REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Sunity Shrestha Hada

Preliminary Information Gathering

1. Background Information on the Organization (Contextual Factors) Origin and History of the Company, Size of the Company (no. of employees, asset size, no, of branches, or all), Charter(vision, mission, ideology), Location (national. Regional, multinational), resources, performances during last five years, ..

Preliminary Information Gathering

2. Prevailing Knowledge on the Topic (relevant findings from the previous studies)
Helps in Identifying previous works related to own topic Saves time (minimize wastage of time wondering around the topic) Develop good problem statement Identify variables Provides the foundation for developing a comprehensive theoretical framework from which hypothesis can be developed

Sources of Data/Information
Text Books Edited Books Journals Theses Conference Proceedings Unpublished Manuscript Reports Newspapers Internet

literature review
The literature review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that you are carrying out.
To provide background information To establish importance To demonstrate familiarity To carve out a space for further research

Characteristics of Effective Literature Reviews

Outlining important research trends Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of existing research Identifying potential gaps in knowledge Establishing a need for current and/or future research projects

Structure of review articles

Literature reviews are in reality a type of research Should conform to the anatomy of a typical scholarly article
Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusion References

How to organize studies

Chronological
By publication date By trend

Thematic
A structure which considers different themes

Methodological
Focuses on the methods of the researcher, e.g., qualitative versus quantitative approaches
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Making links between studies

Agreements Similarly, author B points to Likewise, author C makes the case that Author D also makes this point Again, it is possible to see how author E agrees with author D Disagreements However, author B points to On the other hand, author C makes the case that Conversely, Author D argues Nevertheless, what author E suggests

Summary table

It is useful to prepare. Such a table provides a quick overview that allows the reviewer to make sense of a large mass of information. The tables could include columns with headings such as
Author type of study Sample Design data collection approach key findings

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Summary Table (Author/Period)

Summary Table Author Type of Study Sample Design Data Collection Key Findings

S u m m a r y

Summary table of literature

Atmospherics in service environments

Citation Colour
Bellizzi, Crowley and Hasty (1983)

Sample

Environment

Method

Conclusions

125 Adults

Furniture store

Laboratory experiment Photographic slide simulations

Laboratory experiments Photographic slide simulations

Warm and cool colours created different emotional responses. Customers view red retail environments as more negative and unpleasant than blue.

Bellizzi, & Hite (1992)

70 Adult women 107 Students

Televisions shown with different colour backgrounds Furniture stores

Study based on PAD affect measures and approachavoidance behaviours. More positive retail outcomes occurred in blue environments than red.

Music
Smith and (1966) Curnow 1100 Supermarket shoppers 216 Shoppers Retail store Field experiment Field experiment Time in store reduced with loud music but level of sales did not. The tempo of background music influenced the pace at which customers shopped. Slow tempo music slowed customers down but resulted in increased volume of sales. The positive impact of music on approach behaviours is mediated by an emotional evaluation of the environment and the emotional response to waiting. Pleasurable music produced longer perceived waiting times.

Milliman (1982)

Supermarket

Hui, Dub and Chebat (1997)

116 Students

Bank branch - waiting for service.

Laboratory experiment Video simulation

Lighting
Areni and Kim (1994) 171 Shoppers Wine store Field experiment Field experiment The investigation found that brighter in-store lighting influenced shoppers to examine and handle more of the merchandise in the store Confirmed Areni and Kims (1994) results. Increased levels of lighting will produce arousal and pleasure and increase the approach behaviours of customers.

Summers and Hebert (2001)

2367 Customers

Hardware store Apparel store

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Four Analysis Tasks of the Literature Review

TASKS OF LITERATURE REVIEW

SUMMARIZE

SYNTHESIZE

CRITIQUE

COMPARE

Good Literature Review

Focused - The topic should be narrow. You should only present ideas and only report on studies that are closely related to topic. Concise - Ideas should be presented economically. Dont take any more space than you need to present your ideas. Logical - The flow within and among paragraphs should be a smooth, logical progression from one idea to the next Developed - Dont leave the story half told. Integrative - Your paper should stress how the ideas in the studies are related. Focus on the big picture. What commonality do all the studies share? How are some studies different than others? Your paper should stress how all the studies reviewed contribute to your topic. Current - Your review should focus on work being done on the cutting edge of your topic.
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Comparison and Critique

Evaluates the strength and weaknesses of the work: How do the different studies relate? What is new, different, or controversial?
What views need further testing? What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradicting, or too limited?

What research unsatisfactory?

designs

or

methods

seem

Analyzing: Putting It All Together

What do researchers KNOW about this field? What do researchers NOT KNOW?
Why should we (further) study this topic? (Research Gap)

What will my study contribute?

Meta Analysis in Review of Literature

Narrative Review Systematic Review Meta Analysis

The literature review designs

Narrative Review Selective review of the literature that broadly covers a specific topic. Does not follow strict systematic methods to locate and synthesize articles.
Utilizes exacting search strategies to make certain that the maximum extent of relevant research has been considered. Original articles are methodologically appraised and synthesized. Quantitatively combines the results of studies that are the result of a systematic literature review. Capable of performing a statistical analysis of the pooled results of relevant studies.
Evidence-based Chiropractic 18

Systematic Review

Meta-analysis

Narrative Review
Summarize in general what is in the literature on a given topic Do not follow strict systematic methods like the other literature review designs Prone to bias during the literature search, during the synthesis of the literature, in the discussion and conclusion reference bias Occurs when authors choose articles that support their own conclusions and exclude articles with conflicting views

Systematic Review
is usually more comprehensive; is normally less biased, being the work of more than one reviewer; is transparent and replicable
(Andrews, 2005)

Literature reviewing - conceptual relations

Narrative review

Systematic review

Meta-analysis

Meta Analysis
Traditional reviews focus on statistical significance testing Meta-analysis focuses on the direction and magnitude of the effects across studies

Synthesis of quantitative data A type of systematic review that statistically combines the results from a number of studies

Citing Sources: Things to Avoid

Plagiarism Irrelevant quotations. Un-introduced quotations.

Snowballing
Building on the works of others A scholarly article will always have References/Bibliography A bibliography is always ripe for the picking

Referencing Systems
(Style Manual) 1. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) 2. Chicago Manual of Styles 3. Turabian Style

Bibliography/Reference
Bibliography is listing all the materials that have been consulted while writing an essay or a book. References are those that have been referenced in your article or book.

Citation: APA System

American Psychological Association
1. Formatting 2. In-Text Citations 3. References

1. Formatting
Formatting

Margins Font & Spacing Paper Size Page Header

Title Page Abstract Body References

Major Sections

2. In-Text Citations
Author-date method for citing sources
(Shrestha, 1995) when quoting paraphrases Shrestha; when not quoted (Shrestha, 1995:23) when directly quoted

3. References
1. Book - Single author: Last Name, Initials. (Date). Title of Book. City: Publisher. Book Two authors: Book Multiple authors: 2. Journal 3. Chapter in Edited Book 4. Reference Book with no author: Title (ed.). (Date). City: Publisher. 5. Electronic Sources: References

Citation
Ibid. (abbreviation for the Latin Ibidem, meaning "The same"). Refers to the same author and source (e.g., book, journal) in the immediately preceding reference. op. cit. (abbreviation for the Latin opus citatum, meaning "the work cited"). Refers to the reference listed earlier by the same author. Ibid. refers to the immediately preceding reference; op. cit. refers to the prior reference by the same author.