Chapter 6: Governing institutions in Democracies

Iran China Russia Putin defends Russias seizure of Greenpeace ship Protestors tried to climb aboard a offshore Russian rig About 30 people (18 different countries) in custody Could be charged with piracy in the future One Child Policy Fertility rate was to high 1980 chinas government permitted families to have one child Population rate would have been 400 million more people if the policy wasnt put in place Authoritians could put in place President Hassan Rouhari interviewed about the Holocaust

India and Pakistan Dispute over land

Governing Institution Executive and legislatures Systems of relations between executive and legislative powers Parliamentarism Presidentalism Semipresidentalism

Parliamentarism Originated in Great Britain (Westminster model) Separate head of state and head of government Head of government: prime minister Member of the legislative Elected by legislatives not directly by public Vote of no confidence can force prime minster to resign If no party has parliamentary majority, must form coalition (minority) government Prime Minster can dissolve parliament, call for new elections Cabinet serves as

*Queen is head of state in 16 countries

India Prime Minister Manmohan Singh is the political head of the congress party Congress party: United Progressive Alliance Rahu Gandhi Spoke out against legislation that would allow political figures to get away with criminal acts

Nigeria UK George Osborne who is chancellor and senior member of conservative party says welfare claimants will have to work for their dole money. Boko Haram blamed after attack on Nigerian colleges (50 dead) Islamic group that has carried out acts of violence Attacked because it they do not support western ideals-education

Australia Greece Holds Golden Dawn leader in custody Changed with belonging to a criminal organization Arrested five seated members of parliament Tony Abbott talks in Indonesia fall short on Asylum-seeks spe Immigrants coming by boat to enter Australia illegally

Ireland Voters reject plan to abolish senate 11 members are appointed by the senate/parliament 6 members must be graduated by four of the colleges in Ireland

Canada Senate-105 senators stay until 75 years of age or death Conservative party: 60 Liberal party: 33 Independent: 6 Vacant

Australia Head of state is the Queen of England Represents the queen is the governor general Quentin Bryce Republicanism is strong Australia vs. US Australia: 150 senators US: 76 senators Each of Australias 6 states receive 12 senators 2 territories (ACT and Northern) each receive 2 senators

Double Dissolution If senate rejects twice then every member will to to the people for vote Any legislation must pass the senate

Parliamentarism-Britain and India Similar institutions function quite differently Similar electoral system, but Britain 2 party (2 ) India federal India-fragmented parties check power India president (Head of state) has more day to day power than queen Britain unitary and India is federal

Presidentalism-Brazil and US Brazils president extensive formal power BUT Decentralized multiparty system-fragmented parties Virtually all presidential proposals modified by legislative, some major proposals fail to pass President has line-item veto Brazils federalism also weakens presidential control-governors traditionally very powerful

Semipresidentalism Two executives: directly-elected president and a prime minister who leads majority in parliament Two work well, duties of each must be clearly specified-not always the case Works more smoothly if president and prime minister are from the same party Aims to combine best of presidential and parliamentary systems-many instead produce gridlock and excessively strong president

Semipresidentalism-Russia 1993 Russian constitution established Semipresidentalism with unusually strong president Does not link president and parliament as closely as French system (Duma dissolved if votes against prime minster) President directly controls some key ministers (Foreign Affairs, Defense and Interior) President appoints/dismisses all 89 regional governors (2004-2012) Cautionary tale about strong presidency in new democracy with weak institutions

Semipresidentalism-South Africa President: Jacob Zumba Past president: Thabo Mbeki-resigned Unitary systems vs. Federal systems Federal systems Canada Mexico Germany Nigeria Russia Australia

Unitary systems United Kingdom

Federalism Central government shares sovereignty and power with subunits (decentralize) Usually bicarreral with second chamber representing interest of subunits Federal systems are minority of worlds governments (only 26), but majority of geographically largest countries Used to bring government closer to people, limit power of majority, protect religious or ethnic minorities.

Symmetrical: All subunits have the same relationship and rights in relation to the national government Asymmetrical: Some subunits have special rights or power that other do not in relations to the national government- ex: Canada

Chapter 7: Institutions of Participation & Representation in Democracies

Types of Electoral systems Single-member district (SMD) UK or Canada Proportional and representation (PR) South Africa or Israel Mixed(semi-proportional) Germany or Japan Alternative-vote (AV) (preferential voting) Australia

Single Member Districts (SMD) One representative per district Whoever gets the most votes becomes the district representative In a race with multiple candidates-one can win with a plurality rather than a majority of votes First-past-the post (FPTP)-electoral system in which individual candidates are elected in single member districts; the candidates with the prulary of votes wins o Originated in Great Britain (used in US/Canada) Majoritarian o Requires absolute majority (50% +1)

Benefits and Costs of SMD Citizens identify strongly with representative and representative works for constituents Many votes are wasted-plurality may have elected the representative Participation usually lower in FPTP countries Particular parties often under-or

China and Japan Warn US on default US public debt De-Americanized world

Nigeria Amnesty International report: Hundreds die in Nigerian custody

Mexico Fight obesity with tax on sugary drinks Australia Governor general Quentin Bryce quits after Bill Shorten (son-in law) wins labor leadership

Turkey Life longtime ban on head scarves in state offices Proportional Representation Multiple representatives per district (whole country can be one district) Citizens vote for political party (party-list) Closed-listed systems Open-list systems Representatives allocated by share of vote a party receives (20% of votes =20% of seats) Usually a party must cross a threshold (minimum % of votes) to gain any seats 2% in Israel 5% in Germany 7% in Russia 10% in Turkey

*Some countries (South Africa) have no threshold Benefits of Costs of PR Few wasted votes-even small parties gain some seats-ore democratic Participation rates higher than FPTP Elections indirect-voters dont choose individual representatives, which distances representatives from their constituents Party officials more important and therefore parties stronger than in FPTP Legislative with more parties can be ineffective-smaller parties can have

Mixed (semi-proportional) Combines FPTP and PR Voters cast two ballots Representatives from district

Party list After vote all district representative seats awarded Each party then gains additional seats-so that with district seats-the partys total equals its national % of the vote In equal, party has proportional numbers of seats in legislative body, but each district has own representative

German Bundestag The Bundstag nominally has 398 members Half (299) district representatives Half (299) party lists Plus overhang seat (32) = total of 630 seats Caused by larger parties (CDU, SPD) winning additional single-member constituencies above the totals determined by

Preferential (Alternative Vote AV) (Australia) Voters place a number by the candidates name All candidates must receive a number The numbers must be ordered 1, 2, 3 and so on

Party systems Dominant party system Multiple parties exist but one wins every election and governs continuously India under South Africa under ANC since 1994

Two Party systems Only 2 parties able to win, anything more may connpite US (UK until 2010)

Two and half party system 2 large parties win most votes but not enough for majority which requires coalition with third party Germany, UK

Multiparty systems More than 2 parties win enough seats and most govern in coalition India (since 1989), Israel

Chapter 8: Authoritarian Institutions

Forms of Authoritarian Regimes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. One Party Communist Nationalist Military Personalist Semi-authoritarian Theocratic

Modernizing Authortianism Claim to legitimacy based on modernizing (developing) country Development requires leadership of modern elite, who will bring benefits of development-technocratic legitimacy Development requires national

Mini-case Politics of Survival in Mobutas Zaire General Mobutu Sese Seko (1965-1997) Came to power through coup Establish corrupt personalist regime Kleptocracy = Rule by theft Weak institutions by design Cabinet shuffled ground regularly Bureaucrats challenged, made to feel insecure Powerful figures imprisoned on tramped up charges

Governing Institutions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Supreme Leader Military and security Legislatures Judiciary Bureaucracy

Supreme Leader Virtually all such regimes recognized one supreme leader Although may lead larger governing group, such as military junta All rely on combination of repression, cooptation, and legitimation to rule Dictators Dilemma: repression leads to fear, leads to ruler lacking into an opposition *problem of succession Military and Security Key player in all authoritarian regimes

Most likely threat to ruling elite Regimes rely on repression; military provides it Spy networks-military and civilian Gather intelligence on who is opposed to regime Attempts to overcome dictators dilemma Legitimacy Restricted in what they can say and do Limitations on party formation Attempt to gain some democratic legitimacy May provide useful forum for compromise among various interests Also provides site for coopation

Judiciary Some authoritarian regimes allow some degree of rule of law Usually for non-political cases of criminal law Partially ensuring personal safety might lead to greater legitimacy stability= order More likely when regime more institutionalized

Bureaucracy All states require bureaucracy

Question in authoritarian states: How strong and independent? Usually, not very Personalist regimes must figure out how to manage civilian bureaucracy the most As bureaucratic autonomy wares, bureaucracies tend to become more corrupt

Chapter 9: Regime Change

NSA spying scandal hurts close tied between Australia and Indonesia

India New party challenges the one that has run India for most of its history Common man party-support among the working class in Delhi Japan Top Japanese court stops short of nullifying 2012 vote -Urban district under representative *Iran under the shah (1953-1979)

The American Revolution Moore 1966 real us revolution was the civil war Wood 1962 American revolution as radical and as revolutionary as any history: If it was a revolution it was unique: No authoritarianism, no reign of terror

Democratization Waves of democratization -1st wave (1820-1922) -2nd wave (1946-1962) -3rd wave (1974-?) Freedom countries 1972-44 1990-61 2010-63 A free country allows open political competition, a climate of respect for civil liberties A partly free country Military and/or foreign elements often influence the political system, and there may not be an independent judiciary. Partly Free states have some degree of protection for civil liberties, but some liberties are restricted. Electrical Democracy: A competivie, multiparty political system Universal adult suffrage for all citizens Main factors contributing to 3rd wave Legitimacy crisis in authoritian regimes Economic growth *New education middle class demands Catholic Churchs new political role *church supported more progressive politics Changes in EU, US, and Soviet policies *EU & US began providing/advancing and supporting pro-democracy movements in authoritarian states *Soviet union abandons Brezhmer Doctorin Snowballing effect (falling dominoes)

Chapter 12: Policies & Politics of Inclusion & Clashing Values

Germany: Merkel agrees to form collation with social democrats Ukraine: largest population protest since the 2004 orange revolution

South Africa: Transition Fall of regime South Africa becomes isolated Suspended from international community Political and economically becomes isolated internationally 1980s

Religion and the secular state Vast majority of states today are secular Several approaches to secularism today: 1. State as a neutral toward religion (US) 2. State as guarantor of public sphere free of religion (ie France, Turkey, Mexico) 3. State as neutral among, but willing to support religions (Germany)

Headscarves in France and Turkey France and Turkey share strict secularism Struggling with how to respond to veiling, France banned any conspicuous religious symbols in schools (2004); has banned the burqa/niqab in public places (2011) Headscarves long associated with islamist movement in Turkey Had been banned in all public places in Turkey-no public employees can wear them (AKP) ruling party (since 2002) lifted ban in public universities (2008/2010)

Global suffrage for Women Self governing entities granting women the right to vote before WWI New Zealand (1893) Australia (1902) Finland (1906) Norway (1907/1913)

New Zealand Women were not eligible to be elected to the House of representatives until 1919

Women were not eligible to be appointed to the New Zealand legislative council

1. In a democracy separation of power exists in __ systems Presidential 2. In terms of the following parliamentary systems, the senate is considered an important powerful chamber in ___ Australia 3. Which country has a political system based solely on FPTP Canada 4. Which country has a mixed or semi-proportional political system Germany 5. Which country has a system based on proportional representation? South Africa 6. Which of the following states did not have a fascist regime Soviet Union 7. Which country does NOT have a formal written constitution? UK 8. A citizen born in the EU countries of UK/Germany would have what type of citizenship? Postnational or supernational citizenship 9. A Chinese citizen who is born in Hong Kong can claim a residency permit virtue of Jus Soli 10. Bicameralism refers to Two chamber legislative body