THE IDEAL GAS LAW AND KINETIC THEORY Section 14.

1 Molecular Mass, the Mole, and Avogadros Number 1. Complete the following statement: The atomic mass unit (u) is defined so that 1 u is exactly equal to the mass of (a) a single hydrogen atom. (b) 1/4 of a helium molecule. (c) 1/16 of an oxygen-16 atom. (d) 1/12 of a carbon-12 atom. Ans. (d) 2. Which one of the following statements concerning the mole is false? (a) The mole is related to Avogadro's number. (b) The mole is defined in terms of the carbon-12 isotope. (c) The mole is the SI base unit for expressing the amount of a substance. (d) One mole of a substance has the same mass as one mole of any other substance. Ans. (d) 3. How many molecules are in 0.064 kg of sulfur dioxide, SO2? (atomic masses: S = 32 u; O = 16 u) (a) 3 (c) 6.02 1023 (b) 64 (d) 2.00 1024 Ans. (c) 4. What is the mass of 1.5 moles of hydrogen molecules, H2? (atomic mass of H = 1 u) (a) 0.0063 g (c) 0.0082 kg (b) 0.0030 kg (d) 0.015 kg Ans. (b) 5. How many moles are in a 0.23-kg sample of carbon dioxide, CO2? (atomic masses: C = 12 u; O = 16 u) (a) 5.2 (c) 230

(b) 52 Ans. (a)

(d) 1.1 104

6. Two pure samples of atoms, labeled A and B, contain oxygen atoms and carbon atoms, respectively. Each sample contains the same number of atoms. What is the ratio of the mass of sample B to that of sample A, mB/mA? Note the following atomic masses: C = 12 u; O = 16 u. (a) 1.0 (c) 2.0 (b) 0.5 (d) 0.75 7. A gold coin has a mass of 24.75 g. If the atomic mass of gold is 192.967 u, how many gold atoms are in the coin? (a) 7.724 1022 (c) 3.812 1023 (b) 9.158 1022 (d) 5.526 1024 Ans. (a) 8. The density of diamond, a form of carbon, is 3520 kg/m3. If the atomic mass of carbon is 12.011 u, how many carbon atoms are there in a solid diamond sphere with a radius of 0.033 m? (a) 5.16 1026 atoms (c) 2.08 1026 atoms (b) 1.04 1027 atoms (d) 2.66 1025 atoms Ans. (d) 9. What is the mass of an oxygen molecule, O2, if the atomic mass of oxygen is 15.9994 u? (a) 2.657 1026 kg (c) 3.200 1025 kg (b) 5.313 1026 kg (d) 1.927 1023 kg Ans. (d) Section 14.2 The Ideal Gas Law 10. Which one of the following statements best explains why gases are not commercially sold by volume? (a) Gas volume is negligible. (b) Gas volume is difficult to measure. (c) Gas volume depends on the type of gas.

(d) Gas volume depends on temperature and pressure. Ans. (d) 11. Note the following six properties: (1) number of molecules (3) temperature (2) moment of inertia (4) pressure (5) latent heat (6) volume

Which four of the listed properties are needed to describe an ideal gas? (a) 1, 2, 4, 6 (c) 1, 3, 4, 6 (b) 1, 3, 5, 6 (d) 1, 4, 5, 6 Ans. (c) 12. A sample of neon gas at 20 C is confined to a cylinder with a movable piston. The gas is then heated until its pressure is doubled. What is the final temperature of the gas? (a) 10 C (b) 40 C (c) This cannot be found since the final and initial volumes are unknown. (d) 586 C Ans. (c) 13. A sample of a monatomic ideal gas is originally at 20 C. What is the final temperature of the gas if both the pressure and volume are doubled? (a) 5 C (c) 80 C (b) 20 C (d) 900 C Ans. (d) 14. An ideal gas at 0 C is contained within a rigid vessel. The temperature of the gas is increased by 1 C. What is Pf/Pi, the ratio of the final to initial pressure? (a) 273/274 (c) 1/2 (b) 274/273 (d) 1/10 Ans. (b) 15. Neon gas at 20 C is confined within a rigid vessel. The gas is then heated until its pressure is doubled. What is the final temperature of the gas?

(a) 10 C (b) 20 C Ans. (d)

(c) 40 C (d) 313 C

16. Argon gas at 305 K is confined within a constant volume at a pressure P1. If the gas has a pressure P2 when it is cooled to 195 K, what is the ratio of P2 to P1? (a) 0.410 (c) 0.717 (b) 0.639 (d) 1.28 Ans. (b) 17. In the space between two stars, the temperature of a gas cloud is 12 K; and the density of the gas is 1.2 108 atom/m3. What is the absolute pressure of the gas? (a) 2.0 1030 Pa (c) 2.0 1017 Pa (b) 1.2 1028 Pa (d) 1.2 106 Pa Ans. (a) 138 Chapter 14 The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory 18. An ideal gas is confined within a closed cylinder at atmospheric pressure (1.013 105 Pa) by a piston. The piston moves until the volume of the gas is reduced to one-ninth of the initial volume. What is the final pressure of the gas when its temperature returns to its initial value? (a) 9.117 105 Pa (c) 4.559 105 Pa (b) 6.447 105 Pa (d) 3.102 105 Pa Ans. (a) 19. Heat is supplied to a sample of a monatomic ideal gas at 40 C. It is observed that the gas expands until its volume is doubled and the pressure drops to half of its original value. What is the final temperature of the gas? (a) 10 C (c) 40 C (b) 20 C (d) 80 C Ans. (c)

20. An ideal gas with a fixed number of molecules is maintained at a constant pressure. At 30.0 C, the volume of the gas is 1.50 m3. What is the volume of the gas when the temperature is increased to 75.0 C? (a) 0.60 m3 (c) 1.72 m3 (b) 1.30 m3 (d) 2.45 m3 Ans. (c) 21. The volume of a carbon dioxide bubble rising in a glass of beer is observed to nearly double as the bubble rises from the bottom to the top of the glass. Why, according to our textbook, does the volume nearly double? (a) The temperature at the bottom is cooler than it is at the top. (b) The amount of carbon dioxide in the bubble increases. (c) The fluid pressure of the beer is greater at the bottom of the glass than at the top. (d) The pressure inside the bubble decreases as it rises. Ans. (b)

22. A sealed container has a volume of 0.020 m3 and contains 15.0 g of molecular nitrogen (N2) which has a molecular mass of 28.0 u. The gas is at a temperature of 525 K. What is the absolute pressure of the nitrogen gas? (a) 3.9 1019 Pa (c) 1.2 105 Pa (b) 4.3 105 Pa (d) 1.9 105 Pa Ans. (c) 23. The temperature of a monatomic ideal gas with a mass per mole of 0.00750 kg/mol is 294 K. The absolute pressure of the gas is 1.05 105 Pa when its volume is 1.31 103 m3. What is the mass of the gas? (a) 8.04 105 kg (c) 4.22 104 kg (b) 1.92 104 kg (d) 7.66 104 kg Ans. (c) 24. An ideal gas is contained in a vessel with a moveable piston. Initially, the gas has a volume of 0.018 m3, an absolute pressure of 1.5 atm, and a

temperature of 30.0 C. The pressure is 0.75 atm when the volume of the container is decreased to 0.009 m3. What is the final temperature of the gas? (a) 76 K (c) 170 K (b) 98 K (d) 240 K Ans. (a) Section 14.3 Kinetic Theory of Gases 25. Complete the following statement: The absolute temperature of an ideal gas is directly proportional to (a) the number of molecules in the sample. (b) the average momentum of a molecule of the gas. (c) the average translational kinetic energy of the gas. (d) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the gas by 1 C. Ans. (c) 26. Which one of the following properties of a gas is not consistent with kinetic theory? (a) The average speed of the gas molecules is smaller at high temperatures. (b) Gas molecules are widely separated. (c) Gases fill whatever space is available to them. (d) Gas molecules move rapidly in a random fashion. Ans. (a) 27. Which one of the following statements concerning a collection of gas molecules at a certain temperature is true? (a) All molecules move with the same velocity. (b) Most of the molecules have the same kinetic energy. (c) The lower the temperature, the greater are the molecular speeds. (d) The molecules have a range of kinetic energies. Ans. (d) 28. At what temperature would one mole of molecular oxygen (O2) have 5.0 103 J of translational kinetic energy? Note: the atomic mass of O is 16 u.

(a) 130 C (b) 390 C Ans. (a)

(c) 400 C (d) 670 C

29. A five-liter tank contains 2.00 moles of oxygen gas, O2, at 40 C. What pressure is exerted on the sides of the tank by the oxygen molecules? (a) 83.3 Pa (c) 1.33 105 Pa (b) 4.01 103 Pa (d) 1.04 106 Pa Ans. (d) 30. A 1.00 102 m3 flask contains 0.0160 kg of oxygen gas, O2, at 77.0 C. What is the pressure exerted on the inner walls of the flask by the oxygen gas? Note: the atomic mass of O is 15.9994 u. (a) 3.19 104 Pa (c) 2.90 105 Pa (b) 1.45 105 Pa (d) 5.79 105 Pa Ans. (b) 31. Consider two ideal gases, A and B, at the same temperature. The rms speed of the molecules of gas A is twice that of gas B. How does the molecular mass of A compare to that of B? (a) The molecular mass of A is twice that of B. (b) The molecular mass of A is one half that of B. (c) The molecular mass of A is 1.4 times that of B. (d) The molecular mass of A is one fourth that of B. Ans. (d) 32. Under which of the following conditions would you expect real gases to approach ideal behavior? (a) low temperature and low pressure (b) high temperature and low pressure (c) low temperature and high pressure (d) high temperature and high pressure Ans. (b) 140 Chapter 14 The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory

33. Two moles of a monatomic gas with an rms speed of 254 m/s are contained in a tank that has a volume of 0.15 m3. If each gas particle has a mass of 6.642 1026 kg, what is the absolute pressure of the gas? (a) 2.3 105 Pa (c) 6.8 104 Pa (b) 1.1 104 Pa (d) 3.4 104 Pa Ans. (d) 34. Which one of the following factors is directly responsible for the pressure exerted by a confined gas? (a) the atomic mass of the gas (b) the density of the sample of molecules (c) the temperature of the sample of molecules (d) the collision of gas molecules with the sides of the containing vessel Ans. (d) 35. Complete the following statement: A bicycle tire explodes after lying in the hot afternoon sun. This is an illustration of (a) Charles' law. (c) Fick's law. (b) Boyle's law. (d) the ideal gas law. Ans. (d) 36. Complete the following statement: The internal energy of an ideal monatomic gas is (a) proportional to the pressure and inversely proportional to the volume of the gas. (b) independent of the number of moles of the gas. (c) proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the gas. (d) dependent on both the pressure and the temperature of the gas. Ans. (c) 37. Complete the following statement: The pressure exerted by a monatomic, ideal gas on the walls of its containing vessel is a measure of (a) the molecular kinetic energy per unit volume. (b) the average random kinetic energy per molecule. (c) the temperature of the gas, regardless of the volume of the vessel.

(d) the total internal energy of the gas, regardless of the volume of the vessel. Ans. (a) 38. A mixture of two ideal gases A and B is in thermal equilibrium at 600 K. A molecule of A has one-fourth the mass of a molecule of B and the rms speed of molecules of A is 400 m/s. Determine the rms speed of molecules of B. (a) 100 m/s (c) 400 m/s (b) 200 m/s (d) 800 m/s Ans. (b) 39. A canister containing 150 kg of an ideal gas has a volume of 8.0 m3. If the gas exerts a pressure of 5.0 105 Pa, what is the rms speed of the molecules? (a) 160 m/s (c) 350 m/s (b) 280 m/s (d) 390 m/s Ans. (b) 40. A physics student looks into a microscope and observes that small particles suspended in waterare moving about in an irregular motion. Which of the following statements is the bestexplanation for this observation? (a) Water molecules strike the particles giving them the same average kinetic energy as the water. (b) The particles are carried by convection currents in the water. (c) The small particles may be considered a fluid; and thus, move about randomly. (d) The actual motion is regular, but the speeds of particles are too large to observe that motion. Ans. (a) 41. A flask contains 1.00 mole of oxygen gas, O2, at 0.00 C and 1.013 105 Pa. What is the rms speed of the molecules? Note: the atomic mass of O is 16 u. (a) 230 m/s (c) 651 m/s (b) 460 m/s (d) 920 m/s Ans. (b)

42. A tank contains 135 moles of the monatomic gas argon at a temperature of 15.3 C. How much energy must be added to the gas to increase its temperature to 45.0 C? (a) 2.50 103 J (c) 5.00 104 J (b) 3.33 104 J (d) 5.70 105 J Ans. (c) 43. A gas molecule with a molecular mass of 32.0 u has a speed of 325 m/s. What is the temperature of the gas molecule? (a) 72.0 K (c) 305 K (b) 136 K (d) A temperature cannot be assigned to a single molecule. Ans. (d) 44. Calculate the rms speed of the oxygen molecules in the air if the temperature is 5.00 C. Note: The mass of the oxygen molecule is 31.9988 u. (a) 62.0 m/s (c) 328 m/s (b) 86.3 m/s (d) 465 m/s Ans. (d) 45. What is the internal energy of 1.75 kg of helium (atomic mass = 4.00260 u) with a temperature of 100 C? (a) 4.65 103 J (c) 2.03 106 J (b) 5.44 105 J (d) 8.16 106 J Ans. (c) *Section 14.4 Diffusion 46. Which one of the following statements concerning diffusion is true? (a) Diffusion occurs only in gases. (b) Diffusion occurs in solids and fluids. (c) Diffusion is described by Boyle's law. (d) The SI unit for the diffusion constant D is m/s2.

Ans. (b) 47. A concentration difference of a certain solute of 1.0 102 kg/m3 is maintained between the ends of a tube with a length of 3.5 m and a cross-sectional area of 0.25 m2. When 0.0040 g of the solute is introduced to the tube, it takes 350 minutes for this solute to diffuse through the solvent to the opposite end of the tube. What is the diffusion constant for the solute? (a) 2.7 107 m2/s (c) 7.5 1010 m2/s (b) 4.5 109 m2/s (d) 6.3 108 m2/s Ans. (a) 48. A lower tank contains water while an upper tank contains air with a negligible concentration of water vapor. A tube with a circular cross section and radius 0.050 m is inserted between the two tanks. The length of the tube is 0.25 m. The diffusion coefficient of water vapor through air is 2.4 105 m2/s. The concentration of water vapor just above the surface of the water is 1.7 102 kg/m3. If the water vapor is removed from the upper tank so that the concentration there remains nearly zero, what mass of water vapor diffuses through the tube each hour? (a) 4.6 105 kg (c) 7.1 107 kg (b) 2.0 106 kg (d) 1.3 108 kg Ans. (a) 142 Chapter 14 The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory Additional Problems 49. How many air molecules are in a room at temperature 23.8 C and standard pressure if the dimensions of the room are 3.66 m 3.66 m 2.43 m? (a) 1330 (c) 3.03 1024 (b) 16 600 (d) 8.05 1026 Ans. (d)

50. An automobile tire is inflated to a gauge pressure of 32 lb/in2 at a temperature of 10.0 C. Under strenuous driving, the tire heats up to 40.0 C. What is the new gauge pressure if the volume of the tire remains essentially the same? (atmospheric pressure = 14.7 lb/in2) (a) 17.5 lb/in2 (c) 38.0 lb/in2 (b) 20.6 lb/in2 (d) 40.9 lb/in2 Ans. (d) 51. An air bubble 20 m below the surface of a lake has a volume of 0.02 m3. The bubble then rises to the surface. If the temperature of the lake is uniform, what is the volume of the bubble just before it breaks through the surface? (a) 0.02 m3 (c) 0.06 m3 (b) 0.04 m3 (d) 0.08 m3 52. A bubble with a volume of 1.0 cm3 forms at the bottom of a lake that is 20.0 m deep. The temperature at the bottom of the lake is 10.0 C. The bubble rises to the surface where the temperature is 25.0 C. Assume that the bubble is small enough that its temperature always matches that of its surroundings. What is the volume of the bubble just before it breaks the surface of the water? (a) 2.1 cm3 (b) 2.8 cm3 Ans. (c) (c) 3.1 cm3 (d) 6.0 cm3

53. On a cold day (3 C), the gauge pressure on a tire is 2.0 atm. If the tire is heated to 27 C, without changing its volume, what will the gauge pressure be? (a) 2.1 atm (c) 2.9 atm (b) 2.3 atm (d) 3.3 atm Ans. (b) 54. On a cold day (3 C), the gauge pressure on a tire reads 2.0 atm. If the tire is heated to 27 C, what will be the absolute pressure of the air inside the tire? (a) 2.0 atm (c) 2.4 atm

(b) 2.2 atm Ans. (e)

(d) 3.3 atm

55. What is the density of methane, CH4, (molecular mass = 16 u) at STP? (a) 0.357 kg/m3 (c) 0.431 kg/m3 (b) 0.386 kg/m3 (d) 0.712 kg/m3 Ans. (d)