CHAPTER

III

FACTORING

18. Definition of , factoring. Factohng is the process of finding the twb or rnore algebraic expressions whose product is equI to a given expression.
fn *lultiplication we have two factors given and are required to find .their product. fn division we have'the product and one factor given and. are required to find the oher factor. In factori-ng, hoy. ever, the problem is a, Iittle more d.ifficult, for we have only tle product,given, and our experience in multiplication and division is callef. upon t'o enable us to determine the factors.

19. Rational expressions.' A rational algebraic expression is one "rmhich- can be written without the use.of indicated roots of. the letters involved. Thus 2, 5 r, 3 y -\f2, and. of ur" rational expressions. In this chapter factors which involve rad.icals wiII not be sought.
'a,

rational expression can an indicated division in

in a denominator, it
' ,' !

is
.t

Thus 3, .7 a,3t and,4 r

factors whieh i*.qrolve fratioas wilt not be sought.

br

3 arnintegral expressions. In this chap

ffi,;,$l. Prime factors. An integral expression is prime when

is'the product of no two rational integral

itsolf,, ax.d bxaqt, -i
PE!

expresslons

,l:r

1.

' ft must be remembered that to facor an integrl expressio means to resolve it into its prime factors.
: xprssions

The rnethods of this chapter enable one to factor integral rational in one letter which are not priffie, as well as some of the simpler expressions in two letters. No attempt is rnade even to define what is r-neant by prime factors of expressions which are not rational and integral.

There is no simple operation the performance of which makes us sure that we have found the pfme factcrrs of a given expression. Only insight and experience enable us to find prime factors with certainty. A partial check that may be applied to all the exercises in factoring consists in actually multiplying together the factors that have been found. ff the result is the original expression, co-rrect factors have been found, though they may not be prime factors. 22. Polynomials with a common monomial f,actor. The tYPe form is ab + ec - ad.

,*

Factoring,'
Factor:

b+ec

-,d:!(b*

d).

ORAL EXERCISES 10. 11.

*:: ,

ff
I

-'

t:
,

.,

;'l

1. 3a*6. 2. 5n {I5. 3.'a,2 * a. 4.2c-6.c2. 5. 9n2-3r. 6, cd * o'd'. 7. afrz - azn. 8. 4an - 8 c'. 9. 14 h - 2I lbzk.
.;

5an-2e,tr7. 2 o * 4 - 2 cd.

L2.

13.

4a-t0a2-2e,8. 6 ac - 3 bc { 3 c. 3cz

L4.
16.
L7

io*+1bnB-5*y.

15. 14aa

T as

+ T q,, - T . c4+9cs-L5el,

18.

i-: '4. '

ts.
'::

*"

"may'so factsred.,5y gr ' ."t _ factor. comlnon binomial . (rt+sg+bx+w"

Facoringo

,'

(r,n'+ eU

* bn + by: (an + Y> * (br + by)

=
a( + y)'+ b'(* +
n:rnricrsbs
'

Y,'

.
t ': I *a

Separate into PolYnomial factors

5. a(c - d) -b(t - d)' l. 2("* b)#r'(a * b). 6.'2(at - Y)- n(n - y)' 2.3( + 5) { a( + 5). 7. h(* * 3 - 2k(nu + 3n\, 3. 5 n(u - t)+ y(o - t). ") 1. Z a(r,-Zy) +b(n -2y). 8. 2r,(5n-&y)-9s(dr -*i

*, 11'. Za(c-3d)tr(3d-t)' 1 12. 5r(3rn-Znf-Zr(zn-3*)'

'
:

IS- cd,-g.qf+2d-6f:l 1?. a,h,r + abr - ahs - u,lcs, ',,18' fs * 2rs - 3ft * 6'rt.
r
,hrt' '19.t* jtV
20

+ 8 hn *
2 e

6 k'm

.n:

i,-,

gl .

n8,-3nyz 3n'y*93/t. N, a,n + y * bn + by * cn + cY. i*2r*rbs-,2s* ffit-2t;,, . ,. .4

a,c

LZ kn'

cn.

SCOND COIA;S,E

Separat ino binomial ,factors

1. u,2+Zar*r". .2. rz L,Z *y * yr,,

Sr

m2 Zmn*n'.

'

- 10 rs * 8.9+6ala2. 9. 16 - 9an *
TP

7.

25

s2.,

- ,'
a'n,.

'q

i,

25. A binsmial the difference of r. Iorru rs . d'- b2.

;

Facoring, a,2 bs - (+
More generally,

{a;'b).
c,i+,d$

a,2+2ab+b2-&+Zcd-dz :, &2 + 2 eb + bz (& -

1 J
.1

r1.

{r

.. :

. .r..r

o-

....

.)

;, ,

FCTOR,IN
ORAL EXERCISES
',Fa,eor.

*,'

10

25-36b2e.

*.1 18' _ d4 .1,.

b:
a

r. \+ +
,i

11. 36 azbz - 49 czdt. 12. 6! ; 25 b4. 13. nnyn -- $. LlL. *'yr - 64 za . 15. 8L a2-- 100 nru. ,' 16. &4 - L6.
L7-.
s,

19. lr

*11.'
-C

90. #
,;*1.' ' 1

81.
1

6-, a!.
fr.4.
.

,22'

IlrNr. Fihd thsee factors.

,a.,a

c& r&"
i
_.

- b4.

'

,. -. 28. 81-, h* .- Zffi n *y" 24. fiz -g ..' # in * m 2!lt' 25. oLz -b - bzn ' s4b b.' l,,- -d' 26. o,
a

b-6 25-

o.*,

EXERCISES

i$';',.'l?,

1$. W + ,? rn?, + ,z :* (i' 16. fr2 * 2 *,y *,y?* s,2 n2

* 2 *y + .
2 ab

+ G n *g - yz + Z y* - 2. 18.r.gs';+','frT a + I?L -'bz + 20 bc 19. 2 - 8r2+ S n4 + 2y'- 8 yz -

lf

100c1
822.

"r,ffi

:.
qp. 49#- 49yn I4yT1.. 'zta. LzLfr|-1 - 78y-BLy'. .25. a,2 -bz -(g'- b).

.
'

.Q1.,,. .:: t'{l+:

/ 'l

SECOND COURSE I1{ ALGEBRA 28. +rs -(f -t'). zg.'nLz'- n2 - m, - n. . 30. nL + n - rLz + n?.
3.p,

{
l
-r+(

:' I \ ,r') 'l ii

.

t"*

f -T* 3s-9s2. 26. The quadratic trinomial. The type form is i- l*1 \ { ""dli.. -T- vJl -T- 1,. xz+bx*c. .+ Since (* * h) (" + k)-: n2 + (h + k)r * Irk, it fotlows that # + bn * c Ean be factored into the binomid,l factors (* + h) (ry + k) if two numbers h and k can be found which have the sum and. the' product c. The method. of determining these factors is illustrated, in the -?.s(rn-t).
?

.!
I

27. f

,
a

..:i
'I

a. i

EXAMPLE

s'

sufo

"Solution. Here -15:1. -- 15 or -1.15 or *5. -3 or +3.5. f'these pairs of factors of - 15 only the pair - 5 and + 3 give the
ilIence

Factor nz - 2 n

-I5.

- 2.'

'

' a a .1

'':

'

For fe,ctonng expressions of the ty

the

+ b* + c we have

Eule. Eind, two numbers whose algebraic ltroduct is whsse algebraic surn is + b. Write

* c and,' ' '

fo,

"fo,

tle,ir

factors two binomials both of which haue x terms and these numbers fw the se'cond, terrns. rtrst
the
EXERCISES

Separate

into binomial factors':

4.
E.

1. n2+5n*6. 2. 8+ T n *72.
'

$.

n'-ff"T'fr
,!.'.'

+ 6.

6.

a2+8q,*12. d'+7!d + 18. 2+I},a+25.

':,

:,'

'

".,

r
X
Itr'

.r*.Ti
]:

'.'
:

wq:*:*

./

FACTORING
,="

, \

. j,'

9q. 10. f-r11. rnz-3m-18.

-i

'
l

!2.

n2-2*:24. 13.9-10r+n'.
14.. r2 * frs *

18. 2+9-10. 19. (" + b)' -. 2 ("

20, (n

+ b)- b. t
i,
'

2!.

3s'.

u22. cto

15. m,2-Tn'LnlI0n2.

i'.lG.1 5n*u*'. ) I+2n-24n2-L7.

+ \Z"qw + - 7 co - 18. 23. mz't - ILyn - 12. 24. a,4* - 5,2* - 6. 25. bav - Zbzs - 35.
a,2n

- y) +.3. - y)n + a@gf.

.{
\a

'

\.

\i-t-"

_:,

'&
\--s

For ma,ny trinornials of this type two binomial factors of the form (h* + k) (** + n) may be found. The method, I of factoring such trinomials is illustrated- in the
E*aMPLE

Factor

2#+Tnr!5.

?r*7
!
,

Solution. 2r2*7r-15-('?r*?)(?r*?). ]r+? factors we must suppLy 2 I,' * 1" { proper the frnd To , such numbers $r the interrogation points in ,, 1 1" ;1? = 2q2 + 7 r:I5 (1) and (2) as will give . r - r.., 2 uz for the product of the first two terms of the binomials, of the binsm ials'
?

'

t*l
+

G)

(3)

; ;l l:,
l[ow

lli ll"*:l ;JJ::"":'lJlffJ-s

,.LaJ-^'lLv7

'a .\

(4) 2n2-2fr'frt 5. (5 3'+ -15' : = 1. + 15; 1. -15; + 3'- 5; 'factors sf. 2 and li5 from (4) and (5) may. be substituted The'factors rdor !"' the interrogation pointg in (1) and (2) to forin the following *; il F'. s .. ,, .,.,,pa,irs of binomid,ls, each having a prod.uct containing the first and
:i ' ,-:'!,]-i.

2r*L 2r-L5 2n*3 2r-5 2r-B 2x*6 2x*15 t*-Ll 2*,;! -n+is -;-i

r*1

./r^'w'.

r'-5 r*3 "

.:
't:': _
,.r.:=:

n-'3

:il : :<i'Ji

:'

' ;f

-.:xfP:&
j :,a1

::j_I it ::l -:'''

.l

-*&g#&***

SECOND COURS.E
products, which gives the midrile erm. of the trinomial.

. Therefore 2 rz * T u- lb _ (Z n -g)(, + b). 1AfteralittIepracticeitwilIusual}yilrooounneceSsaryto write down i,lt of the pairs of binomiut, thut.do ""; ;;;J;r- the * required prod.uct.
s

'

.a:

If none of the pairs gives the required, product, the given trinomial s pri,me. . If an expression of the form a,xz * bx*.c .is' not prime, 'it can be factored. b)' *pplying ther. t ', ' * RuIe. Iind two binomials, such thrt I. TIte product of the f,rst terms is axz ; If. Th,e product of the last terms is' I c ;
*

--;X

F
EXERCISES (' ,

Eacbvl ,:1_: 2n2+ 5 n *

Z:, 4. 4 +Ta, +9.'sq 7. Anz+ g n {3;, z:Znz+Tn+6., 5. Brz+18nlIZ. g.6f +Tr+2. 3:..2q,2+9ccl;l-O. 6. Br2+rTnlL0. g. zbzlE. +2.
10. Tnz

11. 6c2+Tc\+2.

5.

" 12.3tr2-11 n+6. .

*.,
14

,.e. 11. 9a2+Sa-2. 22.72."B +10r-LZ.

_t-

23. 10 rs:*-- 79 rs -

15

s2.

. .4n2'- 1g n
ffiz

L0.

'15. t0

16., 12 nz -,- 11 ny

2g n

10.

t 17.2a2+3u-2. .f'18;'3f +r-2. \

+ Z gp.
,

30.

3 arzn

10 6n

_$' ,.,;

r
TA TSBII{G

* EXA1TIPLES
t
A

on+a2l2+bn.
aa

a2b2

b4

e,4

+ 2 n?q, t

bo

&2b2

2. :Factor 49
Solution.
: *1"-

l,,n

34 hzk'
':

2 k:.
'

If

.36

hzlcz

' ""' expression becomes *is added, thb

4,4ing and subtracting luare. rs-

36 hzkz, we.have

4gh4+34h2tc2+"25ha=,49la+70l2lc2+25ka-.3Bh?h2.#,"

Hrwr. Laa^*1:

,&
.

.8.44t,.

4q4+4a2+1-1a2
,

'&i.
:t.

. 15. e4.+4d,0. i 16. 64 aanz + #.

'

'4'

-.,

SE6ND COURSE IN ALGHBRA

: 9. A binqmiat' the sm or,thg difference'of two cubes. The type form is d + ff.
*a
oj and

a,3

$a

divided by o + b gives the quotient divided by a,, - igio** the quotie nt

az *

aP

ab ab

bz,

'.;i ,Therefore '* and .

t

: (o + b) (o, 3 - bs : (a,'* b) (o, *

a,s

+'bB

ab ab

* bz), + br), as

+ bz. (1)
(2)
the
i.
_*
t.":

Formulas )

(1) and (2)

zT

above may be applied

1.

Fact

or as +
aB

.
aB

EXAMPLES r__ :_--

Solution.

+ 27 =

* lu:

(o

B)(o, _ a.B +

Bz)

.;

EXERCISES

Factor:
L.. n:

-2.
'
't-

f.

hr+do.

8. (Ls + 2r. 4. cs + 5'. 5. ds +" 8. 6. dB + 2.7.

7. rs +I25. ,8. gf * y?.
^

25.af;f+n-y. 2$,. ms-nt-i *Tn.

9. &8 - 28. 10. as - 27. 11. mB - 64. L2. TL' - (2 n)'. 18. 8 nB'- y'. 14. r8. - 2T s8. 15. 64 - &'. 16.'" I25 - s;8..

28.
29.

30. t g.ojr

r
a? 7 I

*
' ;. -ory

FACTORII{-G

" 30. The Remainder Theorem. If any ratioaal integral .. . I ' :-1 - il t--by n - %; the rernainder is the expression in n be divided same as the original expression with n substituted for #,-1

This ,fact is illustrated

in the' ,'
EXAMPLE
ffi

.:'

t";,
.i 'll' i;
tii,,

i,

Divid,e fiZ - 5n
Solution.
e

6 by

?.

12- ntr lt+(n-5

n2

12-" 5r*6lrp"-n*

*
!

Here the remaind.er r2 - 5 n *6 the given expressi'on, when n is substituted. for

- Remainder is thexame as # - 5'n | 6;

5n

n.

t '

ExERcrsEs

-i! 1. Divide n2+k+cby n-r and show that the remainder is nz+bn|c. 2. Divid.e nz + bn * c by n - and find the remairider. ' 3*. Divid.e n8+ 'n?+br * cby n n and. find. the remaind.er., .rs 3)* (n (") by. 5 n n' A. Io'(rt * * - 2) find. the remainder ' Theorem. the Remainder division] (a by.
. ,a.

5) * (n -"3) find. the remainder Theorem. Remaind.er o sion , (O) by, the

5. In (# - n *

(") by divis
"i:

"

By.we of the Rernaind.er Theorerq fintI the rem.ainders in

86

,'o

SN6P

COURSE

IN

ATGEBR,A

i'
F

r
t t
F

k"
2.'
F-

:?

iI

7.

31. Factor Theorem, By substiuting 2 f.or r in - 5 *+ 6 wb obain 4 10 + 6, or 0. Hence n- 2 is an"exact divisor (or factor) of - 5 r * 6, Again, if 3 is substituted for r in n2-5r*6, the expression equals zero. Hence tr-3 is a factor of I - 5 r * 6. These examples illustrate the Theorem. If *y rationul integral erpression in x becornes z,ero when a ntnnher n is substituted, fo, x) tlen x - n is- a of the erpression. factor .The Factor Theorem niay be used to factor some of the lreceding exercises and, in adclitiorr, many others which are very difficul to factor by previous methods. \trorn. By means of the Factor Theorem we are able to solve
cubic and higher equations when the roots are integers. The solution of the general cubic equation is one of the faurous problerns of mathematics and one which is -accompanied by many interesting applications. This problem was first solved by the ltalian, Tartaglia, about 1530; but was published by Cardan, to whom 'Iartaglia explained his solution on the pteage that he would not divulge it. For many ye4rs the credit for the discovery was given to Cardan, and to this day i is usually called Cardan's Solution.

':
l

t :l I

.:

.rl
tr

'

F. *r, F

/..

I
b
EJ

.-

t
+

l
rl 7

When searchitg for the values of r which will maktn

only integral divisors of the last term of the u*ptt*sion (arranged accrditg to the descencling powers of. n) need be tried, for the last term of the factor must
expression
qe.roe

i f f. i

,d

tbe n integral divisor of the last term of the

EXAMPLE

expression.

rl

Factor n8'+2n-3. Solution. If. n - rz is a facor of rs t 2 *- 3, then z must be.:a, integral divisor of 3. Now the factbrs of - 3 are 1, - 1, 3, and - 3. If L is put for r,then rs * 2 r - 3 equals zero, hence n -1 is a factor of rs*2r-3. Diqfudingrs *2r-3 by n-1,we obtainthe quotiea{ rz* r*3. Sinee 8+ r*3 is prime, the$actors of r8+2r$ '; are x-L n. r2*tr+3.

,.*

'\t**

{E* TjACTORTNG
.

oRAL #XERCTSES
i .. ':,''
:

1; Is -1 a factor of ns + 3n - 4? ,2. Is r 2 a factor of 2n8 *n'*20?

ra
\*cr t\

1?

4. Is n -1 5. Is r +1

a factor of rs a factor of
?"8

+ 3a2 - f -

4? 4'r +1?

?. Is s a factor of 3.ss d,"t + 8 ? '8. Is k *13 a factor of lt'- 5 tcz -g? . EXERCISES
.

Factor:
l'u ';s

2.na*2r*3. a,B + a,2 -.36. 4. fr'+n 10.o" 5. d8+d,'-72. t 6. fry-2#.-5r+6.- i' 4n -4. I #$. fr'-ufro +
,3.

*9. fra.-78-6n.;..
11. z*s-znz L2. fr3-n2-4.
10. ns -T
frz

+ 4n {L2.

n-6.
.

13. 3n8 2fr2+Tfr,'_'$L4. &4- 6 a,8 +LI.* 6;.'

il
F

formis "
#.

82. The stim or difference of two like

eoffi,"Th

typg.

d+.
,o

The eafies,in which s," =.b" is divisible by'n* or a*,'* ;or Theorem. ?bs, irr sn -Wr'n being either an odd or*an even lntgerr,ubstitute b for a, Then b" becomes ' bru t"'- Q. refore a, * is always a factor of an bn. -

orof d'-bn. '

,.ri".sff
Then
n

snccn coun,sn rNr aLGEBRA

,, .'t'',' .

i'

b or

,ffi ** is nerrer divisible by o* or a-b

r

+ b" becomes b" +

", rvhictr is not' zero. Therefore

-b for

d,.

wher n is even.

'

is od.d

a*
vl

is a divisor of

a,n

br'.

.',tl * .

'--e+f{r a'- b' . III; a" * ff is neaer divisible by a, - b. i ,fV. + r, when n s odd,, is divisible by a+ b.
i.

I. an - Dn is al,wags divisible bJ a - b. .ff. o'- V, when n is trun; is divi$ble both by

:b
a

o'+ b

ORAL EXERCISES

',

For each of the following, statd a binomial f,aetor :

b{t
'.; ..
. .,.
a,

'g.

,1. n'
n8

y'.
58.

. 21.3',G
22.
Factor
10s

3. 2T - as. 4. r5 - 2s. 5. 32 n6.n

it:6.-n

'21, 16. I' - rr. L2. rs + 8. L7. L rnr. 8. 27n7 . y'. 13. n|+gf. lE. l+f. 9. 4 - tn,k ; .14 . r5 + 2u. 19. 1 + ,q. 10. 8 - Ad: {'s, a6 32. 20. bt + 1
6. *' - y'7. n7 - 27.
11.
ms

-,.1.

24. Is
{I',i

23. rs 10'.jF 1 divisibte by 11 ? 10e 1 divisible bv 9 ?

EXAMPLE
nu

yu.

..,

Solution. By division,

7
,F

"t'!::t.ry:iPtr;*

}
I

4.alii!'

t/

FACITORING
EXERCISES
.

{.'

}'actor
fr6

a5.

8.

dt

2. n6 +L. 3. 5 + 2t. 4. rc6 32. 5, (or)t+(br)t.

9.
10. 11.

- 32#n6. (2*)'-243t'.
e,5 e,7
a

HrNr. Write only the flrst five terms and the

18. L -

ro'.

n7.

last term of the polynomial factor.

Yttr
.-ii.:

L*f. !28.

6.

fr6

HrNr.

25.

L2. n7

19. L +

rn'.

{
"{ d ,-&

Find. the sec-

f\

ord factor by division and observe the signs of the terms and. the
order in which the ex. ponents occur.

13. nto * yt'.

20. nu - yu. $rNr. Factor

as the difference of

firs

t4.
15. 16.

+ 32 nL. n7 + a,7.
LCI

two

,l

w
at' ,

&i

squares.

L+f.
r\ * t.
n r 1t a . .

2L. frr - yt.

2,2. a,Lo

33. General directions for factoring. The followirg gestions will prove helpful in factoring:
.rr I a

7.

26.

L7. L28

2b.

aLz

bL|. bP.

sug=

qpM@;ffi$ #W*ie] fq.c7gL: -ts-efipr, .qnd' 'nen from the form of th,ffiolgmomi fa.frpr d,etermine **n uthich of the fohiwr"g iypni it should,' ed, and 'u,r, the method,s of factorng ifpticable to tlmi it.

Eir,st' look fo, (L cornmon, n?,onomial fact.or, and, if there is one (other than 7), seprte th,e enpress'on, into itp_grqq=Wy-t

M -*Tfl-

t*

ffiffi

1. ax+oA+bx*W. 2. a2 +Zab + ffi. B. a2 - 2. '' 4. * + bx + t''c. * ti*

Proc,eed agan

5. (xrz*bx*c.. 6. +"he'+bn. 7. d+ff. 8. an*.

"faeur been seprt&'i'4tt& ,' "
,':

i f.

aslin ff wh each polynomal

pbwrined,- Qfrrrtil

the orginal efrpression has

,':@pfue faetors. t If the preceding steps ft; try -th.e Xactor ,Wfi,wpyv",i,-,.

'l

i;'
j

;j,:
.F

snaf,xp

COUR,SE

IN ALGEBRA

REVIEW EXERCISES

,{

fr8
lYr -

3nz 3n2

+:
ia.

,)'+ (a-+n)'+10
,

-fiz-18*
rO

;f
*t

25

tr-*'

5. 6.2n2+3an{az. .7.rfr4 -7 n'y' +Iyn..,'

8..

\mB .-- 3 m,2 -I\m.

-$ ,

Qr
o

n)'+r)r-3(

rl

18

33. no-

-8n2-,fr

3n2-

-8.

a'2. ZT a,t 34. a8-*'27

35. 64 d?+2d8. +2

9.2*'y )z*yJ.

aao

- a.

c' 36.

^t-4 ab*

37. (*'

+'-6@+'- y.))z I
,)t

abzcz abzc

bscabu

\-'.

,,'' f$.,t,.45 nt'y 2o ny'. ' 4L'-lJ t*. T'l,stc + 4 h,kz 30 hlt'. 42.

*,n)u w*)u 38. (o10. fr5-2ffi4''-9fr2. - I6(m -2n' 2r.8 Zbd. 39. ad Zbc 11. a,a + -Znt;t fr. - ao,-1 12. 18'rs -'24* * 8rs2. 40. 104 - TO - 75 aloz T
>,

*"1
art 1

nt
trt5, #,,:'*,)

-.r'tt. Ba2,-10a,b*3b2. , .48.

1,

g'blF. nbtl. tt'''

..,...'

#+TC2+16. .

44.

#b
o

1?' '" 'I8,s, !o-: Yoi:

,,' "

^IS- fnrn"ff&n'. , = 0., '*r + 4&- 5.

ct :u^' T46.
':

*'aiurte( 4'(e

1#

(*'t -;:
b
1

fbz' Ar' - l0 ar 'ft fr2: ir(ii -,i -13 t-6. # -*].Bn 48. 6#

47.

-\ "?.1 . a,fiv-4u*3n2-12.
Lezbz{Aab,. 2b'. a,28 - cz a.,2 + 1.
A,*afbs-

50.

i*'.& *?fu #,-#f**&,*12a*36*72a+36. L2a 51. o** #- bo+ 6)',* cd+ e=2cd+*?* )e &,{a, ."+)w 1-r# f:
F: -1

U.T n2 +IT n 3n2, 49. fr9t 8 *- -

.;

'#*.aa

,*it.,r

*E

r
e$j ,FACTORING
c

'1

69.
?0.
1

. '?1. 7Q^ 3

73.

a2-! 4 a.(b-c)*S (b{t)'anrn + I

4.

K.
75.

n'yu

nz|6.

n'*,10n -

3. r

U.W, ' 94,

fr2?L'

,#:

n,**;ri*
:,i

t6. (r-"1+ .otffiiF i)===, 1;i , .'. .r;--.'-:-r.. g?. a,B* + brff
,8'.
'*'

. 98. B* gg. di,'' +

bt".

'

sncKt

couRSE rN

aLeEBRA ;
,

;,

.'".*'iB

+ ab "' 0. Solve for zrd,a-3ud,:bz-3bd. Solve for fr,cn-2dn:c2-4"d2. Solve for- nL, cLrrl, n'r, + 1 2 - 0. Solve for y, bU ,* 3 dy b2 + 9 d2 : 0. Solve for r r(2 o - 7 c) : 4 a2 28 a,c + 49 c2. Solve for ffit ffi (3 o c)9 ad, : 2 ec- 6 o, Solve for n, fr- 3 bn a,2 : 3b2 Aab. Solve for s,2s-Ts*LBu-2a221. Solve for t, 2te - 2 e +15 - 8e2+ 3 t : 0. Solve for AtA+2Id,n+4d:Tdy+1. ,Solve for n, d(1 - 3 n)* n+ 3 cbc - c + 3an. Solve for ?, a,z * ae - 2 ec + 2 cd, - 2 ca I ud,.
Solve for U, 5 a,y

- lllry -

a'

B cd.
| -f-

}F

**

?(" Solv4 for n,5 n-h c*-(5- 2 t)-5 +5-2 c Z ac. Solve fot n, &zfr fr + n a,s - -1 - 0. * Solve for fu, cB - czfr - 2 cd,n- 8 ds - 4 d,zn. Solve.for ffit ffi (a - 2) (o' + 4) - 4 16. a . sr'Solve for s, 16 s 8 a,s + 4 azs ass * ans 2 : BZ ,6. a.y

Solve for A

- 3-

3y

3).

'

34. Solution of equations by factoring. The"_"methods u 9l.Jggdr'g.enable.us...t.o'.so1ve'maJryequaibnsinon9-' fl the solution of equations by factoring use *q*gggn- ^ :

is made of
o,'af
the

of two 6r rnor.e factqrs is factors must be zero. Saqh of the facors may be ,?ro, bul the vanislFg one factop is sufficient to Lake the product zeto. T*
. l '

the Wple. rf theo prod,uct

'|:

'

of'.
." :" '"::'

{"-$;
F'ACTOR,ING

.-+ .F # '' *t.-.r ,t I

,1

-,..

'o

;'

EXAMPLE Solve the equatiant ns ffiz

"'g'4

,?.

.5,''
* ,fl f ir j
f

6 n.

ni -*'in 'E'-*-/"f?

..r
;_'

t "./"

,t'f
-F

dx

-;*

s)*,

Solving the equations resulting from setting each factor separately /'\^. equal to zero; we have fr :0,, - 2, and. + & Substituting these vIues in the original equation, we find that * S, - 2, and * 3 are roots of the equation.

The method of solving the aboye example is stated in the

RuIe. If.
membef
w@;*$\, a 'r.

pe qe^s-gq!z-Igw

y!!e

th,e.

-e-gu -et:|qk-

p-g-

is zero:
-a

&gI JhSScend,

TIen

factor

th,e

rtr

membnfr,X-pgJqc_tgr

equatoqns. ru **brr*.t

'& division of each member of -- rz :6 r by * gives nz - a : 6. This last equation has only the $ots.- 2 and 3, while the original equation had, in addition, the root 0. Again,if theequation rcZ - 5r * 6 - r - 2 issolved by therulerthe roots are2and 4. If,however,eachmemberof fiz- 5r*6x-2 is divided by r-- 2, the resulting eqtration n = 3 =d.,libas the%oot 4 :,' Qaly." I-q eachTf these,gases th.e root would not lulr" been lost.if ' ,*: the fuctdr used as a divisor had been set equal to zeroand the equa- " ,', ion thus obtained had been solved. The solution of an eqoatioo simplified nprrne by Dy tne the use or of tnls this metnoo. method iC often .
JI

as usual.

fn

he above example the

't

'

Solve

ty {toljng:

E:(EREISffi

\'.

1. n2 ''4.:'0-n 2. fr2-.5*:0, 3. .'- . : n2;, an+A,

4, ,#? - 4a'2 =
0.

.5. 4ns':

25 n. * :64Y' 6' Y'

7. # +5 =6n, 8. 2f * n: $.

ry
*,*,,.

sEcoND

[o**t

,9. rnt ;'',/ll,

!,0. 11.
L2.

n2 Zan-82-0.

q,2

== 0.

y'-y+2-2y*.

I}{ ALGE,BRA 25. 8n2+TLns-9na-0. -,.., ':t" 26. (2 *- 3)' - (5 n * 6)': 0.

27. (n
28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33,

&,
v

.16,

ay+79y', 5U':0. i?. yt-Ty-6':0. 18. Un-I}y'+36:Q. '

19.

frt-9a2-fr+3g,:'Q.' 13. fr8 - a# -.I2 azn; 0, 14. q\-annf 2 anz -ia8:0.' 15, fi8 + n2 - a,,zn - an: 0.

- r)'- (n - s)2 - 0. (r- 3)'- 2(*-S):g. n8+50- 25n-2n2:0.'

2y'--2y' -8 y+8:.0. , ,*., ns - arz - 4 a,n {A 8 :b:-. n8+8+ 6#+12,s:Q.

y'+3f+3y.+L-0.

34. acnz

: '

' *t

ri:" r'"
*1

40. 6n2+7n 3- 3n-1. 24. Esz&r-Brr-0. ' 35. The highest common factor.. The highest common factor
L.

4n. #-lnsi-Po. *l'n - 7 n2: :- 6 n. r ,o$1. }rs + 24 + 48r _ 0. 22. ut#, z-622 -8-0. 23. 3 lr+* 72,r + 33 x62 - Q.

* bcn * adq +bd ^- 0. 35. frz-Tr- 8= fr+t. 36. '4n2*n-1-2n-7, 37. 3n2-11 n*6-3n-2. 38. a}n|-2n-3- an-3.
39.

frs-Zaz*75fi:12-5n.

\k \/\,
.-

F\

(H. C. F.) of two or m.ore monomials or polynomials is the e*p"d*sion of highest degree, rvith the greatest numerical "1 coefficient, which is a,n exact divisor*of each,

i *8 'x.

Thus the H.C.F. of 28 azb\ and 42 a2b2 is 14 a2b2. The H.C.F. of 4 r and. ns - 5 12* 6 r is r (r - 2), ot'tr2 - 2 r.
EXAMPLE
9 na

Find the H. C. F. of
g,tr4

36 nz and. 3 n7

72 n6 + L2

e6.

Solution. Factoring, we have

'
,.Therefore

- B6 rz - g2*2 (, * 2) (* - 2), 317-t2r6*1215:3r5(*-2Y. ,' the H.C.f'. is 3 or(* - 2), which equals 3 us -

6 12,

.te-ir"i-:;jdf*SE's

-\ I
l

,F
FACTORING it6

'- -..,4b, ..*

. j, -i'.r:r : tt ...

, o
rt

&",'
.

-9,.;''.,r.:;',*,

'.t ii \t H{d
FI .. .

;ii''c ,i

+.i f!ra. *' the *i

The method used in the preceding solutions fb finding H. C. F. of two or more monomials or polynomials is

statecL

in

the
a,s occur iTL ea,ch efrpreson,

tl r

' i f\ \
-t

Rule.' Separate i,ach enpression intp its prime factors. Tlten

find, th,e prod,uct of such factors

a

usng , eqih prme factoi the least rrunber any one rpression.

of tirhes 'tt,occurs n
'

tw.o or more polynomials have no common factor than 1, then 1 is their H. C; F., and the polynomials. are said to be prime;to each other.
oher
,

If

EXERCISES Find the II.C.F..of the followitg:

*'
-rtr
I

.F

1. 12, 18, 24. " 2. L5, 25, 40. 3. 24, 60, 72. 4. 12 a2, 30 a5, 36 aa..
, r,g,
3a,2

5.. 30 c'd, 45 cd,z, T5 p2d,2.

6. 28 o'bu, 42 a6, 70 a2b3. 7. 66 can, 782 c'n',lffi'ot. 8. 2 + 2 ab * b',.ffi '.

b)u,}as

{
ft

10. anz *

b',9(o
&'rL'r

2 eny

* a,

11. 2a,2m,2-2 13. 15. 16,

3 na

a2fr2 .- o'y'r'Z a'frg 2 ey'. 4amz-LZ amn+8 &tuZ, I0 um*L0an.

.:l

- }bs.

#'

'- 60 n8, 25 n7 200 na. 4a,4b2r a6 30 aab? + 10 asbs. -"8 a;b L7. 4na - 4*'y'r 5n7 - 5*tynr SrLL - \'*'yu. 18. a,5 - 3a4b +2o'b'r,q,6 - 2aab- a,sb2 +2o'b', ' 7 -5a5lf +4&sba. 'Notn. The most famous, and in some respects the most perfect,
5 17

L4. 24 a6 - 6 onb', 48 a6 + ?4 etb, 48 a5 - 48 aab - 36 a|bz.

nty, 6 n6 - 2+nuA',

72 r5

96 n'y'.

160 12, L5 n6
2

LB aa

o'b',12

treatise on elementary mathematics ever written is Euclid's " EIements." About one third of the material of th thirteen books rry,ts

itEr=T!.r

46

SECO}) COURSE(II{ ALGEBRA

s
.4.

topics which to-day would be considered arithmetical in character. In appearanoe and language, howeyer, they are all geometrical, for ' Euclid represents quantities not by numerals, as we do in arithmetic, or by letters, as we do in algebra, but by lines. Book VII contains the earliest statement of a general method for finding the G.t.D. of two numbers. This rnethod, though never necessary in elementary mathematical work, is so perfect and beautiful from a scientific point of view that until recently it remained in elementary treatises ,on algebra and arithmetic by iorce of tradition. ft is a great tribute t".-.Euclid's genius that he was able to devise so perfect a nr ethod for -\,.. the process that aII the efforts of two thousand years have been unable to improve it essentially. ft is of fundamental importance

Xct

ih

advanced portions

of

algebra,

';

#
*.r

.'{*

f-

b"

&

',iffi',r.

'

'i'ri''

;.",*r&;*,,=