personal gratification for a job well
chance to consult a dictionary prior to your done.
scheduled meeting. No matter how well pre- i. Most peoples desire appreciation, recog-
pared you are, you will be a t a definite disad- nition, and understanding; they seek security
vantage if your interpreter is not briefed, even and attention; they like to feel important, like
if you are presenting a written plan. to contribute, and like to belong. In brief, they
n. Become familiar with the age and experi- react to these things just a s you do.
ence of commanders and staff officers a t each j. Make a special effort to keep physically fit.
echelon. k. Participate actively in the military, social,
o. Don't accept a "yes" answer a t its face and athletic functions of your unit. While en-
value; "yes" may mean only that the person to gaged with the enemy assist your counterpart
whom you are talking understands what you as an additional staff officer. He may have an
have said, but i t may not indicate that he ac- inexperienced staff or none a t all. Record the
cepts your suggestion. Occasionally, it is used action a s well a s possible and conduct an after-
to cover a failure to understand. When he indi- action critique.
cates that he accepts your suggestion, i t may I. As time progresses you may think that you
never be implemented. are doing all the "bending over backwards".
p. Don't present too many subjects a t one If you observe carefully, you will find that this
time or prolong unnecessarily the discussion of isn't so and that your counterpart is meeting
any one subject; i t is better to have another you halfway.
conference a t a later time. 112. Maintain your sense of humor.
q. If custom permits, give advice in the form
n. Keep in mind the seriousness and urgency
of demonstration ; teach by example, but don't
of your mission.
persist in doing the job yourself.
o. Don't be discouraged. Suggestions and
4. Personal Attitude and Relations advice which may appear to have been disre-
a. A careless word or action can negate the garded may have been made the standard for
good will and cooperation built up by the U.S. the unit.
with great effort and a t considerable cost. p. Be aware of all problems, but don't accept
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or become involved in your counterpart's minor, c. Practice moderation in your consumption
evetyday problems. Place your advisory em- of alcoholic beverages and observe established
phasis on the overall effort. Do not be tied down custom by abstention if required.
to the CP, if your counterpart cannot or will
not leave it. Checking on your subordinates d. From time to time, invite your counter-
helps you know what is going on in the unit. part to your mess for social functions or as your
dinner guest if custom permits.
5. Social and Military Customs
e. If you cannot accept a social invitation,
a. Accept invitations to social events and
send your regrets in writing.
ceremonies, in accordance with policy, customs
and good taste. f. If you are not of higher grade, treat your
b. Don't fail to observe and recognize mili- counterpart exactly a s if he were your U.S.
tary courtesy. senior.
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APPENDIX VII
1. General
This appendix contains examples of training ( q ) Field Fortifications and
programs for civil guard, self defense and ham- Expedient Obstacles -- 4
let militia type units. It is useful as a guide to ( r ) Hand Grenades, Rifle
show the types of subjects and relative time Grenades, and Pyro-
devoted to each during a training program for technics ------------ 6
these types of units. ( s ) Land Navigation i n
Swamp, Mountain and
2. Civil Guard (12 Wk.-588 Hr.) Jungle ------------- 8 4
( t ) Individual Day Training :
a. Basic Combat and Advanced Individual Counterguerrilla War-
Training (352 h r l - 8 w k . ) . fare Day Combat Tech-
( 1 ) General subjects-(160 hr. ) . niques ------------- 4
Dau Night (u) Individual Night Train-
(a) Care and Cleaning----,- 15 ing : Counterguerrilla
(b) Inspections ----------- 12 Warfare Night Combat
(c) Commanders Time ----- 13 Techniques ---------
(d) Ceremonies ----------- 4 (v) S u r v i v a l T r a i n i n g i n
(e) Military Courtesy and Swamp, Mountain and
Customs ------------ Jungle ------------- 1
( f ) Psychological
Warfare in ( w ) Chemical Training ----- 2
Counterguerrilla War- (x) Proficiency Testing ---- 2
fare ---------------
( g ) Civic Action ----------
( h ) Organization and Mis-
sions of CG---------- ( 2 ) Weapons.
( i ) Dismounted Drill ------ ( a ) Rifle sqzcads (178 hr.) .
(j) Physical Training and I . Rifle Qualification ----- 57
Hand to Hand Combat 2. Carbine Qualification --- 42
( k ) First Aid ------------- 3. BAR Qualification ----- 48
(I) Tropical Hygiene ------- 4. SMG Familiarization --- 4
( m ) Maintenance and Supply 5. Pistol Familiarization -- 4
Economy ----------- 6. Night Firing ---------- 12
( n ) Procuring Information 7. Quick Reaction Firing-- 11
about Local Insurgents
( 0 ) Communications
Proce-
dure in Counterguer-
rilla Warfare -------- ( b ) LMG section (166 hr.).
( p ) Demolitians, Mines, 1.LMG Qualification 74
Booby Traps, Illumi- 2. Pistol Qualification ---- 13
nants -------------- 3. Carbine Qualification -- 42
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b. Weapons.
(u) Close Air Support in (1) Carbine Qualification -----
Counterinsurgent Op- (2) Shotgun Qualification ----
eration ------------- 2 (3) Automatic Rifle Familiari-
Search of Insurgent
Village ------------- 6 4 Subtotal Hours-
( 2 ) Company Assistance of
Weapons ---------
Friendly Post (to In- c. Tactics.
clude the Use of Heli- ( 1) Individual Daytime Combat
tion ------------------
ance Patrol) ----------
terguerrilla Operations -
Jungles, and Mountains-
gents ----------------
Points) --------------
Economy -------------
rity of an Area --------,
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Dau Night Dan Night
(16) Platoon Raid of Insurgent b. Weapons.
Village --------------- 6 4 (1) Carbine Familiarization -- 12
(17) Platoon in Relief of Friend- (2) Shotgun Familiarization -- 4
ly Outpost Under Attack 6 4 (3) Hand Grenades ---------- 4
(18) Insurgent Tactics and Tech- ..
(4) Night Firing ------------ 4 4
niques --------------- 8 2 - -
(19) Search Techniques ------- 10 Subtotal Hours-
(20) Helicopter Loading and Un- Weapons --------- 24 4
loading Techniques ---- 5
- - c. Tactics.
Subtotal Hours -Tac- (1) Guerrilla Tactics in Attack
tics -------------- 98 48 of Hamlets ------------ 4
- - (2) Organization of the Hamlet
Total Hours --- 360 = 280 + 80 and Field Fortifications- 12
(3) Defense of the Hamlet Per-
4. Hamlet Militia Training Program (2 Wk. imeter --------------- 8 4
-1 20 Hr.) (4) Alarm System and Alert
Dan Night
a. G eneral Subjects. Procedures ----------- 2 2
(1) Commander's Time ------ 6 (5) Underground Tunnel Con-
(2) Mines, Booby Traps, and 11- struction and Conceal-
luminants ------------ 5 3 ment Within the Hamlet 10 2
(3) Duties of Gate and Fence (6) Counterattacks of Guerrilla
Sentry --------------- 3 1 Penetration 4 4
(4) Hand and Arm Signals---- 3 (7) Fire and Movement ------- 3
I (5) Procurement' of Insurgent (8) Harassment Tactics and
Information ---------- 4 Use of Hidden Firing Po-
..
sitions --------------- 2
(6) Hand to Hand Combat---- 4
(7) First Aid and Tropical Hy- - -
giene ---------------- 4 Subtotal Hours-Tac-
- - tics -------------- 45 12
Subtotal Hours-Gen- - -
era1 Subjects ------ 29 4 Total Hours ---- 118 = 98 + 20
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INDEX
Aeromedical evacuation --------- - - -- 63c (10) 49 Special forces ------------------ 36b, 36c,
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91e
Engineers -- -------------- 67 Insurgency:
Medical service----------------. 46d Causes------ --- - ---------- 6 6
Military intelligence ------------ 52d Economics -------------- -
Military police----------------- 5Od ..
M~l~tary-----------------------
. ._ 6c
6d
7
7
Psychological operations 54d, 110 Movements 5.7 4,8
Special forces 36c. 38, Phases------------------------ 8 8
41f ..
Pol~t~cal---------------- ------- 6b 6
Engineer: Prevention--------------------- 9 8
Base survey comphny----------- 66e Psychological -------------- 6e 7
Combat battalion --------------- 66a
Component 59e Legal assistance 87f 65
Construction battalion ---------- 66b Levels of insurgency:
Detachment 47,48 Latent and incipient subversion - 8a 8
Support--------- ------ ----- --- 65-68 Organized guerrilla warfare----- 8b 8
Topographic company----------- 66d War of movement -------------- 8c 8
Evacuation hospital 82i Logistics :
Exchange service------------------- 87d Aviation---! -------------------. 64 49
Construetion ----------- - 98 73
Field fortifications-_---------------.
Hospitalization and evacuation . 96 72
Field hospital ----------------------
Planning ...................... 94a 70
finance--------~------------------
Stockage levels ----------------- 94b 70
Fire support: Supply and maintenance -------- 95 70
Aid to navigation Transportation ----------------- 97 72
Blocking fires ------------------
Flushing----------------------.
Maintenance :
Aircraft -----------------------
Harassing fire
Illuminating fires
. . o n ------------------
A v ~ a t ~ -----
Nehralization fire-------------_
Ordnance----------------------
Preparatory fires --------------- Medical detachment
Reconnaissance by Are _--------- Medical equipment and maintenance
Flight operations------------------- detachment.
Medical and general dispensaries
General purpose units 28 Medical optical detachment _--------_
Guidelines for advisors : Medical service ---------------------
Attitude and relationship -. -. (app VI, 4) Medical service units
Customs------------------ (app VI, 5) Medical supply detachments .--------
Professional duties--------- (app VI, 2) Military assistance advisory group _--
Techniques, advisory-------- (app VI, 3) Military civic action :
Helicopter ambulance : Artillery 70d, 74
Medical detachment 82e Conduct ----------------------- lob
History -. 5 Engineer...................... 67c
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Paragraphs Pages Paragraphn Pages
Military police : Organization-Continued
Counterguerrilla operations - - 84e 61 Special action force-- ------.-- 23 16
Indigenous police ----------_---- 840 61 Special forces _-----------------35a. 36b, 20.23,
Intelligence-- -- ------- - - -- - - - - - 84f 62 37b. 41b 28
Military civic action - - - - - - - ---- 846 61 USASA detachment .----------- 56 42
Paramilitary police ------------- 84c
Psychological aspects ---------- 84d Paramilitary forces 31b. 111-118 19.82
Military police component - - - - ---- Assistance, U.S .----------------116 84
59f
Military police detachment--- - - - 49,50 Civil defense group 112d 83
Civil guard - -
-- 112b 88
Mission :
Civil police 112a 82
Civil affairs- ----------. ------ 43a
Military civic action --------- 115a ( 4 ) 84
Civil defense groups - - - - - - _ - - - 112d
..
Civll ffuard-----~_------------ 112b Necessity ...................... 113 83
Pay and benefits 117 85
Engineer detachment ----------- 48a
Responsibilities 114 84
Medical services--------------- 46a
Self defense units -------------- 112c 83
Military intelligence detachment- 520
Special action force 116 84
Military police detachment ------ 50a
Supply and equipment --------- ~- 118 85
Military w i t s -----.
------ (app V , 4c, d) ..
Traming 115 84
lb 3 Training, indigenous:
_
Secure population centers : Advanced individual ------- (app VII, 2a) 114
Organization --------------- (app 111.4) Basic unit ---------------- (app VII, 2b) 115
Procedures --------- (app III,6) Self defense unit ----- ---- (app VII, 3,4) 116,117
Security concept----------- (app 111,s) Training, U.S. :
Village complexes ---- ------ (app III,2) Army security agency-----L 122h 90
Security :
..
Civlc action -------------------- 123i 91
..
Clvll affairs-------------------- 122b 89
Rail lines ------------------ (app IV, 9) Engineer --------------------- 122d, 123f 89,91
Standing operating proce- (app IV, 4) Language .................... 1214 123d 88,gl
Signal company.................... 37
Objectives------- 122a. 1236 87.90
29,33
Transportation boat companies------. 85 62
34-36,41
41c, d, e
U.S. Information agency:
Special operations detachment 55,56 U.S. Information service --------
USASA.
U.S. Marine Corps
Station hospital---------------J---- 829
U.S. Navy-------------------------
Supply and maintenance------------ 86
U.S. Policy
Veterinary food inspection detach-
Task forces, special action force------ 29a 17 ment.
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By Order of the Secretaryof the Army:
EARLE G. WHEELER,
General, United States Army,
Official : Chief of Staff.
J. C. LAMBERT,
Major General, United States Army,
The Adjutant General.
Distribution :
Active A m y :
DCSPER (2) Inf Bg (5)
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