September 6th 2013 I. How does Matter Change?

Physical Change-No change in chemical composition Chemical Change- Change in chemical composition Law of Conservation of Matter- When matter undergoes physical or chemical change no atoms are created or destroyed II. How does Energy Change?

First Law of Thermodynamics-When energy is converted from one form to another in a physical or chemical change, no energy is created or destroyed Second Law of Thermodynamics- When energy is changed from one form to another in a physical or chemical change, lower-quality or less usable energy results III. What Keeps Us Alive? Three factors sustain of high quality energy 1. One way is flow or high energy Sun-plants-living things-environment as heat-radiation to space 2. Cycling of nutrients through parts of the biosphere 3. Gravity holds Earths atmosphere Earths Life Support System 1. Atmosphere 2. Hydrosphere 3. Geosphere(Earth) 4. Biosphere(all life) What is an Ecosystem Nonliving and living components Producers-organisms that produce the nutrients they need Consumers-organisms that get their nutrients by consuming others Decomposers-organisms that recycle nutrients back to producers by decomposing waste and remains of others Ecosystems Living and Nonliving Components Abiotics Water Air Nutrients

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 Biotics VII.

Rocks Heat Solar Energy

Living and once living

Producers and Consumers

Photosynthesis C02+H20+sunlightglucose + oxygen Consumers, Heterotrophs Primary consumers (i.e. herbivores) Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers Carnivores, omnivores

Decomposers Consumers that release nutrients e.g. bacteria, fungi etc Detritivores Feed on dead bodies of other organisms e.g. earth worms, vultures etc

September 9th 2013 What Happens to Energy in an Ecosystem? Energy flows through ecosystems in flood chains and food webs The amount of chemical energy available to organisms at each succeeding feeding level decreases

Energy Flows through Ecosystems Food Chain Movement of energy and nutrients from one trophic level to the next

Food Web Network of interconnected food chains

What Happens to Matter in an Ecosystem? Matter (i.e. nutrients) cycles within and among ecosystems and the biosphere Happen activities alter these chemical cycles

Biogeochemical cycles Hydrologic Cannon Nitrogen Phosphors Rocks

Rock Cycle Igneous Rocks Molten material below or at Earths surface

Sedimentary Rocks Sediments under pressure

Metamphonic Rocks Existing rocks subjected to high pressures, high temp or chemically active fluids

September 11th 2013 What at Biomes? Biome- large region with characteristics climate and plant life Describe by: Temperatures Precipitation (i.e. amount and seasonality) Latitude Altitude

Why Are Freshwater Ecosystems Important? Biodiversity in aquatic life zones is determined by: Temperature Dissolved oxygen content Food Light Nutrients necessary for photosynthesis

Most of the Earth is covered with Water Saltwater covers 71% of Earth Freshwater covers 24% of Earth

Aquatic Life Zones Saltwater (i.e. marine) Oceans and estuaries Coastlands and shore lines Coral reefs Mangrove forests

Freshwater Lakes Rivers and streams Inland wetlands Humans disrupt and degrade marine systems

Major Threats to Marine Systems Coastal development Overfishing Runoff of nonpoint source pollution Point source pollution Habitat destruction Introduction of invasive species Climate change

Freshwater Ecosystems Lentic (i.e. standing doesnt flow or have current) Lakes Ponds Inland wetlands Lotic(i.e. flowing) Streams Rivers

Humans Disrupt and Degrade Freshwater Systems Dams and canals change natural flows Flood control levees and dikes Pollutions from cities and farms Drained wetlands

September 18th 2013 What Limits Population Growth? No population can grow indefinitely because of: 1. Limits on resources 2. Competition among species for resources Population Change Population size governed by: Births Deaths Immigration Emigration Population change= (Births + immigration)-(Deaths + Emigration)

Population Vocabulary Environmental Resistance: All factors that limit population growth Carry Capacity: Maximum population a habitat can sustain Intrinsic Rate Increase: Rate of growth with unlimited resources Exponential Growth: Start slow, then accelerates to carrying capacity when environmental resistance is met Logistic Growth: Decrease growth rate as population size reaches carrying capacity Population Crash Population exceeds in areas carrying capacity Reproductive time lag may lead to overshoot Damage may permanently reduce carrying capacity

Reproductive Patterns Opportunists Many small offspring Little or no parental care Many offspring die e.g. insects, bacteria, algae etc Competitors Reproduce later in life Small number of offspring, long lifespan Offspring grows inside mother Protected by parents or group e.g. humans, elephants etc.

What Factors Influence size of Human Population? Population size Increase by birth and immigration Decrease by deaths and emigration

Total Fertilty Rate (TFR) Sex and age structures Increase in Human Population Reasons Movement into new habitats Early and modern agriculture

Control of infectious diseases through: Sanitation systems Antibotics Vaccines Health Care Most growth in past 100 years is due to drop in death rates