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On The Importance Of The Unconscious In Psychopathology Author(s): C. G. Jung Source: The British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2814 (Dec. 5, 1914), pp. 964-968 Published by: BMJ Publishing Group Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25311945 . Accessed: 04/12/2013 12:30
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9^4
were

m.??J?*S5aJ
in rebellion,

SECTION

OF NEUROLOGY

AND

PSYCHOLOGICAL

MEDICINE.

[DEC. 5f 1914

of the. Madras and their many sepoys, from their innumerable and united perished It is also certain that men over falling asleep in a Cingalese so to speak, forest have, next morning night " woke These have succumbed up dead." sleepers during the night to the repeated attacks of these and intolerable insatiable pests. Dr. Charles for many Resident at Sarawak, Hose, years on approaching has told me that the in of woods edges Borneo leaf rustling, and this is due to you can hear every the that fact the on its posterior leech, eager perched on the edge sucker of every in the undergrowth, leaf is its and an with up down, swaying body yearning " unutterable to get at the of man yearning," integument or some other mammal. who wrote our adventure the best book about Landon, some into Thibet ten years Lhassa ago, entitled (London, coolies, attacks.

1905), says of Sikkim :

The game here is very the reason is not uninterest scanty: or active, or invisible, visible the curse of ing. For dormant Sikkim waits for its warm-blooded visitor. The leeches of these have been described and valleys lovely again again by travellers. the description, true in however Unfortunately the reputation every particular, of has, as a rule, but wrecked the chronicler. cannot understand these of Englishmen pests the mountain-side, which in March, and exist, like appear black threads kills them in fringing every leaf, till September ... millions to remove a them bowl of warm milk at myriad the cow's nose, a little a and are hand all that slip-knot, quick is required. or fifteen Fourteen have been thus successively taken from the nostrils of one unfortunate heifer. When which some takes fed, a process time with fully the individual leeches zeylanica, Haemadipsa off; drop and they can be made to loosen their hold by the applica tion of a solution or weak of salt acid. to Attempts pull them off should be as of the avoided, parts biting are then often left in the and these may apparatus wound, cause inflammation and suppuration. . When winter the leeches die down with approaches " " and the on over extraordinary rapidity, species carry the cold weather in the form of eggs laid in cocoons period on the or other under leaves no d?bris. Hence ground, land leech ever sees its offspring, and no land leech has ever known a mother's care.

EIGHTY-SECOND

ANNUAL
OP THE

MEETING

ihittsb
Held

in Aberdeen

J?te?fel &&&o?atum.
on July 29th, 30th, and 31st.

PROCEEDINGS

OF

SECTIONS.

SECTION OF NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE.

F. W, Mott, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S., President.

ON THE

IMPORTANCE OF THE UNCONSCIOUS IN PSYCHOPATHOLOGY.

By C. G.

Jung, M.D., LL.D., Z?rich. " " we When of a as speak we unconscious thing being must not that from the of view of forget the point of the a brain be unconscious to us functioning thing may in two or I shall ways?physiologically psychologically. the from the latter point only deal with of view. subject So that for our purpose we may define the unconscious as " the sum of all those events are not which psychological and so are unconscious." apperceived, The unconscious contains all those events psychic of the because lack of the which, of necessary intensity their are unable to the threshold which functioning, pass the conscious divides from the unconscious ; so that they in effect remain the surface below of the and conscious, flit by in subliminal forms. phantom It has been known to since the time of psychologists that the elements, Jjeibnitz that is to say, the ideas and which feelings go to make up the conscious mind?the so-called conscious of a complex content?are and nature,

rest upon far simpler and altogether unconscious elements it is the combination of these whicli the element o? gives consciousness. Leibnitz has mentioned the per already insensibles?those which Kant ceptions vague perceptions called which could "shadowy" representations, only to attain in an consciousness manner. indirect Later the first as to the unconscious philosophers assigned place the foundation was built. the conscious upon which But this is not the place to consider the many specu nor lative theories the endless discussions philosophical the nature ! concerning and quality of the unconscious. We be satisfied with must the definition which already given, will sufficient for our purpose, the prove quite namely, of the unconscious as the sum of all psychical conception below the threshold of consciousness. processes The of the of the unconscious for question importance be briefly : " In what may psychopathology put as follows manner we to find unconscious may expect psychic material in cases behave of psychosis and neurosis ?" In order to get a better of in con the situation grasp nexion with mental we may consider disorders, profitably first how unconscious material in the behaves psychic case of normal to visualize what people, especially trying in normal men is apt to be unconscious. To obtain this we must first get a complete of knowledge understanding is contained in the conscious what mind ; and then, by a of elimination, we can expect to find what is con process in the unconscious, tained for obviously?per exclusionem ?what is in the conscious cannot be unconscious. For we examine this purpose all activities, interests, passions, and are cares, to the conscious individual. joys, which All that we are thus able to discover becomes, ipso facto, no of as a content further moment of the unconscious, and we may then expect to find only those in contained things the unconscious we have which not found in the conscious mind. a concrete us take Let : A merchant, is who example father of two and married, children, happily thorough in his business and at the same time affairs, painstaking in a reasonable to improve in his position trying degree the world, carries himself with is enlightened self-respect, in religious and even belongs to a society for the matters, of liberal discussion ideas. can we What consider to be the content of reasonably the unconscious in the case of such an individual ? Considered from the above theoretical standpoint, every in the that is not in the contained thing personality mind conscious should be found in the unconscious. Let us agree, that this man then, considers himself consciously to possess all the fine attributes we have just described? no more, no less. Then it must result that he obviously unaware is entirely a man that be not merely in may and but that dustrious, he may thorough, painstaking, also be careless, of ; for some indifferent, untrustworthy are the common these last attributes of mankind heritage and may be found to be an essential of every component character. This merchant that worthy forgets quite he allowed several to remain letters unanswered recently which he could have once. answered at He easily forgets, a book to bring too, that he failed home which his wifo has him asked to get at the book she had store, where ordered he might have made it, although previously easily a note of it in his notebook. But aro such occurrences common with him. Then can be no other there conclusion reached but that he is also Ho lazy and untrustworthy. is convinced that he is a thoroughly ; but for loyal subject all that he failed to declare his entire income to the and assessor, raise his so, when he votes for taxes, they the Socialists. He thinks he is an a little thinker, independent yet while back he undertook a big deal on the Stock Exchange, and when he came to enter the details of the transaction in his records he noticed with considerable it that misgivings fell upon a the 13th of the month. he Friday, Therefore, is also superstitious and not a free thinker. are not So we at all surprised to find here com these vices to be an essential content of the uncon pensating scious. the reverse is true?namely, therefore, Obviously, that unconscious virtues for conscious de compensate ficiencies. The law which to follow as the result of ought such deductions would to be quite appear wit, simple-?to the conscious a miser; is unconsciously the spendthrift is unconsciously an egoist and misanthrope. philanthropist it is not quite so easy as that, although But, unfortunately,

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3>Be. 5, 1914]

IMPORTANCE OF TH&^NeeN?CIOUSiN-P?YCHOPATHOIjeoY. For there are

always of a pensive disposition,

[miSS?wSa?
and -much shut

9^5
up in

or manifest of a latent dispositions hereditary of compensation, which the rule and nature, upset simple cases. in individual which From vary greatly entirely a man different for instance, motives be a philan may, but the manner of his philanthropy upon thropist, depends essential

there is a basis of truth in this simple rule.

himself.
more

After his mother

died he cut himself off still

friends and acquaint as a child he "Even and he later, when himself with most

his originally
the

inherited disposition, and the way

attitude

in which that a
upon

from the world, his shunning we may ances." Or hear, again, devised inventions; many peculiar an became he engineer, occupied ambitious schemes."

his motives.

philanthropic

an un certain is philanthropic in order to diagnose person a we must conscious For also to such egoism. bring a careful of the motives involved. diagnosis study In the case the principal of function of normal people the unconscious a compensation is to effect and thus pro a balance. duce All are extreme tendencies conscious softened and an effective toned down through opposite in the unconscious. This impulse agency, compensating as I have tried to show in the case of the merchant, main tains itself certain unconscious, through inconsequent as it were, which Freud has very well described activities, as symptomatic acts (Symptomhandlungen). To Freud we owe thanks also for having called attention to the importance of dreams. For dreams, also, through are able we to learn about this function. compensating There is a beautiful in historical of this the well example known dream of Nebuchadnezzar in the of fourth chapter the Book of Daniel, where at the height Nebuchadnezzar of his power a dream had which foretold his downfall. of a tree which He dreamed even up had raised its head now must to heaven and fall. This is a dream which the of royal compensates obviously exaggerated feeling power. now to conditions in which the mental balance Coming we is disturbed, can the more has see, from what easily wherein lies the importance of the unconscious preceded, for psychopathology. us Let consider the question of where and in what manner the unconscious manifests in abnormal itself mental conditions. The in which way the unconscious works is most seen in disturbances clearly of a psychogenic as hysteria, such nature, compulsion etc. neurosis, We have known for a long time that certain symptoms of these are produced disturbances by unconscious psychic as clear, events. Just but are the mani less recognized, of the unconscious festations in actually insane patients; As the intuitive of normal ideas men do not spring from combinations of the conscious so the halluci logical mind, nations and of the delusions insane arise not out of a conscious but out of unconscious processes. in a more materialistic of psychiatry, Formerly, epoch we were inclined to believe all delusions, that hallucina tions, acts, etc., were Stereotypie provoked pro by morbid cesses in the brain a cells. Such however, theory, forgets that delusions, hallucinations, etc., are also to be met with in certain functional and not in the disturbances, only case of functional but in the disturbances case also of normal Primitive have visions and people. people may hear voices without their mental strange processes having at all disturbed. To seek to reduce of that symptoms nature to a disease of the brain cells I hold to be directly and unwarranted. Hallucinations show superficial very a part how of the unconscious can content force plainly itself across the threshold of the conscious. same The is true of a delusion whose is at once and appearance strange the unexpected by patient. " " The expression mental balance is no mere of figure for its disturbance is a real disturbance of that speech, mental balance which more exists the between actually unconscious and conscious content than has heretofore been or understood. As a matter of fact, it recognized amounts to this?that the normal of the functioning unconscious breaks into the conscious processes through mind in an abnormal and manner, disturbs the thereby of the individual to his environment. adaptation our observation under we shall often find that he coming has been for a considerable time in a sort of peculiar living individual more or7 less shut off from isolation, the world of reality. This constrained? condition of aloofness be may back traced to certain or innate early acquired peculiari show in the events ties, which themselves of his For life. in the histories of those from dementia instance, suffering often we a hear such remark as this : "He was praecox

It is not sufficient simply

is compensated

to know

depends

a counter-irritant that is produced in the unconscious as a compensation to the onesidedness of the conscious attitude. In the former case we may to find an expect in the unconscious forward of a wish increasing pressing for human a for mother, intercourse, friends, longing in the latter while case self-criticism will relations, try to a establish in the case of normal balance. For correcting a condition never so one-sided arises that the people natural corrective of the unconscious tendencies entirely lose their in the affairs value of everyday life. On the other in the case of abnormal we find hand, it people, characteristic that the individual eminently entirely refuses to recognize the influence which compensating in the unconscious, arises and even continues to increase his onesidedness to the well-known according psychological fact that the enemy of the wolf is the wolf-hound, of the the mulatto, and that the greatest fanatic is the negro convert be a fanatic were I to attack a ; for I should thing which I am as to concede outwardly inwardly obliged man unbalanced tries to defend himself mentally own his that is to say, he battles unconscious, against own his man influences. The against compensating in a sort of atmosphere of isolation already dwelling continues to remove himself further and further from the of reality, world and the ambitious strives engineer by morbid of invention to prove increasingly exaggerations the incorrectness of his own of self powers compensating As ? result criticism. of this a condition of excitation is from which a great results lack of produced, harmony between the conscious and unconscious attitudes. The are of opposites torn the resulting division asunder, pairs or strife leads to disaster, for the unconscious soon begins to intrude itself the conscious upon violently processes. come Then odd and and moods, and peculiar thoughts often forms of hallucination, which bear incipient plainly the stamp of the internal conflict. or compensations These corrective which now impulses break into the conscious mind should seem through really to be the beginning of the healing because process, through the previously them isolated attitude to ought apparently But in reality be relieved. this does not for the result, reason the unconscious that corrective which impulses in making thus succeed themselves to the con apparent so a do in mind form that scious is altogether unacceptable to consciousness. isolated The to hear individual begins voices, strange accuse him of murder which and all sorts of crimes. voices These drive him to desperation in the and resulting he tries to get into contact with the surrounding agitation milieu and does what he formerly had avoided. anxiously The to be is reached, to the but sure, compensation, right. The

Without discussing

the matter

further

it must

be plain

detriment of the individual.

The

his

who is unable to profit inventor, pathological by still allows to /failures, previous himself, by refusing the value own of his to come to self-criticism, recognize still more absurd He wishes to accomplish the designs. but falls into the absurd. a while After he impossible notices that talk about unfavourable him, make people about him, and even remarks at him. scoff a He believes to frustrate exists his discoveries far-reaching conspiracy

and render them objects of ridicule. of the individual,

unconscious criticism

detriment

same about the results brings could have but attained, again

By

this means
that only his

his is

self to the

because

the criticism

If we study attentively

the history

of any such person

into his surroundings. projected An especially form of unconscious typical a ?to further the give example?is

alcoholic

The alcoholic loses his love for his wife ; the

compensation tries to lead him back again to

compensation of the paranoia

unconscious

his duty, but it can only partially succeed, for it only causes him to become jealous of his wife as if he still
loved her. As we know he can even

his wife and himself merely through jealousy. In other words, his love for his wife has not been entirely lost, it

go

so far as

to kill

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966
has simply unconscious

?oSSSESSai]

SECTION OF NEUROLOGY
But from the in

AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE.

vented certain from

[DEC. 5, 19x4

become subliminal. now it can only

reappear

of the realm form of the

jealousy. we see in the case of of a similar nature Something Pro turns from who converts. Everyone religious as the to Catholicism is well testantism known, has, is P rotestantism His to be somewhat fanatic. tendency into not entirely but has merely disappeared relinquished, a as at work where it is constantly the unconscious, Catholicism. the newly counter-irritant acquired against to himself constrained convert feels Therefore the new or less fanatical the faith he has adopted in a more defend in the case of the paranoiac, It is exactly the same way. him to defend who feels himself constrained constantly his delusive because self external all criticism, against from within. threatened is too much system manner in which these The compensating strange mind derives into the conscious influences break through to struggle the fact from that its peculiarities they have in the conscious the resistances already existing against to the patient's therefore themselves and mind, present manner. And in a thoroughly mind distorted secondly, are obliged to these necessarily equivalents compensating in the language of the unconscious? themselves present and sub that is of a heterogeneous that is, in material in the conscious liminal all that material nature. For and can find no suitable value mind which is of no furtner becomes such as all those forgotten subliminal, employment ever that have entered creations and fantastic infantile the and myths of which of men, the heads only legends reasons I cannot discuss For certain which still remain. in dementia is frequently this latter material found further, con in this I may to give brief have been able a I feel to be unfortunately which incomplete, as it presents of the to me itself of the situation glimpse It in psychopathology. of the unconscious importance in a short to give an ade be impossible discourse would in been done that has already idea of all the work quate praecox. I hope tribution,

this field.

sum up, I may To say that in conditions of mental scious a compensation content of the of the characteristic But because in all of the conscious striving are rendered correctives sating that these unconscious inevitable, but into the conscious miad, of the one-sided the character in a to appear for them possible form. The Significance

of the uncon the function is essentially disturbance mind. conscious of the condition of onesidedness such the compen cases, It useless. is, however, break tendencies through in adapting to themselves it is only conscious aims, and unacceptable distorted

in his which Dr. Ernest Jones was Dr. the read absence Secretary. by Honorary were that three there different considered Jones In the first uses it of the term "unconscious." current " as a synonym was for and was, non-mental," regarded at all. The not concerned with therefore, psychopathology was of the unconscious second philo conception purely as developed as Hartmann, such writers sophical, by of psychopathology the field and others; Jung, Meyers, one to deal with an appropriate in which it. was hardly was the scientific of the unconscious third conception The those mental He divided one, developed pro by Freud. cesses into two groups, not accompanied the by awareness and Dr. Jones and the unconscious proper, preconscious sense. in the latter to use the term Freud's proposed was a fact that it was characterized the by conception on built inductive one, up step step by being purely the without introduction of actual the basis experience of any philosophical, mystical, speculative hypothesis, or other. of his of actual the result As investigations a he mental unconscious processes acquired gradually of their content, nature, meaning, increasing knowledge was to and able therefore and significance, origin, some Of these the most statements. formulate general the origin and the content of both concerned important to the effect its existence that the unconscious, and was were was Unconscious the result of repression. processes as to be incompatible the conscious with of such a kind ones therefore and were the given of pre personality,

of the Unconscious pathology. a paper, contributed

in Psycho

of consciousness operation by the entering " " The forces. repressing actively inhibiting, sense was in the widest of a moral order incompatibility con in question of the word. The processes flagrantly or aesthetic with the moral, flicted ethical, modest, social, in the person's and that obtained standards consciousness, to acknowledge to himself their he automatically refused In this in his mind. of repression action presence only a very be described small part was played by what might out as a deliberate of certain conscious thoughts pushing more was the of the mind subconscious extensive ; much of the two sets of incompatible mental pro apart keeping was cesses. A second of the unconscious characteristic were Unconscious its dynamic nature. processes typically and not in kind, thus be conveniently, and might conative were con as wishes. described These wishes inaccurately, or real, it and for gratification, striving imaginary stantly was of the that the external to this striving manifestations were to be ascribed. unconscious of the uncon allied to the preceding features Closely to primary the third?its relation instincts;?it scious was to the inborn that stood nearest the part of the mind being it was not realized form of these. and original Commonly was the work extensive how performed refining by the nor how violent the internal of education, influences before their aim. conflict finally achieving they provoked a selfish, would remain them the person Without aggres of and cruel inconsiderate immodest, animal, sive, dirty, of the complicated social of others, and unmindful the needs that went to make civilized standards and ethical society. were of this refining satis The results process rarely quite of life a buried mass remained ; there throughout factory for expres crude tendencies, always struggling primitive tended to relapse which the person towards and sion, offered. suitable whenever opportunity was the nature these features infantile In accord with The of the mind of the unconscious. and origin splitting in the took place and unconscious into conscious regions and the infantile of of childhood, character earliest part of life. the whole the unconscious throughout persisted the nature infantile of the uncon with To be correlated it ignored not was the that circumstance scious only a logic It had of its standards. but also moral logical one of the emotions and not of the reason. own, but it was be called it would of view the usual From illogical. point the bounds of time could as the phantasy Just overstep all reasonable so did the unconscious and ignore space, of the The attribute sixth considerations. and logical was character. its sexual unconscious predominantly no fact that from the have been This expected might was like the to anything instinct I other primary subjected contradiction The of repression. sanie apparent intensity one the and the preceding this attribute between concerning was the when resolved nature of the unconscious infantile that the sexual dates belief of the popular fallaciousness was Freud remembered. from the time of puberty instinct that to show abundant evidence had and others produced this it was time, long before though operative actively I from was differed infantile called what widely sexuality more and much I the adult tentative, diffuse, form, being were the Two differences in nature. of these Ipreliminary and excretory infantile between close association sexuality of the incest barrier. and the absence functions, : The as follows be summarized conclusions These might of which was a region of the mind the content unconscious instinc was characterized conative, repressed, by being sexual. and infantile, unreasoning, tive, predominantly not mentioned, with others The six attributes, together of the defined and clearly made conception up a consistent on the basis that of experience formulated unconscious at any time be tested. might in psycho unconscious of the The significance four under be discussed headings. might pathology a knowledge and mode of its content In the first place a for the furnished of operation understanding key that manifestations numerous morbid of previously a it had, and bizarre seemed given meaningless; revealed their and had of them, consistent interpretation was reason The structure. and coherent intelligible in arose the all that symptoms psychopathological was true seat of the the which disorder, unconscious, of cardinal it was so of the that impor investigation

| tance for

both

pathology

and

therapeutics.

In

the

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DEC. 5, 1914]

MPORTANCE

OF THE UNCONSCIOUS

IN PSYCHOPATHOLOGY.

[mSS^jSSa?

967

made clear this not second the place, knowledge only of the manifestations, but' the also causation meaning a great of them. part of the energy Normally pertaining was trends to the repressed of the unconscious diverted to social This aims. denoted (" sublimated") permissible, a partial of the crude obtained renouncement pleasures by in these and a replacement of them tendencies, indulging more or ones. refined less satisfactory, by other, Many an easy matter to achieve found it by no means persons in constant this and were of re renouncement, danger and gratifications, into the old indulgences particu lapsing of the more the attractions refined aims larly when as they must whenever the environment became flagged, more or disagreeable. the mental Then difficult, painful, were and to "regress" interests towards apt energies older of functioning. and more modes In this primitive checked however, they were regression, by the repressing on which In forces the original sublimation depended. was the resulting set of forces neither conflict entirely the repressing successful forces managed ; on the one hand a complete to prevent return to the primitive of modes on the other in transform failed while gratification, they in question into sublimated activities. ing the energies was A compromise both of forces sets reached whereby came in a partial to expression, and disguised though only were formations called ; these way clinically compromise and the constituted various symptoms, psychopatho In the third maladies. the logical place, knowledge of the unconscious over the gained by investigation bridged and the the normal abnormal gap between by demon same processes on in both, went that the strating though ones by consciousness the control of the unconscious was in the case of the former. greater Roughly speaking, a picture of the normal unconscious. presented insanity but not the aid that this Last, least, was remarkable had for the treatment of psycho knowledge yielded to maladies. the this had Up present pathological case far in the of been the greater psychoneuroses than in that of the psychoses, but there it had already was so valuable that the that proved hope justifiable further be profitable researches from this point of might in the case view of the latter also. The mode of group was action in a word, of the treatment, that the over of psycho-analysis, of the resistances coming, by means that were the making conscious of the interposed against a much unconscious material the patient repressed gave over this control material greater pathogenic by establish from the deeper to the superficial ing a free flow of feeling so that of the mind, the energy of the repressed layers tendencies be could diverted from the of production into useful social channels. symptoms DISCUSSION. M. D. Eder said that of the reluctance to part some of the statements in the literature of psycho accept he thought, due to the difficulty was, analysis experienced in describing scenes of warm, actual It required a life. more to put into words pen than most graphic possessed the behaviour of the individual disclosed during analysis. It consisted not statements and misstate only of verbal a but of constant and of ments, accompanying change A phonograph which should the exact expression. repeat a and which should the language, cinematograph picture and movements of the indi expressions accompanying still out the stress would leave laid upon certain vidual, .Difficult and as words sentences. this kind of sign was to embody into of cases, one it was language reports of the most clues to the of the important appreciation unconscious. The illustrated the sym following example on bolic and action the process of speech going throughout : analysis Dr. A patient, from a minor of visual suffering degree defect, asked early in analysis to be recommended an eye doctor, and was given the name of a well-known London ; a few surgeon that he did not think the new days later the patient mentioned suited him as well as the old ; very soon he announced glasses with he had lost the new glasses. His apparent annoyance father had, in the meantime, recommended him an oculist to whom he now went, with the same result. exactly Following it was found that everything to do with eyesight up this subject and glasses had presented difficulties. He had first required as a student in Berlin, and a friend of his father had glasses recommended him one of Berlin's best known but eye doctors, the patient had then found the prescribed im glasses quite He had come across some advertising and it possible. oculist, was then that he first found the suitable which he spectacles

had continued to use. Fear of blindness was so insistent that he had only a minor of myopia he had learnt although degree a youth, giving the Braile the sensible system when explanation that it was always well to be prepared all emergencies. against Some time later, when the position had cleared up, the glasses obtained from the London surgeon were, he said, found under some in his desk. letters The of this symbolic explanation than it was to discover. He used language was easier to realize his visual defect as a barrier to himself against accommodating or fresh outlook at for it served ; any position college, instance, as an excuse for games; in later years an equally it was ready excuse and so on. He was against reading, meeting people, sure that all his difficulties arose from his father's misunder so he would not see through that came in any standing, glasses The hostility was Dr. Eder towards way through his father. to believe that any ; he refused symbolized by the lost glasses was to be to ; he preferred enlightenment got through analysis as the situation But and up his phantasies. keep developed, he discovered that he could be helped, he found the glasses, and admitted that they suited him admirably. incident could be treated in terms of an incest father could ; the fear of blindness complex as a fear from repression of sexual resulting was This not the main also, but was present curiosity. the East called the vice ; his trouble was what difficulty of separateness?a refusal to recognize that human beings must in some relationship stand to one another. Leaving the expression of the unconscious, aside were there some as to its content statements made in Dr. note Jones's which it seemed to refute. Dr. Jones stated necessary were that certain mental unconscious processes prevented from entering consciousness order? by forces of a "moral" were the individual influences upon imposed by the refining of education. The primary were instincts to him entirely and brutal. If this view of the unconscious egocentric were to be accepted it must was be asked whence derived that forces obtained the moral in civilization ? Whence was of this educational the origin influence ? the Unless were in human it were germ potential beings?unless in the unconscious?how could it be imposed from present Each without? had to go a individual through long of individual education in order to reach the process but the possibility of individual to such reaction highest, be present must from the Each discipline beginning. more or less for instance, individual, acquired painfully or less the art and more of writing, but the perfectly to acquire that art was potentiality universally present in man. So it was with the moral of endowments were as as the mankind; they primary egocentric formed and of the unconscious. part impulses, equally to rate consciousness as too "moral" Dr. Jones seemed as the too unconscious and So bestial. far from of the view unconscious it was static, Jung's being with Dr. a had movement?indeed, charged Jung given to the concept value of the libido. a was Here dynamic so long as the conscious source of daily mind did conflict, on to it ; set free from the problems not deal with passed was the unconscious for the solution available of these, those of deeper moment. to the full Though recognizing the great of sexual of the infantile instinct, importance life and sexual Dr. Eder its repression, could but think or rather to leave out of psycho-analysis, it unreal out of of it, much else the presentation that dwelt in the un was and went to make conscious, active, dynamically up the whole being. phantasy?a be understood Constance Dr. Long in speaking said that of the un to colleagues it was conscious not unusual to see a shiver had been touched pass over them as if something uncanny of which aware and not a ?something they were dimly little afraid. This fear came from the unconscious itself, of the bias which and was evidence existed therein against a view too exclusively The scientific. like unconscious, of the Covenant the Ark was mis the Philistines, among Freud it forward as a wild understood. had brought " beast its hour to spring." It was not necessary waiting to be altogether for this it was but conception, grateful at any rate half true. The moreover, arresting?was, as Dr. was had not unconscious, shown, Jung only an enemy, a friend but with delicate percep infinitely a technique tions. Freud had provided of precision ; the school had Z?rich was a shown there that another than reductive to this a con was side science?that there side?and structive that it was not to necessary always to explain look to the lower nor the higher, persistently a reduce to its sexual it was components; personality to pursue this after reasonable, therefore, science, which, This

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968
all, was

MOUSSU]
ap in its

SECTION OF NEUROLOGY
infancy. It was clearly time to cease

AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE.

[DEC. 5, 1914

so disastrously in which declared itself unconscious, insane and neurotic also be could symptoms, imaginings as a means cure. to use of of The adapted analysis and symptomatic a way dreams acts afforded of reaching an of the psychological behind mechanisms understanding or obsession, this phobia had and, as Professor McDougall so was was so much what wanted "not said, aptly as explanation understanding." Dr. R. H. Steen said that the very fact that the discus sion was was indicated that the subconscious place taking at last finding its proper in psychiatry and neuro position Several had factors and were logy. interfered, interfering, a more with consideration of the subject. The widespread first was the expression "the mind." subconscious When was mind as synonymous defined such with consciousness an expression was of course and the student ridiculous, was to turn in disgust. from the The apt away study facts of life, however, were not bound and by definitions, he did not see why in such a mind should not be defined manner as to include the unconscious, or if this were " " be used to include to, the term objected psyche might both the unconscious and the conscious. The second was factor the confusion in the Freud terminology. wrote of the and the preconscious (or foreconscious) with one two the between fore censors, unconscious, conscious and and the other between the consciousness, unconscious and the Morton foreconscious. de Prince a co-consciousness scribed as sub and an unconsciousness divisions of the subconscious In making and so on. these on what criticisms after Dr. were, all, minor matters, Steen did not desire to minimize the of the importance for the more he studied it the more valuable subconscious, did he find it. For the proper of the understanding a was of the subconscious essential. psychoses knowledge and and his in praecox, by Freud disciples the patients in a mental the paranoia. Among hospital influences to the surface was up of subconscious bubbling seen on all sides. The movements of the case stereotyped of dementia would first attract attention. On a praecox seat would a patient be seen and neighbouring smiling to himself, the phantasies fed by his talking enjoying subconsciousness without ; another patient warning, quick as was for the window. If up and darting lightning, asked so he did he said he could not and he why tell, the truth, for the reason was in the subconscious. spoke All these further and the difficulty things required study, of the study was increased that the moment by the fact the was of on the attention turned sub searchlight it ceased conscious to be Still subconscious. by hyp and by other means notism, the test, by the association could subconscious be tapped and On studied. the other he was as to the not hand, value optimistic therapeutic of the so far as the psychoses were concerned study He believed in that the greater number of instances the were caused of nature. psychoses by toxins endogenous The of the subconscious would tell why the sym study in such and such a form. occurred For example, if a ptoms was chloroform in the early delirious person given stages of the of the anaesthetic, a administration of the study subconscious would reason reveal the of the disordered and excitement, but the real cause of the delirium speech was the chloroform. In like manner the study of the subconscious would as to the mean bring enlightenment in dementia but the real praecox, ing of the symptoms cause was the toxin the condition. the Still, underlying of new laws of nature have discovery might unexpected and reason for this he welcomed the discussion, results, and thanked Dr. for his most Jung interesting opening remarks. Dr. Crichton Miller said that when (London) Freud's were and theories first to technique brought his notice he shared with a sense others of extreme many with to both. as he did more scepticism Then, regard he realized that the that psycho-analysis, findings were resulted but recognized, that the incontestable, first, theoretical was interpretation put upon the facts by Freud distasteful to one in educated exceedingly (especially it was that the psycho and, Scotland), secondly, only who could the validity of the data, in analyst appreciate

yet to apply physical

treatment

to psychical disease.

The

that the direct observation of the behaviour and patient's reaction to correct and incorrect was the interpretations basic in their convincing element Dr. Jung truthfulness. an had offered was which interpretation intrinsically to Freud's, more which seemed and opposed adequate far more consonant with the general of life. philosophy The man was medical the talk average frightened by of too metaphysically; the spoke psycho-analysts?they was too elaborate was prolonged. ; the treatment technique He would more for a much appeal simple thing?namely, a truer outlook in all and in psychological diagnosis all practice. The for careful and necessity adequate and as great was treatment as physical investigation was attitude of obstinately ever, but the unjustifiable that to consider the possibility of a psychic factor and refusing the prolonged and often futile search for a physical cause of disease. Alfred T. Schofield was with the unusual pleased of Dr. in speaking of the unconscious and Jung latter a mental this subconscious, being really between consciousness and unconscious territory lying ness. He had a true affection to hysteria, alluded of the in contrast unconscious to neurasthenia, was which mind, In it the not. vis medicatrix or naturae was more ordinary less reversed and acted to the body. He detrimentally asked whether not be a mania of the hysteria might a mania was of the conscious. unconscious, just as insanity That so would this was from the in treatment appear both cases. If in insanity the conscious was disordered while the unconscious remained then treat the normal, was ment to help the abnormal of the normal. by means All that to the unconscious was therefore used appealed ?no no restraints, walls, confining food, servants, ordinary etc.?and means it was these that were found most effec In hysteria tual by alienists. the appeal be to the should mind conscious of steady and occupa by means discipline and rewards and education. Dr. tion, punishments, Schofield concluded the highest admiration by expressing of Dr. Jung's paper. ? courage not the Dr.

A beginning had been made by the studies of Jung

dementia

in

SOME

CONSIDERATIONS SANITY IN THE

REGARDING HIGHLANDS.
M.D., District Asylum.

IN

Medical The area Inverness of Scotland.

By T. C. Mackenzie, Inverness Superintendent, Lunacy Its (Abstract.) District

is one-third of the total and is, however, population sparse There is much of steadily decreasing. intermarriage was The relatives. in 1864, and 212 asylum opened (158 were the first year admitted ; of transfers) patients being 3 male still survive. The proportion of the these, patients to the Inverness insane district has risen from belonging

There mitted

in the number has been a decrease of patients ad to the under 30 years of to asylum age (due an and increase in of those 70 and up emigration), years The annual wards. resident has average population

1.5 in 1864 to 4.1 per 1,000 of the population

in 1913.

grown from 200 in 1865 to 672 in 1914. Boarding this district

systematically

out is
that

of 38. The economical of this is percentage advantage obvious. With to the family of insanity, accurate regard history were in 226 accounts cases obtained out of 613 admis for the four years. sions last These results showed that had had one-third relatives in the previously asylum; had one-fourth who were relatives defective but mentally had relatives in uncertified; the one-eighth already and in one-ninth of the cases of the relatives asylum; had in the asylum. died The patient already compara of families small number and individuals within the tively for a relatively district is responsible contribution high to the total number of cases care under and coming treatment. an asylum In July, of over 1914, with 700, population there were of general in the asylum. only 6 cases paralysis are men all These who have of their spent many years lives out of the Highlands. The predominating mental in the Highlands affections are in the order : Melancholia, of their mania, frequency mental dementia, and, to a congenital deficiency, epilepsy, small very extent, general paralysis?

easily heads

pushed

at

Inverness,

with

the

result

the field for Scotland with a

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