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Speed mathematics 2

First rule of the mathematics: The easier the method you use to solve a problem, the faster you will solve it with less chance of making a mistakes.

Why mathematics is important????? People e uate mathematical ability with general intelligence. !f you are good at maths, you are generally regarded as highly intelligent. "igh achieving maths students are treated differently by their teachers and colleagues. #ental calculations improves concentration, develops memory, and enhances the ability to retain several ideas at once #athematical knowledge boosts your confidence and self$esteem. These methods will give you confidence in your mental faculties, intelligence and problem$solving abilities.

1. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS UP TO 10: We will begin by learning how to multiply numbers up to %&'%& (.g. % )*+,????

-olution$ ) ' + , . ' /

0o to the first number ). "ow many more do you need to make %&? The answer is .. 0o to the ne't number +. "ow many more do you need to make %&? The answer is / Then subtract diagonally. Take either one of the number. 1 )$/ ,2 +$., 23 ) ' + ,21. ' /31 put 2 on the left side and ne't to tat 2 put the multiplication of . and /3 and we get ) ' + ,24. 2. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS GREATER T AN 10. !MULTIPLYING "IT RE#EREN$E NUMBER% A

5sing %&& as a reference number. %&& 64 ' 6) , 6.&& 1diagonally sub33 $7 $. 8 %/ 6.%/ -teps involved: :ust take an e'ample of multiplying 64 * 6) Take %&& as a reference number. :ust subtract 64$%&& , $7 and 6)$%&& , $. Then subtract diagonally and take either of the number, we will get 6. and it was multiplied by %&&. ;ou will get 6.&& and $7 *$. gives you 8%/. <dd this %/ with 6.&& we will get 6.%/. 164$%&&, $7, 6)$%&&,$.,3, 16)$7, 6.

6.'%&&,6.&& 1multiply with %&&3, 1$7'$.,8%/3 ,9 6.&&8%/,6.%/

&. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS ABO'E 100: 100 %&4 ' %&7 , %%&&& 1%&487,%%& 1diagonally add33 84 14'7,/73 87 8 /7 1%&4$%&&, 84, %&7$%&&,$7,3,

%%&'%&&,%%&&& 1multiply with %&&3,

%%,&/7

,9%%&&&8/7,%%&/7

!t=s similar to the previous techni ue. Take %&& as reference number, %&4$%&& , 84, %&7$%&& , 7. This time >ust add diagonally. We will get %%& and it was multiplied by %&& we get %%&&&. Then multiply 84 and 87 we get /7 and it was added to %%&/7. (. $OMBINATIONAL MET O): 100 6/ ' 6. , +2&& 10 $+ $) 8 24

$/

$.

+224

-uppose on subtracting the given numbers with the reference number we getting higher number, we need to do the same procedure for the number 1which we will get on subtracting the main number from the reference number.

*. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS ABO'E AN) BELO" T E RE#EREN$E NUMBERS: 100 6+ ' %.2 , %..&& $/ 8.2 $)& %./.& The same principle is to be followed. "ere 6+ is lower than %&& and %.2 is more than %&&. :ust subtract the multiplying number with the reference number. We will get $/ and 8.2. Then >ust follow the previous techni ue we will get %..&&, Then multiply $/ and 8.2 we get $)&. Then >ust add %..&&$)& we will get %./.&. +. MULTIPLI$ATION BY #A$TORS: !t=s easy to multiply by /&, as /& are / times %&. <nd it is simple to multiply by %& and by /. This is called multiplication by factors, as %& and / are factors of /&.

20

/. ' .% ,

4+&

1/.8%%,.%8.,.7,

8. 8%% .. multiplication by factors )%. :ust do the same procedure. 1/.8%%,.%8.,.7, 3

1.7 ' /&,9 .7' %&,.7&, .7&' /, 4+&3$9

1.7 ' /&,9 .7' %&,.7&, 77&' /, 4+&3$9 multiplication by factors

.?%% gives .. and 4+&8.. gives you )%. tats the answer. ,. MULTIPLYING BELO" 20 20 %6 ' %4 , $% factors $7 .&& &7 1%6$7,%4$%,%2,3 1%2*/*%&,.&'%&,.&& 3$9 multiplication by

.47

"ere the only difference we need to take /& as reference number. <nd follow the same procedure. -. MULTIPLYING USING )OUBLE RE#EREN$E NUMBER: + * .),???? 1%& ' 73 + ' .) $/ $+ $. , /6& 4 /64

!n this problem we have two reference nos. , for +, the reference no is %& and for .), the reference no is 7&. !ts shows the reference no of + is four times the reference number of the .). :ust subtract the no from its reference no. 1+ $ %&, $/, .)$ 7&, $.3

Then multiply the first difference 1/3 by 7 1 the multiplies of the reference no %&3 , $9 $/ ' 7 , $+, Then $+8.) , /6 , and multiply by the main reference no %&., /6'%& , /6&. Then $/ ' $. , 4, /6&84 , /64. The answer is /64.

EASY MULTIPLI$ATION BY .

6*7+4 , ? 1%& ' 763 6 $% $76 ' 7+4 , 7.)& $7 87 7.)7

The reference no for 6 is %&, and for 7+4 is 76&, <nd the second reference no is 76 times the first reference no. :ust the subtract the respective no from their reference no. We will get 6$%& , $%, 7+4$76&, $7 #ultiply the difference of first reference no 1%&3 by the multiple of the second reference no. ,9 $% ' 76 , $76. -ubtract $76 from 7+4, ,9 7+4$2&8% , 7.) and multiply by the first reference no. we will get $7.)&. Then $% ' $7 we will get 7 and it was added to 7.)& we will get 7.)7... That=s the answer. S ORT$UT #OR SUBTRA$TION What is the easiest way to take 6& from a number? Take %&& and give back %& What is the easiest way to take +& from a number? Take %&& and give back /& What is the easiest way to take )& from a number? Take %&& and give back .&

%&&

6+'%.2 , %..&&$)& , %./.&

$/

.2

.&

"ow do we take )& from %.,..&?

Take away %&& and give back .& $ E$/ING T E ANS"ERS BY USING SUBSTITUTE NUMBER: %. ' %7 , %+/ The first number is %.. <dd its digits together to get the substitute 1%8.,7: four becomes our substitute for %.3 The ne't number we are working with is %7. The substitute is 1 %87,23 Then multiply the substitute numbers 1 7 ' 2,/&: twenty is a two digit number so we add its digits together to get our check answer : /8&,/3. @o the same principle in the A"- -ide too 1 %8+8/,%%, %8%, /3 -o both B"- and A"- are e ual. "ence our answer is correct.

)OUBLING AN)

AL'ING NUMBERS

To use /& and 2& as reference numbers, we need to be able to double and halve numbers easily. To halve )+, )+ , 1+&$/3. and half of 1+&$/3 is 7&$% , .6 To double )+, do it the reverse manner. 1+&$/3. @ouble of 1+&$/ 3 is %4&$7 , %24 MULTIPLYING T E )E$IMALS: %.. * %.7 ,? !gnore the decimal point in the calculation.

%. %&

%. 8.

%7 87

%)& %/ %+/

!n order to put the decimal points, count the number of digits after the decimal point in the given uestion. "ere two digits after the decimal points. "ence place the decimal point after two digits 1 %.+/ is the answer3

/. + ' 4+ ,? Bet take +.& %&& ' 4+ ,?. , 7+&&

+& ' 4+

$/&

$./ 277&

47&

Bet same principle for multiplying we got the answer 277& Bet count the no of digits, its % Then answer is 277.&. Bets try 6 ' +. , , 6 ' 4) , #5BT!PB!C<T!DE F; %% To multiply a two digit number by %%, simply add the two digits together and insert the result in between. For e'ample, to multiply 1/. ' %%3, add 1/8., 23, and insert the 2 in between / and ., the answer is /.2. #5BT!PB;!E0 #5BT!PB(- DF %%. (0: ..& ' %/ , ? ..& , . ' %& ' %% 1 ignore the Gero now3 . ' %% ' %/ , %% ' .4 , .64 Eow keep the Gero now. We will get .64&. CDEH(AT!DE DF I!BD0A<#- !ETD PD5E@-: @D5FB( T"( E5#F(A, #5BT!PB; F; %%, <E@ @!H!@( F; T(E TD <CCD5ET FDA T"( @(C!#<B PB<C(. 1 TD CDEH(AT I0 TD PD5E@- ;D5 #5BT!PB; F; /./3 %. +& I0 TD PD5E@- , ? +& kg , 1+& ' /./3 , %4&' %%J%& , %)4 pounds. #5BT!PB;!E0 B<A0(A E5#F(A- F; %%: /. %/.72 * %% , ?

Write Gero in front of the number we are multiplying. 1 &%/.72 ' %% 3 Feginning with the units digit, add each digit to the digit on its immediate right. !n this case add 2 to the digit on its right. There is no digit on its right, so add nothing 28&,2, 1write 2 as the last digit of your answer3 &%/.72 ' %% 2 Eow go to the 7. Five is the digit on the right of the 7: 1782 ,6 3 &%/.72 ' %%, 1 continue the same procedure3 62

.87 ,) /8.,2 %8/,. &8%,% The answer is %.2)62 C"(CI!E0 ;D5A <E-W(A-: %. &%/.72 ' %% %.2)62

Write a cross under every second digit of the answer, beginning from the right hand end of the number. The calculation will now look like &%/.72 ' %% %.2)62 * * *

Eow add the digits with the cross under them 1 %8286 , %23 <dd the digits without the cross 1 .8)82 , %23

We are getting both the answers are e ual hence our answer is correct. /. &/%)7)2 ' %% /.6///2 * * * <dd the digits in the cross1 .8/8/ , )3 <dd the digits in the without cross 1 /868/82 , %+3 The difference between two answers is %%. !f the difference is &,%%,//,..,77,22,44 etc., then the answer is correct. #5BT!PB!C<T!DE F; 6 : There is an easy shortcut for multiplication by %% because %% is one more than %&, so there is an easy shortcut for multiplication by 6 because 6 is one less than %&. !nstead of adding each digit to the digit on the right, we subtract each digit from the digit on the right. Fecause subtraction involves borrowing and carrying, we can make the following short cut.. We subtract the units digit from %&, then subtract each successive digit from 6 and add the neighbor. We subtract % from the first digit of the number for the first digit of the answer. A))ITION The 0asic 123e 451 me6ta3 additi56: T5 add .7 add 10 a6d s20t1act 1: t5 add -7 add 10 a6d s20t1act 28 t5 add , add 10 a6d s20t1act &7 a6d s5 56. !f you wanted to add 7), you would add 2& and subtract ., To add %64, add /&& and subtract 7. To add .+ to a number, add 7& and subtract /, T"O )IGIT MENTAL A))ITIONS:

!f the units digit is high, round off to the ne't ten and then subtract the difference. !f the units= digit is low, add the tens then the units. With two digit mental addition you add the tens digit of each number first, then the units. !f the unit=s digit is high, round off the number upwards and then subtract the difference. !f you are adding7), add 2&, and then subtract .. To add .2, 4), and 7. together you would begin with .7, add )& to get %&2, subtract . to get %&/, add %& to get %7/ then the . to get your answer of %72. A))ING T REE )IGIT NUMBERS: .228)2/8467 ,? .228)&& , %&22 %&2282&8/ , %%&) %%&)8)&&$4 , %+&)$4 , %+&% DA ;ou may prefer to add from left to rightK adding the hundreds first, then the tens and then the units. A))ITING LARGER NUMBERS: +74% 824)+ We begin with the thousands column.+82 , %., since we are dealing with thousands, our answer is %. thousand. Dbserve that the numbers in the hundreds column conveniently add to %&, so that gives us another thousand. Then answer is %7&&&. Then add 4% to %7&&&, we getting %7&4%. <dd +& to and subtract /. To add +& add %&& and subtract /&, 1%7&4%8%&&$ /&$/3 , %7%4%$/&$/,%7%7%$/,%7%.6 is the answer. <n easy rule is: when adding a column of numbers add pairs of digits to make tens first, then add the other digits. SUBTRA$TION: To subtract mentally, try and round off the number you are subtracting and then correct the answer.

To subtract 6, take %& and add %: to subtract +, take %& and add /K to subtract ), take %& and add ., %. (g: 24$6 , $% 1To take 6 from 24 in your head, the easiest and fastest method is to subtract %&, 1743 and add% we get 7).3 /. 27$.+ , %4 8/ 77$7&, plus / makes %4

.. 7.4$+) , 8%. Take %&& to get ..4. <dd %. and we will get .76 easy. SUBTRA$TING ONE NUMBER BELO" A UN)RE)S 'ALUE #ROM ANOT ER " I$ IS 9UST ABO'E T E SAME UN)RE)S NUMBERS. T REE )IGIT SUBTRA$TIONS: %. 74% $/)2 , /2 %4%8/2 , %4&8/&828% , %+4 /. +.7 L /+4 , %7 2.78%7 , 2.&8%&8787 , 27&8+ , 27+

SUBTRA$TION MET O) ONE: %. )/27$.+6) ,

4 %

) / 2 7 . . 6 ) . . 2 )

-ubtract ) from 7. We can=t, so we borrow % from the tens column. Cross out the 2 and write 7. @on=t say ) from %7, we have to say ) from %& and add 7 we getting .87 , ) 1 the first digit of the answer3 Eine from 7 won=t go, so borrow again. Eine from %& is %, plus 7, the ne't digit answer. (ight from % won=t go, so borrow again. (ight from %& is /, plus % is ., three from 4 is ., the final digit of the answer. SUBTRA$TION MET O) T"O: ) / 2 7 . + 6 ) . . 2 ) -ubtract ) from 7. We can=t, so we borrow % from the tens column. Put a % in front of the 7 to make %7 and write a small % alongside the 6 in the tens column. @on=t say ) from %7, but ) from %&, add 7 on top gives ), the first digit of the number. Ten 1 68%3 from 2 won=t go so borrow again in a similar fashion. Ten from %2 is 2 or %& is Gero, plus 2 is 2. Eine from / won=t go, so borrow again. Eine from %& is % plus / is .. Four from ) is .. ;ou have your answer. SUBTRA$TION #ROM A PO"ER O# 10: The rule is : -5FTA<CT T"( 5E!T- @!0!T FAD# %&, T"(E (<C" -5CC(--!H( @!0!T FAD# 6, T"(E -5FTA<CT % FAD# T"( @!0!T DE T"( B(FT. %. %&&& $2)7

%&$7,4, 6 $ ) , /, 6 $ 2 , 7, %$%,& The answer is &7/4 SUBTRA$TING SMALLER NUMBERS: !f the number we are subtracting has fewer digits than the one you are subtracting from, then add Geros before the number 1at least, mentally3 to make the calculation: For instance: /. &&& L 74 , /. &&& & &74 // 627 5se the same principle as subtraction method /. S:UARING T E NUMBERS: %. - uaring the numbers ending with 2. .2/ , -eparate the 2 from the digits in front. in this case there is only a . in front of the 2. <dd % to . get 7 1.8%, 73 #ultiply these numbers together: . ' 7 , %/ Write the s uare of 2 1/23 after %/. We will get %//2. %.2
/

, ??

Take %., add % to it we will get %7. Then %. ' %7 , %+/ <dd the s uare of 2 ne't to it. We will get %+//2. S:UARING T E NUMBERS NEAR TO *0:

%. 74/ , Forty si' s uared means 74 ' 74. Aounding upwards, 2& ' 2& , /2&&. Take 2& and /2&& as our reference points. 2& 74/ $7 74 , 2&$7, so 7 is a minus number. -o we take 7 from the /2 hundreds. 1/2$73 ' %&&, /%&& To get the rest of the answer, we s uare the number in the minus. 1 7 / , %43 <dd /%&& and %4 we will get /%%4 is the answer. 24/ , Fifty si' s uared means 24 ' 24. Aounding upwards, 2& ' 2& , /2&&. Take 2& and /2&& as our reference points. 2& 24/ 84 24 , 2&87, so 4 is a positive number. -o we add 4 to /2 hundreds. 1/2843 ' %&&, .%&& To get the rest of the answer, we s uare the number in the minus. 1 4/, .43 <dd .%&& and .4 we will get .%.4 is the answer.

S:UARING NUMBERS NEAR TO *00: This is similar to our strategy for s uaring numbers near 2&.

Five hundred times 2&& is /2&&&&, we take 2&& and /2&&&& as our reference number. %. 2&4/ , 2&& 2&4/ 84 2&&/ , /2&&&& Five hundred and si' is greater than 2&&,

- uare of 2&& is /2&&&& The number 4 is added to the thousands 1/2&843 '%&&& , /24&&& - uare 4 is .4. /24&&&8.4 ,/24&.4 is the answer. S;2a1e the 62m0e1 e6ds <ith 1: %. .%/ , First, subtract % from the number. The number now ends in Gero and should be easy to s uare. 1.&/ , . ' . ' %& ' %&3 , 6&& <dd .& and its ne't number .% 1.&8.%3. We will get 4%3 <dd 16&& 8 4%3 , 64%. /. .2%/,? .2&/ , %//2&& .2& 8.2% , )&% %//2&& 8)&% , %/./&% "E $AN ALSO USE T E MET O) #OR S:UARING NUMBERS EN)ING IN 1 #OR T OSE EN)ING IN +. .. +4/ , +2/ ,)//2 +28+4 , %)%

)//28%)% , ).64 - uaring numbers ending with 6 %. /6/ , <dd % to the number. The number now ends in Gero and is easy to s uare. .&/ , 6&& Eow add .& with given number/6 1.&8/6 ,263 Then s20 16&& $ 26 , +7%3

/. .76/ , .2&/ , %//2&& .2&8.76 , 466 -ub 1%//2&& $ 466 , %/%+&%3 MULTIPLYING NUMBERS " EN T E UNITS )IGITS A)) TO 10 AN) T E TENS )IGITS )I##ER BY 1. T ERE IS RULE IN MAT EMATI$S T AT I# YOU MULTIPLY T"O NUMBERS T AT )I##ER ABO'E AN) BELO" A S:UARE BY T E SAME AMOUNT7 T E ANS"ER "ILL BE T AT NUMBER S:UARE) LESS T E )I##EREN$E S:UARE). %. 4) ' ). , 4) , )& $ . ). , )& 8 . 4) ' ). , )&/ L ./ , 76&& L 6 , 7+6% MULTIPLYING NUMBERS NEAR *0 %. 27 ' 2+ , 2& 27 7 ' 2+ +

<dd 7 8 + , %/

"alve the answer %/J/ , 4 <dd that answer to /2 , we will get /284 , .% 1.% hundreds3 #ultiply 1 7 ' + , ./3 <dd 1.%&& 8 ./ , .%./3

/. 74 ' 7+ , 2& 74 ' 7+ $7 $/

<dd 1$7 $/ , $43 "alve the answer 1$4J/ , $.3 -ubtract 1 /2 L . , //3 1 // hundreds 3 7'/,+ <dd 1 //&& 8 + , //&+3 TEMPERATURE $ON'ERSION: To change Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract .& degree and then halve. To change Celsius to Fahrenheit, double and then add .&. Then answer you will get using this formula will not be e'act, but its close enough for practical purposes. !f you are told the temperature will be + o C, double it and add .&. We will get 74 o F. but the actual temperature would be 74.7oF (asy temperature conversion formulas : 1o C ' /3 8.& , o F, 1o F $.&3 J / , o C, ('act temperature conversion formulas : 1o C ' 6J23 8./ , o F, 1o F $./3 ' 2J6 , o C, TIME AN) )ISTAN$ES: %. < common ruler is .& cm. thirty divided by %/ gives appro'imately / M. 1 /.2 cm is e ual to % inch3 /. %&& km , 4& miles.

PD5E@- TD I!BD0A<#%. % I0 , /./ PD5E@42 kg , 42 ' %% ' /J%& ,%7. pounds

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