ORTHODONTIC SPRINGS FOR REMOVABLE APPLIANCES

Removable appliances are well suited for treatment of simple malocclusions. Careful case selection and experience is required for obtaining good results but complex malocclusion which needs bodily movement of teeth cannot be treated effectively. Active removable appliances have often been discarded due to their misuse and failure to understand the limitations and principles involved in their design and use. Active appliances should, therefore, be made as simple and efficient as possible. The type of movement that is produced with active removable appliances by springs, screws or elastics is generally tilting movements. Springs and elastics produce more tipping of teeth than screws due to the one point contact on the tooth. ild rotation of teeth is possible with removable appliances during eruptive phase of the tooth, as in this phase the intermediate !one of the periodontal membrane has not been become oriented and some rearrangement of the fibers can occur in !one. Components of removab e app !an"e# $% Active Arm &% Retentive Arm '% Anchorage (% "ase plate Springs are active components of a removable orthodontic appliance, which brings about specific tooth movements. RE)*IREMENTS OF THE SPRING# #. $t should be simple to fabricate. %. &asily ad'usted. (. "e capable of being seated in the correct position when the appliance is inserted in the mouth.

). $t should fit into the space available without discomfort to the patient. *. Should be easily +ept clean. ,. "e stable i.e. not slip when applied to a sloping tooth surface nor be easily dislodged from its activation position by an extraneous force. -. $t should apply forces of the required magnitude and direction for a given amount of activation. METALL*RG+ Today almost all springs are made up of #./. stainless steel. 0reviously platini!ed gold wire was in use. Stainless steel with its long elastic limit has replaced them. HO, DOES A SPRING ACT$t acts by pressing the tooth surface and tilts it to some degree. $t is believed that the tilting produced occurs not at the tip but at a short distance along the root from the apex. An important aspect of pressing on the tooth with a spring is that the pressure is effective only at a single point and the direction of pressure is at right angle to a tangent at that point. As the spring cannot grasp a tooth firmly, the point of application is critical for achievement of correct direction. DESIGN OF SPRINGS# $n designing a spring, the following points should be given attention, $% ,IRE DIMENSIONS The flexibility of a spring depends upon the length and the diameter of the wire used. 1orce delivered by a orthodontic spring depends upon extrinsic and intrinsic factors. The intrinsic factors li+e modulus of elasticity, yield strength cannot be altered by a operator.

2hereas the operator can exercise control over the extrinsic factors li+e the length of the wire or diameter of the wire according to the requirement of a case. Thus, the force generated by a given deflection of a single cantilever spring is directly proportional to the fourth power of its diameter and inversely to the cube of its length. 1 diameter)3 length(

Thus, doubling the length will reduce the force by factor of eight whereas doubling the diameter will increase by sixteen fold. 4ight force is achieved by increasing the length of the spring by incorporating a coil, but this should be at least (mm in diameter. &% POSITION OF THE COIL# The coil should be placed opposite to the direction of tooth movement. Coil should unwind as the tooth movement ta+es place.

'% DEFLECTION: $n most cases, a spring activation of about (mm is satisfactory, with larger deflections, the patient is liable to insert the spring incorrectly. 2ith smaller deflections the force applied will drop off rapidly and it should be reactivated frequently. So, before construction, one has to bear in mind, the correlation between length, and thic+ness of the wire. 56 5&14&CT$78 5 9 PL3/ T4 P= PRESSURE 46 4&8:T; 71 T;& 2$R& T6 T;$C<8&SS 71 T;& 2$R&

The above formula indicates that pressure is proportional to the degree of deflection produced. $f length of spring is doubled the deflection is . times great for the same pressure. $f thic+ness is halved, the deflection is #, times as great as the pressure. The above formula can be clearly understood by this schematic illustration. Ba.s"/!n0er Effe"t# 8ot only is the manner of loading important, but the direction in which the member is loaded can mar+edly influence its elastic properties. 4et us ta+e a piece of wire and bend it that permanent deformation occurs, if we now attempt to increase the magnitude of the bend, bending in the same direction as we originally had, it will be noticed that the wire is more resistant to permanent deformation than if we attempted to bend in the opposite direction. This above act is because of the presence of residual stresses after ma+ing the first bend. The maximal elastic load will not be same in all directions= it will be greatest in the direction that is identical to the original direction of bending .The phenomenon responsible for this difference is referred to as "auschinger effect. (% EASE OF INSERTION AND PATIENT COMFORT# ost springs are readily managed by the patients. The end of the spring should be carefully finished to prevent in'ury to the soft tissues. Some patients are very sensitive to even correctly positioned springs, in that case, use of soft carding wax to cover the coils may help until the patient is accustomed to the appliance. Ve"tors of for"e !n m!nor toot/ movement There are certain points to remember when using finger springs or removable application for limited orthodontic treatment. #. $t is almost impossible to grasp a tooth with the arm of the spring. The

direction in which a tooth is pushed is, therefore, determined by the point at which the spring contacts the tooth. %. ovement of the arm of the spring will always be radial and movement on any point of it will be part of the curve with its center at the coil. The longer the arm, the straighter the vector of force.

(. ).

>nder certain conditions, it may be necessary to incorporate more than one coil in the spring to increase the range of action. 7n occasion, a compensatory bend may have to be incorporated in the arm to avoid contact with the ad'acent teeth during treatment. A simple procedure may be used to determine the position in which the coil

should be placed. A line is drawn 'oining the present position and the desired position of the tooth. A perpendicular bisector is then drawn to this line. The coil may be placed any where along this line, usually as far away from the point of action as possible. "y following this procedure, the arm will be sufficiently long to produce a maximum range of force and the movement of the tooth will be a straight as possible.

CLASSIFICATION OF SPRINGS
A uniform internationally accepted method of naming all the different springs has yet to be established. They are named according to their function or direction of force or their form or location and classified differently by different authors. There are a number of ways by which springs can be classified. ?A@ $% Base1 on t/e presen"e or absen"e of /e !2 "an be " ass!f!e1 as AAB simple C without helix A"B compound C with helix &% Base1 on t/e presen"e of oops or /e !2 t/e3 "an " ass!f!e1 as AAB helix springs C have a helix A"B looped springs C have a loop '% Base1 on t/e nat.re of stab! !t3 of t/e spr!n0s t/e3 "an be " ass!f!e1 as 4A5 Se f s.pporte1 spr!n0# D They are made of thic+er gauge wire thus they can support themselves e.g. "uccal canine retractor 4B5 S.pporte1 spr!n0s # They are made of thinner gauge wire and thus lac+ of adequate stability. ;ence a section of the spring is encased in a metallic tubing to give it adequate support. ?"@. $% C ass!f!"at!on of spr!n0s 4A5 Se f s.pporte1 spr!n0s # #. T D Springs %. 4ingual extension spring (. Canine spring

4B5 G.!1e1 spr!n0 #. 1inger spring %. 5ouble cantilever spring 4C5 A.2! !ar3 spr!n0 # #. Apron springs %. Springs attached to labial low &% A""or1!n0 to t/e movement t/e3 pro1."e # 4A5 Spr!n0s for b.""a movement #. %. (. ). Single cantilever spring 5ouble cantilever spring attress spring T C Spring

4B5 Spr!n0s for !n0.a movement #. "uccal push spring %. olar spring (. Canine E premolar spring 4C5 Spr!n0s .se1 for mes!o61!sta movement #. 1inger spring %. "uccal canine retractor (. >Dloop canine retractor ). ;elical loop canine retractor *. 0alatal canine retractor 4D5 Spr!n0s .se1 to re1."e over7et # #. Apron spring 4E5 Spr!n0s .se1 for pa ata e2pans!on #. Coffin spring '% A""or1!n0 to t/e!r s/ape # #. 0addle spring %. T D spring (. F D spring

(% A""or1!n0 to t/e!r o"at!on # #. "uccal spring %. 4ingual spring (. 0alatal spring ). $nterdental spring 8% A""or1!n0 to t/e!r a"t!vat!on # AAB 7pen oil spring #. 0alatal reverse loop canine retractor A"B Closed coil spring #. "uccal canine retractor. A. According to C.0. Adams. #. Self supporting springs %. 0rotected and guided springs ". According to S.G. Chaconas. #. 4abial wire springs %. 1ree ended springs (. Accessory springs C. According to :raber and 8eumann. . #. Closed or continuous loop springs %. 1ree ended springs 5. According to ;ouston and $ssason. #. "uccal springs . %. 0alatal springs

PALATAL SPRINGS
SINGLE CANTILEVER SPRING 4FINGER SPRINGS5#

These springs may be used to move the teeth labially or in the line of arch. they are normally constructed with H.*mm hard stainless steel wire.the coil with an internal diameter not less than (mm is incorporated into the spring else to its emergence from the base plate.This increases the length of the wire and thus the flexibility of the spring. Constr."t!on The finger spring should be constructed in such a way the coil should be along the long axis of the tooth to be moved, perpendicular to the direction of movement. The direction of the coil is opposite to that of intended tooth movement. 0rior to acryli!ation, the helix and the active arm are boxed in wax so that the spring lies in a recess between the mucosa and the base plate. Bo2!n0 This spring undergoes distortion easily and occupies a large area in the month hence it has to be boxed. A1vanta0e 5istortion of spring is prevented. D!sa1vanta0e D D Thic+ness of base plate is increased. 1inger spring is usually guarded to prevent distortion placed

above the spring. D :uard should not interfere with movement of spring. :uard is bent in or the following curvature of tooth. The guard is placed above the spring. MODIFICATION OF SINGLE CANTILEVER SPRING:

1or buccal and lateral movement of teeth, a single cantilever should be recurved or cran+ed in order to contact the tooth correctly and produce the intended direction of movement. Constr."t!on 2here it is intended to move the tooth labially rather than being rotated, the active arm should be longer so that the part traced by the arm will be relatively straight hence, a longer active arm is made and an offset is placed so that the active arm of the spring can be precisely adapted to the tooth. A"t!vat!on# The correct site of ad'ustment is in the free arm of the spring and the coil should be as close as possible .The spring should not be bent at the point of emergence from the base plate because it is the site of fracture due to stress concentration.

Do.b e "ant! ever spr!n0 496spr!n05#

$n some situations, particularly where an incisor is to be moved labially, space for a single cantilever spring is limited. $n these circumstances a double cantilever spring constructed from a H.*mm wire can be used. $t is important that the limbs are as long as possible other wise these springs can be rather rigid. Additionally, if the limbs of a spring are short the range of ad'ustment is limited and the patient may find the appliance difficult to insert. The spring must be perpendicular to the palatal surface of the tooth other wise it will tend to slide down. Constr."t!on The !Dspring is made of H.* m hard round stainless steel wire. The spring can be made for movement of a single incisor. The spring consists of two coils of very small internal diameter. The spring should be perpendicular to the palatal surface of the tooth. $t has a retentive arm of #HD#% mm length that gets embedded in acrylic. FDspring should be boxed in wax prior to acryli!ation. A"t!vat!on# Ad'ustments are carried out in the palatal limb first close to the coil at the fixed end of the spring than at the other end of the free limb to +eep the free limb perpendicular to the intended direction of movement of the tooth.

T6SPRING 4CLOSED LOOP SPRINGB/

2here a premolar is to be moved buccally, the patient may find insertion of the appliances very difficult if a single or double cantilever is used .A TDspring made from H.,mm wire can be much simpler to manage. "oth the ends of the wire are embedded into the base plate and the crosspiece rests on the palatal surface of the tooth to be moved. An interesting point about this spring is that it is capable of withstanding larger elastic deflections in the direction in which it is normally activated than a spring with the same stiffness fabricated from single wire. Fabr!"at!on H., mm stainless steel wire is bent into the form of T with the plier and the two free ends are adapted as retentive tags. This spring is positioned at the palatal side of the teeth to be moved. "oxing of the spring is done similar to finger spring. Second bend is incorporated to increase the length of the spring, spring should contact the tooth perpendicular to the long axis followed by the tooth. Surface of the tooth, which the spring contacts should be parallel to long axis of tooth and length of the spring that contacts tooth should be equal to esiodistal width of the tooth.

odification of TDspring can be used if the tooth has to be moved buccally beyond the limited range C placing a loop on the vertical arm.

A"t!vat!on# The spring is ad'usted by pulling it away from the base plate .$t should seat itself correctly when the patient inserts the appliance. 2hen the tooth has moved some distance it may be necessary to elongate the spring at the ad'ustment loops. COFFIN SPRING# An appliance of this +ind was described by 2alter ;. Coffin in #..#, and the arch or spring which produces the force or pressure is today commonly +nown as the coffin spring. This is a removable type of arch expansion spring used to bring the 5ento C alveolar arch expansion in the patient where the upper arch is constricted or there is a unilateral cross bite. The wire is of #.%*mm thic+ness and is formed with a generous loop in the center. $t stands #.Hmm away from the soft tissue of the palate. $n present day practice the base plate is made into two small segments, large enough to made contact with all the teeth to be moved. 1our small pits should be drilled with a very fine burr at each extremity of the base plate, and these are used as a registration points for recording, by means of a divider, the amount of expansion or activity given to the appliances before it is inserted. A"t!vat!on#

The amount of activation will depend on the length and thic+ness of the arch wire and the number of teeth being moved. the range of activity of %.HD).HmmA#.HD%.Hmm on each sideB is usually sufficient at a time and further degrees of expansion are achieved by subsequent ad'ustments. "efore any ad'ustment is made to an appliance of this +ind the width between the registration point anteriorly and posteriorly should be measured with a dividers and recorded. The amounts of expansion given to the appliance will than be +now. The coffin spring can be activated manually by holding both the ends at the region of the clasps and pulling the sides gently apart. Activation of #D%mm at a time is considered appropriate. Anter!or :!1en!n0# Tools C1lat bea+ pliers AAdams universal plierB Ad'ustment of the appliance is effected by grasping the center of arch with Adams universal plier and squee!ing firmly, than the anterior end of the appliance will expand. Anter!or narro:!n0 an1 poster!or :!1en!n0; &xpansion of the posterior ends is done by opening the appliance at the bac+ by the anterior ends of the arch. $t is necessary to ma+e this ad'ustment by grasping a straight section of the arch in the pliers and bending the distal end of the appliance laterally. He !"a oop spr!n0#

This spring is used to move teeth in mesio distal direction. $t is another example of a freeDended finger spring.. $t is made from H.*mm wire.

Constr."t!on# #.The first bend is made with conical bea+ plier .$ts purpose is to bring the construction of the helical loop. %.The wire is continued to be bent around the conical bea+. (.The construction of the helical loop is completed. $t is important to remember that the wor+ing end of the helical spring should uncoil itself in order for it to be effective. ). The retentive portion of the spring is bent in a circular fashion, similar to those constructed previously. The distance from the coil to the retentive end of the spring should be approximately I inch. *.The end of the wor+ing portion of the spring is bent onto itself in order to protect the lip from in'ury. ,.The activating and retentive loops are made parallel to the corresponding soft tissues beneath them. PALATAL CANINE RETRACTOR#

2hen the canine has to be moved distally and buccally the above spring can be used. This spring is made from H.*mm thic+ness stainless steel wire .The coil which is present increase the length. There by increasing the effectiveness of the spring. The retentive arm that cross over the active arm serves as a guard. A"t!vat!on# The spring is activated by opening the coil. The free end of the spring should contact the mesial surface of the canine.

MATTRESS SPRING 4OPEN PROTR*SION SPRING5#<

$t is an SDshaped spring used to produce labial or buccal tooth movement. $t ta+es its name from the series of bents, which ma+es it resemble the coils of a mattress. Constr."t!on# >sually made from H.* or H.,mm AAnterior teethB H., or H.-mmACanine3posterior teethB The mesio distal width of the leg is approximately equal to the width of the tooth to be moved. The second and third bends are continuation of the first. Care should be ta+en to +eep the entire spring in the same plane. The legs should be as close as possible in order to have maximum rebound activation. The palatal retention of the spring is made by bending the opposite end of the wire in circular configuration. A"t!vat!on# Compressing the coils prior to the placement of the appliance. 2hen activated the spring has the tendency to progress along the lingual inclination of the incisors, to prevent this, the active arm is covered by wax prior to the fabrication of the plate. The acrylic will than cover the spring and concentrate the pressure at the cingulam of the tooth. CLOSED PROTR*SION SPRING # This spring is used for the protrusion of incisors.

"oth ends of the spring are anchored in acrylic and it is therefore lees elastic than an open protrusion spring and should be bent out of thinner wire. $t can be formed with one or two loops wore C H.* mm is used. Activation is produced by alteration in shape, activation produces a pronounced curvature in a wire reducing its contacts with the teeth and decreasing its effectiveness. This type of spring should be made slightly wider than the teeth upon which it acts so that an adequate contact are remains following activation. PADDLE SPRING#

$t is made of H.,mm or H.-mm stainless steel wire. $t is used for the labial or a buccal movement of the teeth .$t is favored for buccal movement of maxillary posterior teeth. 2hen the lingual surface of an anterior tooth is unfavorable for the placement of a regular protrusion spring, the paddle spring can prove useful. $t is named so because of its shape. $t can be used for a single tooth. A"t!vat!on# $t is activated by pulling it labially or buccally. the lateral inferior with a flattened loop. $t can be used to correct a single outstanding central incisor. A"t!vat!on# $t is activated by pulling the active arm towards the tooth. 7nly small amount of activation should be done.

S!n0 e !n"!sor spr!n0 #

A1vanta0e $t is used for the single tooth movement mainly in incisor. Constr."t!on H.- mm stainless wire is used. The wire emerges from the acrylic and crosses the mesial surface of the second premolar. $t then passes up into the sulcus towards over the canine eminence before descending to engages the labial surfaces of its lateral incisors with a flattened loop. A$t can be used to correct a single out standing central incisorsB. A"t!vat!on "y pushing the active arm towards the tooth. D!sa1vanta0e AiB $t is easy distorted AiiB $t is uncomfortable to the patient. LING*AL E=TENSION SPRING # The lingual spring is used for uprighting lingually tipped mandibular molars where sufficient place in available. $t is difficult with a spring to maintain a firm purchase on the crowns of lingually teeth. This method is recommended for the terminal tooth in the arch as well as for other individual teeth that are tipped lingually. 1or the terminal tooth, the open loop lingual spring is bent out of H.- mm to H.. mm spring tempered wire when the wire exists the acrylic a vertical loop is formed. 1or optimal effect, this spring should contact the tooth above the height of contour.

A"t!vat!on 0ushing the active arm against the tooth. FLAPPER SPRING 4or5 TOR)*E SPRING # $t is used to apply pressure from the lingual aspect to produce rotation correction.

This spring is used mainly to obtain in two point contact, along with a labially applied force to bring about rotation of a tooth. H.* mm 3 H., m stainless wire is used. A small triangle with overlapping arms is made and the free ends forms the retentive arms. "oxing of the spring is similar to that of the other springs. The wax should completely cover the overlapping arms. A"t!vat!on The spring is bent towards the vertical margins. SPRING SOLDERED TO THE LABIAL BO,# $t is used for the lingual movement of canine. Jarious spring can be welded or soldered on the labial wire. This spring of H.* mm is soldered to the JDloop of the labial bow.

These spring approach the teeth from the labial side to move them in a mesial distal or lingual direction. $t is advantageous for such springs to be soldered to the vertical loop of the labial wire. M*SHROOM SPRING# The spring are fabricated H#,K stainless wire. $t is named because of the umbrella shape or mushroom.

A"t!vat!on #. Ad'usting the legs of the spring ad'acent to the acrylic base. %. odifying selected areas of the loops individually or in combination. Rotation can be produced by unilaterally altering the mushroom wing, and placing a complementary facial wire to provide a counter balancing moment, which creates a rotational couple. A1vanta0e This springs is unique in that it allows multiple ad'ustments in a closed loop, distortion C resistant configuration.

$ts design precludes the accidental distortion that all two frequently negative the action of a free C ended spring and prolongs treatment. >sed in labial movement of lower incisors double mushrooms spring for labial movement of upper incisors. Small double mushroom spring can be used for buccal movement of lower first bicuspidsE large double mushroom spring for buccal movement of lower molar.

SPRINGS FOR LING*AL MOVEMENT OF CANINE OR PREMOLAR#

$t is made from H.-mm stainless steel wire. $t is used for lingual movement of a buccaly placed canine or premolar. This spring passes from the mesial surface of the premolar to the buccal surface where a coil is incorporated above the canine. The active arm descends to about the middle of the canine and a hori!ontal bend is given. The purpose of incorporating the coil is not for activation but for increasing the stability of the spring. This spring owns its origin to the buccal canine retractor. $t is used to correct the canine, which is out standing at the end of its retraction A"t!vat!on# $t is activated by pulling the active arm towards the teeth. A1vanta0e# $n canines, the canine retractor itself can be reshaped into the canine spring. BO=ING IN# The purpose of boxing in is to protect the spring from damage and to act as a guide along which the arm can slide. At the time the spring is constructed and tac+ed to the plaster model with wax it is covered with a small amount of thin plaster, which is shaped up with a +nife, care being ta+en to note the following points. #. $t should extend beyond the tip of the spring and should have a smooth outline. %. $t should have a smooth, flat, upper surface.

(. $t should continue this smooth flat surface right in between the teeth. ). As the teeth move forward so the control exerted by the capping is lost. $t is possible to use instead a guide wire. This can be advanced as the teeth move by squee!ing the side with plier. This guide is made up of H.-mm stainless steel wire. After appropriate protection the plaster is covered evenly with base plate wax and processing completed. A chec+ should then be made to ensure that the spring has free travel without fouling any pro'ection of the base plate.

B*CCAL SPRINGS
CANINE RETRACTORS Though the canine is an anterior tooth, it cannot be retracted using labial low, as they have to be moved distally, more than lingual direction unli+e the incisors which are to be moved more lingually or palatally. Also the canines have a long root firmly anchored in the bone and is rightly called as the corner tooth of the arch. ;ence, following the extraction of the first premolars, the canines are retracted or distalised using one for the four different types of canine retractors, before retracting the incisors. The canine retractors can either be soldered to the Adams clasp or can be acrylised independently into the base place, depending upon the requirement of the case. SELF S*PPORTED B*CCAL CANINE RETRACTOR#

$t is used where a buccally placed canine has to be moved palatally as well as distally an operation for which a palatal spring is not satisfactory. These being uncomfortable for the patient and difficult for ad'ustment and also their unstability in the vertical direction ma+es them unpopular. esial arm of the coil which form the active arm should be away from the tissue surface and should run parallel to the long axis of the canine. At about the middle third of the canine, a right angle bent is given to the active arm and it is adapted onto the mesial side of the canine .The distal arm is adapted along the mesial aspect of the second premolar.

A"t!vat!on# To bring about distal movement, the free end is cut short by about #mm and is readapted to engage the mesial side of the canine. To bring about the palatal movement, the active arm is bent at a point where it emerges from the coil. $t activates by closing the coil thus ma+ing it unique. Dra:ba">s# "uccal springs are often unpopular, they are liable to be uncomfortable for the patient and they can be difficult to ad'ust, being rather unstable in the vertical direction. it will ten to slide. "ecause it is constructed from H.-mm wire to increase stability they are much less flexible than palatal springs and quite small deflections it can generate large forces. S*PPORTED B*CCAL RETRACTOR# This spring is identical in design to be buccal retractor described above but is made from H.**mm wire supported in tubing. $t is more than twice as flexible as the standard retractor= because the shorter free length of wire is more than compensated for by the reduction in diameter .The tubing imparts excellent vertical stability. Although not as flexible as a palatal finger spring, the supported buccal retractor has good mechanical properties and easy to use. A"t!vat!on# An activation of %mm Aabout one quarter of the canine widthB is appropriate. $t is most important not to bend the wire where it emerges from the tubing other wise it may fracture at the site of stress concentration. The ad'ustment should be made as described by self supporting buccal retractor

B*CCAL 4*6LOOP5 CANINE RETRACTOR#

The principle action of the spring is same as the buccal canine retractor. $t is made from H.-mm wire. Active arm crosses the tooth between the middle and gingival third of the crown to contact the mesial surface if the tooth. A"t!vat!on# $t is activated by cutting the tip of the active arm contacting the tooth by #mm and reshaping it to contact the mesial surface. $t is also activated by closing the loop . A1vanta0e $t can be used in the presence of shallow sulcus. Dra:ba"> The spring requires frequent ad'ustments. REVERSE LOOP B*CCAL CANINE RETRACTOR# This is used where the sulcus is shallow as in the lower arch .the flexibility depends on the height of the vertical loop and this should be as great as possible. The main problem with this spring is that it is stiff in the hori!ontal plane yet very unstable vertically. $t can be used with or without support.

A"t!vat!on# This should not be activated more than #mm.This is most readily done by cutting #mm of the wire from the free end and reforming it to engage mesial surface of the tooth. Alternatively it can be activated by opening the loop by #mm. Pa ata "an!ne retra"tor#

Fabr!"at!on A coil about ( mm internal diameter is made using plier, coil is palatally placed midway between the initial and final position of canine. The distal arm from the active arm and can be made to come into contact with the mesial side of the canine. The retentive arm is bent at right angles and extend upto mesial aspect of first molar, where a retentive tag is placed boxing of the spring is done. A"t!vat!on Coil is opened for activation by about %D( mm at the point where the active arm emerges out of the coil.

APRON SPRING#

The apron spring is attached to a base archDusually a high labial arch. A heavy base arch arch of H.Lmm wire extends into the buccal sulcus. The impression must be muscle trimmed so that the buccal end labial frenae can be avoided. Constr."t!on# Apron spring is made from H.(*DH.)mm wire, this is the thinnest spring. 7ne end of the wire is winded into the base wire tightly and forming an apron for one, two or group of teeth as required and winding it bac+ on to the base wire tightly in the opposite direction. 1inally the apron spring is soldered on to the base wire at the point where it is tightly tied to it. Care should be ta+en while winding the wire of the apron spring not to twist the wire, to prevent incorporation of stresses. A1vanta0es# >seful in retracting the teeth with severe proclination. This does not slip over the inclined planes of the teeth with severe proclination. $t can be used to bring individual tooth movements and also various tooth movement li+e derotations.

D!sa1vanta0es# A certain level of expertise with solder is required if the spring is to be attached satisfactorily without annealing the wire of the clasp. $t is not well tolerated by the patient. Time consuming fabrication. A.2! ar3 spr!n0 !n f!2e1 app !an"es "asic types include closed coil, open coil and uprighting springs. C ose1 "o! # These are commonly used as retraction springs to apply reciprocal intramaxillary force, because they offer server advantages over elastic or modular chains. The activation of spring is totally in hands of the operator who can specifically calibrate the force level. $n treating poor cooperators who do not always wear their elastic as directed, retraction springs provide the security of +nowing that the force is placed and will get while the patient is out of the office. They are available in many different forms, but the most useful type is the pletcher coil or combination retraction spring 3 ligature the both these types are fashioned to loop over the distal end of the arch and can be activated mesially to provide traction. >sually the ligature is fed around a specific tooth or to a loo+ on the arch wire. Another advantage to these springs is that they fit beneath that arch between it and the gingival to minimi!e the presence and achieve the best line of pull. "ut springs do trap food easily and this is a disadvantage, it is best to avoid long intervals between visits because untoward gingival effects can result. 0lain closed coil springs can also be placed over the arch wire and used to preserve space in the arch usually across an edentulous area. Open "o! spr!n0s# These spring are commonly placed on arch wired and function to distribute intraD maxillary force. They are used to create space by pushing teeth apart reciprocally upon activation. $t the operator describes unilateral movements he can devise method to resist the movement in the unwanted direction. These springs deliver precise force in situation where excess space is being redistributed.

*pr!0/t!n0 spr!n0s # Small levers that are used as auxillaries, mainly to upright teeth, are called uprighting spring. Several different types of uprighting spring are available but they all function in similar fashion. A heavy continous main arch word will hold the arch together with the auxillary spring applied to the tooth to be uprighted. Auxillary springs are light and deliver low level continuous force to the tooth to spin it in the vertical dimension and upright it. These springs re designed to fit into "roussard molar attachments and have a long lever arm that is hoo+ed onto the main arch wire. In1!v!1.a .pr!0/t!n0 spr!n0s# Another type of spring is the individual uprighting spring designed to fit in "egg brac+ets, which can also be used with edgewise brac+ets that have vertical slots milled with their bases. $n addition to achieving root parallelism, these springs can be used to preserve anchorage by applying force in a direction to that of existing elastic traction. This force application helps to resist advancing the buccal segments with class $$ elastic wear.

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