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Carrier Acquisition
In the different AM modulation methods where a carrier is not transmitted !"#"C$ ""#$ % etc&$ we assumed that the carrier that was used in the transmitter is also availa'le at the receiver. (his is a 'i) assumption since it ma* 'e eas* to )enerate a sine wave$ however$ it is difficult to )et a sine wave with the "AME +,E-.E/C0 and 12A"E as the sine wave that was used in the transmitter. (herefore$ the concept of carrier ac3uisition is important for these t*pes of modulation.

Carrier Acquisition in DSBSC

"ince at the input of a !"#"C demodulator s*stem$ onl* the transmitted si)nal and random noise& is availa'le$ the demodulator must have some method to e4tract the carrier from the received si)nal. It is 5nown that the carrier fre3uenc* is located at the middle of the !"#"C si)nal as shown 'elow.

In theor*$ a filter with an e4tremel* narrow'and few 26& that is centered at the carrier fre3uenc* c would 'e a'le to e4tract a si)nal that represents the carrier fre3uenc*. 2owever$ this assumes that the messa)e si)nal has a !C component that when modulated this !C component moves to the carrier fre3uenc*. 2avin) a !C component in the messa)e si)nal that will 'e modulated usin) !"#"C is not necessaril* the case. In fact$ it is )enerall* not the case. (a5e for e4ample an audio si)nal. Audio si)nals do not contain !C since and audio si)nal travels throu)h the air molecules in the form of variations in the air pressure around the atmospheric pressure. A microphone receives these variations in the air pressure and )enerates an electric si)nal with no !C. Also$ di)ital data in the form of 'inar* num'ers is )enerall* represented '* 17s and 07s that have volta)es of 89 V and :9 V$ respectivel*. "uch a si)nal )enerall* has no !C. "o$ in practice$ the messa)e si)nals that are modulated usin) !"#"C or other modulation techni3ues& do not have a !C component as shown in the followin) fi)ure.

;hen this si)nal is !"#"C modulated$ we )et the followin) si)nal

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Chapter IV: Amplitude Modulation

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Clearl*$ in this case$ the use of a narrow'and #1+ to e4tract the carrier fre3uenc* from the modulated si)nal is not possi'le 'ecause no components in the modulated si)nal fall at the carrier fre3uenc*. (herefore$ another method must 'e used in )eneral. Signal Squaring Method (he 'loc5 dia)ram of this s*stem for e4tractin) a carrier from the received !"#"C si)nal is shown 'ellow.

As mentioned earlier$ most messa)e si)nals contain no !C components and therefore their !"#"C modulated si)nals contain no components at the carrier fre3uenc*. 2owever$ passin) such a !"#"C modulated si)nal throu)h a s3uarin) device as shown in the 'loc5 dia)ram a'ove will )ive a si)nal x t& that is )iven '*
x t & = [ m t & cos c t &] = m < t & cos < c t & =
<

m< t& m< t& m < t& [1 + cos <c t &] = + cos <c t & < < <

(his si)nal contains a form of the s3uare of the messa)e si)nal this is a 'ase'and si)nal& and the modulation of this si)nal around twice the carrier fre3uenc*. Althou)h m t& ma* have no !C component$ m< t& will A=;A0" contain !C since it is alwa*s positive.

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/otice that F>m< t&? is /@( E-.A= (@ M < & 'ut is e3ual to the M &AM &. "o$ it has twice the 'andwidth of M & and contains a !C component. "o$ the spectrum of x t& will 'e

1assin) this si)nal throu)h a narrow'and #1+ with center fre3uenc* of <c will pass the sinusoid at that fre3uenc* a small part of m< t&.cos <ct& around that fre3uenc*. "o$ the output of the #1+ will loo5 li5e the followin).

(o purif* the sinusoid with twice the carrier fre3uenc* from the remainin) part of m< t&.cos <ct&$ we feed this si)nal to a phase loc5ed loop 1==&$ which produces a sinusoid with the same fre3uenc* and phase as that of the sinusoid at the input 'ut reBects the additional si)nal that represents a distortion discussion a'out 1==s will 'e ne4t&. "o$ the output of the 1== will have the followin) spectrum.

(his is a sinusoid with twice the carrier fre3uenc*. 1assin) this si)nal throu)h a device that divides the fre3uenc* of its input si)nal '* two will )ive a sinusoid with the carrier fre3uenc* the desired si)nal&.

1hase =oc5ed =oop 1==&

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In the 'loc5 dia)ram shown a'ove$ one of the 'loc5s was a phase loc5ed loop 1==&. (he 1== is constructed as shown 'elow.

VoltageControlled Oscillator VCO&: is a device that produces a sine wave with a fre3uenc* that is linearl* proportional to the value of the input si)nal when the input increases$ the fre3uenc* of the output increases and vice versa&. (he fre3uenc* of the output of the VC@ when the input is 6ero is called the +ree ,unnin) +re3uenc* +,+&. Assumin) that the input si)nal to the 1== is Asin ct8i&$ this si)nal is multiplied '* the output of the 1==. =et us assume that the output of the 1== was at some instant e3ual to Bcos ct8o&. (herefore$ 'oth the input and output have the same fre3uenc* 'ut different phases. (he si)nal x t& 'ecomes
x t & = AB sin c t + i & cos c t + o & = AB [sin i o & + sin <c t + i + o &] . <

(he first term in x t& is a 'ase'and si)nal since the sine does not contain the carrier fre3uenc*. (he second component is a hi)h fre3uenc* component at twice the carrier fre3uenc*. (herefore$ the =1+ passes the first component and 'loc5s the second component. "o$ y t& is
y t& = AB sin i o & . <

/ow loo5in) at this si)nal carefull*$ we see that it is 6ero when the two an)les i and o are e3ual. "o$ assumin) that i and o were e3ual at some time i C o&$ which means that the si)nal z t& is Bcos ct8i&$ the si)nal input to the VC@ will 'e 6ero. ;ith this$ the output of the VC@ will 'e the same si)nal as what it has 'een outputtin) 'efore i.e.$ Bsin ct8i&&. /ow assume that the phase i of the input to the 1== started to increase or started to decrease& slowl* such that i is sli)htl* )reater than o or i is sli)htl* less than o&. (he si)nal z t& will 'e a small positive or ne)ative& value. (his si)nal will force the VC@ to speed up or slow down& and therefore produce a sine wave with an increasin) or decreasin)& phase until the phase of the output of the VC@ 'ecomes e3ual to the phase of the input si)nal. At this moment$ the si)nal z t& will 'e 6ero and this will

EE 370 Chapter IV: Amplitude Modulation ver. 1.0 inform the VC@ that it has the same phase as the phase of the input si)nal so it to stop speedin) up or slowin) down& and continue at that fre3uenc* and phase. Characteristics of a 1== 1== have several characteristics that are summari6ed as follows: 1. CA1(.,E ,an)e of a 1==: ever* 1== is 'uilt to operate in a specific ran)e of fre3uencies. If the input si)nal has a fre3uenc* in this ran)e$ the 1== will 'e a'le to capture the phase and fre3uenc* of the input si)nal and start to produce a sine with that fre3uenc* and phase. =@CD ,an)e of a 1==: once the 1== has 'een a'le to capture a si)nal and attach its fre3uenc* and phase to it$ the fre3uenc* and phase of the input si)nal can chan)e and the 1== will still 'e a'le to trac5 these chan)es. (he =@CD ran)e of a 1== is alwa*s =A,EE, (2A/ the CA1(.,E ran)e. /oise filterin): if the input to the 1== contains some low:power noise or some low:power distortion that ma5es the input si)nal a non:pure sinusoid$ 1==s can in )eneral purif* the input si)nal from the noise or distortin) si)nal and produce a ver* clean sinusoid "o$ in the si)nal s3uarin) method discussed a'ove$ inputtin) the sinusoid with the distortion si)nal to the 1== produces a pure sinusoid with the same fre3uenc* and phase as the input sinusoid&.

<.

3.