ON

WDM2

INDIAN RAILWAYS (Diesel Shed, Shakur Basti)

Submitted By: Group 15

Neeraj Kumar Tiwari VIth semester(B. Tech) Mechanical & Automation Engineering Northern India Engineering College #hastri $ar%& 'elhi())**+, Neeraj Kumar Tiwari VIth semester(B. Tech) Mechanical & Automation Engineering HM Institute o! Technolog" and Management

Hamid-ur&'elhi ())**,.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
WE are very thankful to Northern Rail ay for !rovidin" us the # Su$$er %rainin" in Diesel Shed, shakur &asti' eeks

Sh' (i)ay Arora (Sr' D*E + DSL+SSB) , S-' S R .athak (SSE+%+DSL+SSB) and *rs' Alka /alra (%r"' 0o') has assisted the students very ell' %hey 1ondu1ted 1lasses and $ade 1larifi1ation on various to!i1s re"ardin" diesel lo1os' We are also very $u1h thankful to the offi1ers, su!ervisors and staff $e$&ers for their 1o2o!erative and hel!ful su!!ort' %hey s!ent their !re1ious ti$e ith us to e3!lain various o&)e1ts' %he !ro)e1t of WD*4 has !roved to &e very kno led"ea&le' It hel!ed us to learn the various ty!es of &rake syste$ orkin" in Indian Rail ays, their !erfe1t $e1hanis$s' %he kno led"e e have "ained here ould definitely !rove to &e a ste!!in" stone into our 1areer' %he trainin" has &een !roved as a &i" advanta"e for us'

PREFACE
5En"ineerin" students "ain theoreti1al kno led"e only throu"h & o o k s ' %heoreti1al kno led"e is not of $u1h use ithout kno in" I%S .RA0%I0AL i$!le$entation' i t h a s & e e n e3!erien1ed that theoreti1al kno led"e is volatile in nature6 ho ever !ra1ti1al kno led"e i$!arts solid foundation in our $ind7'

%o a11o$!lish this as!e1t, 89R9 8:BIND SIN8- INDRA.RAS%-A 9NI(ERSI%Y,DEL-I has in1luded trainin" for student of B'te1h ;rd year of < to # eeks in our 1urri1ulu$' We have 1overed in this re!ort the history of Indian rail ays, history of Diesel lo1o shed, Shakur&asti' We laid s!e1ial e$!hasis on WD*24 as it as our !ro)e1t '%his re!ort in1ludes various te1hni1al as!e1ts of WD*24 like fuel in)e1tor, !o er !a1k and other !arts' %his re!ort is the su$$ary of rail ay, Delhi7 hat e learnt durin" trainin" in 5Northern

Neera) /u$ar %i ari (NIE0) Neera) /u$ar %i ari (-*RI%*)

(;rd year)

INDEX
=' IN%R:D90%I:N AND -IS%:RY :> INDIAN RAILWAYS 4' -IS%:RY :> DIESEL S-ED S-A/9RBAS%I ;' IN%R:D90%I:N %: WD* <' %E0-NI0AL S.E0I>I0A%I:N ?' DIESEL L:0:*:%I(ES .:WER .A0/ #' >9EL :IL SYS%E* @' .AR%S :> DIESEL ELE0%RI0 L:0:*:%I(ES A' DYNA*I0 BRA/IN8 B' RE>ERAN0E

INTRODUCTION & HISTORY OF INDIAN RAILWAYS:

T"-e Industr" 1ounded Head3uarters

Ministr" (go/ernment de-artment) ail0a"s ). A-ril )2+, Ne0 'elhi& India

#er/ices

$assenger rail0a"s, !reight ser/ices $arcel carrier, Catering and Tourism #er/ices -ar%ing lot o-erations other related ser/ices )&)44.54 6illion (7#8)9.:9 6illion) (:*):;),) )5+ 6illion (7#8:.+ 6illion) (:*):;),) <o/ernment o! India ()**=) ).+ million (:*),)

e/enue Net income O0ner(s) Em-lo"ees

$arent 'i/isions ?ength 'ates o! o-eration Trac% gauge Electri!ication

Ministr" o! ail0a"s through ail0a" Board (India) )4 ail0a" >ones .+&*** %m ). A-ril )2+,;$resent ).4. mm@ )*** mm@ 4.: mm@ .)* mm :,&+5) %m

Indian Railways (re!ortin" $ark IR) is an Indian state2o ned enter!rise, o ned and o!erated &y the 8overn$ent of India throu"h the *inistry of Rail ays' It is one of the orldCs lar"est rail ay net orks 1o$!risin" ==?,DDD k$ (@=,DDD $i) of tra1k over a route of #?,DDD k$ (<D,DDD $i) and @,?DD stations' As of De1e$&er 4D=4, it trans!orted over 4? $illion !assen"ers daily (over B &illion on an annual &asis)' In 4D==, IR 1arried over A,BDD $illion !assen"ersE annually or $ore than 4< $illion !assen"ers daily (rou"hly half of hi1h ere su&ur&an !assen"ers) and 4'A $illion tons of frei"ht daily' In 4D==F4D=4 Indian Rail ays had revenues of =,==B,A<A'B $illion (9SG=B &illion) hi1h 1onsists of #B#,@?B'@ $illion (9SG=4 &illion) fro$ frei"ht and 4A#,<??'4 $illion (9SG<'B &illion) fro$ !assen"ers ti1kets' Rail ays ere first introdu1ed to India in =A?; fro$ Bo$&ay to %hane' In =B?= the syste$s ere nationaliHed as one unit, the Indian Rail ays, &e1o$in" one of the lar"est net orks in the orld' IR o!erates &oth lon"

distan1e and su&ur&an rail syste$s on a $ulti2"au"e net ork of &road, $eter and narro "au"es' It also o ns lo1o$otive and 1oa1h !rodu1tion fa1ilities at several !la1es in India and are assi"ned 1odes identifyin" their "au"e, kind of !o er and ty!e of o!eration' Its o!erations 1over t enty four states and three union territories and also !rovides li$ited international servi1es to Ne!al, Ban"ladesh and .akistan' Indian Rail ays is the orldCs ninth lar"est 1o$$er1ial or utility e$!loyer, &y nu$&er of e$!loyees, ith over ='< $illion e$!loyees' As for rollin" sto1k, IR holds over 4;B,4A= >rei"ht Wa"ons, ?B,@=; .assen"er 0oa1hes and B,?<B Lo1o$otives (<; stea$, ?,=B@ diesel and <,;DB ele1tri1 lo1o$otives)' %he trains have a ? di"it nu$&erin" syste$ as the Indian Rail ays runs a&out =D,DDD trains daily' As of ;= *ar1h 4D=;, 4;,?<= k$ (=<,#4A $i) (;#I) of the total #?,DDD k$ (<D,DDD $i) k$ route len"th as ele1trified' Sin1e =B#D, al$ost all ele1trified se1tions on IR use 4?,DDD (olt A0 tra1tion throu"h overhead 1atenary delivery'

Track and gaug :

Indian rail ays uses four "au"es, the =,#@# $$ (? ft # in) &road "au"e hi1h is ider than the =,<;? $$ (< ft A =J4 in) standard "au"e6 the =,DDD $$ (; ft ; ;JA in) $eter "au"e6 and t o narro "au"es, @#4 $$ (4 ft # in) and #=D $$ (4 ft)' %ra1k se1tions are rated for s!eeds ran"in" fro$ @? to =#D k$+h (<@ to BB $!h)' %he total len"th of tra1k used &y Indian Rail ays is a&out ==?,DDD k$ (@=,DDD $i) hile the total route len"th of the net ork is #?,DDD k$ (<D,DDD $i)' A&out 4;,?<= k$ (=<,#4A $i) or ;#I of the route2kilo$eter as ele1trified as on ;= *ar1h 4D=;'

HISTORY OF!N"RLY" SHA$UR%ASTI

DSL

SH#D

&'((:) Shed

as esta&lished' ith fiat en"ine (Italy) as

&'(*:)#N:S *E%ER 8au"e rail 1ars fitted de!loyed &et een Dli2to2Loharu se1tions'

&'(+:)%he shed 1onstru1tion as 1o$!leted and $aintenan1e ork started in the ne ly &uilt shed' %here as only one &ay, hi1h is !resently 1alled runnin" re!air &ay' &'(,:)# noEs &road "au"e rail 1ars fitted ith Leyland en"ine ere donated &y Australian and the sa$e ere utiliHed &et een DLI2.N. via R:/ on S.R se1tion'

&'*&:)@ noEs 'WDS; lo1o (=BD<# to =BD?4) re1eived fro$ W'8er$any $ay&a1k en"ine ,# 1ylinder havin" #=A -. Suri $ake hydrauli1 $e1h'trans ere utiliHed in shuntin", shuttle and 1ir1ular trains'=BD<@ lo1o as the first lo1o 1o$$issioned on Kan =B#=' *aintenan1e of A railroad 1ranes, =D % 1a!a1ities as $aintained and used &y 1ontainers+ sidin" NDLS' %hese lo1os later on redesi"ned *2D= WDS<0 ith *ak en"ine &y 0LW' &'*,:) D? noEs WDS<A lo1os (=BD?@2#=) *A/ en"ine 1ylinders in line -yd' %rans'''(oith L24r9 ##D -., ere $anufa1tured &y 0LW+0hittran)an' =st indi"enous lo1o (=BD?@) as na$ed INDRA.RAS%A' &'+&:)0LW $anufa1tured WDS<B fitted ith *A/ en"ine #*4A4 A/ # 1yl' Si$!lified S9RI trans' @DD -. as re1eived' &'+-:)WDS<0 ere .:- at 0'L'W $e1hani1al 1lut1h as done' here si$!lified S9RI train' Eli$inatin"

&'+()++:) W<B, stores, ne ad$inistrative &uildin", 1anteen, D8 set roo$ ere !art of shed e3!ansion !ro"ra$$e' &',*:)WDS<D fitted ith *A/ en"ine #21yl' In line *24= (:I%- /.0 L<R49 %rans''' Were re1eived ith L:0: N:' &',+:) the last lo1o as =B@44 WDS<D re1eived in DE0 =BB4'

&',,:)>irst =<D ton BD 1rane =<4D<D 8ott ald 8er$any re1eived on =BA@ and has &een transferred to B%I' &',':)>urther shed e3!ansion !ro"ra$$e in1luded &uildin" of $a1hine sho!, ne la& &uildin" and dou&le storey of AD*N 'Blo1k' &''-:)Ne re!air &ay for $aintenan1e of WD./ 1onstru1ted' ere transferred to Dana!ur'

&'',:)@DD -. B8 DE*9 re1eived fro$ K90

/00&:)Shed as a arded IS:2BDD4 for Luality $ana"e$ent syste$' :ne Effluent %reat$ent .lant of ?D kl 1a!a1ity as 1o$$issioned for re21y1lin" of effluent as a !art of resour1e 1onservation' /001:) *eter "au"e DE*9 of ;?D -. $aintenan1e 1o$$en1ed 4@'D='D< ith 4 D.0 and < %0 for$ations in # RD+ BRD RE2DLI se1tion' /00( ! IS:2=<DD= 1ertifi1ation as re1eived' DE*9 1are

9ltra lo sul!hur diesel is used in Lo1os and DE*9s' Ne 1enter for DE*9s as 1o$!leted' Se1tions

ere renovated' Introdu1tion of 0N82Diesel (duel fuel) D.0'

/00* ! Installation of Bio2Diesel !rodu1tion !lant'

/00, ! Introdu1tion of WD./s Lo1o$otives' /00' ! Introdu1tion of Rail 0ar ith &oth side driver 1a&s'

/0&0 ! Introdu1tion of $ail+e3!ress WD./ lo1o$otive'

2R#S#NT SH#D:

NO"

OF

LOCOS

IN

TH#

WDM2 30

WDS ! 0"

WDM2S!2"

WDS#!1"

D$M%!15&1'15!1 00 (() D)* 01!+50 ()

T*!53 DT*!0+

,-trodu.tio- to WDM/
WD*24s are 4#DD h! Al1o $odels (RSD4B + DL?#D0)' 0o20o, =#21ylinder, <2 stroke tur&o su!er1har"ed en"ine hi1h ere in3r4duc d in &'*/' %he first units ere i$!orted fully &uilt fro$ Al1o' After DLW as set u!, =4 of these ere !rodu1ed fro$ kits i$!orted fro$ Al1o (order no' D;;AB)' After =B#<, DLW !rodu1ed this lo1o in vast nu$&ers in lots of different 1onfi"urations' %his lo1o $odel as IRCs orkhorse for the se1ond half of the 4Dth 1entury, and !erha!s the one lo1o that has an i1oni1 asso1iation ith IR for $any !eo!le' %hese lo1os are found all over India haulin" "oods and !assen"er trains M the standard orkhorse of IR' *any 1ra1k trains of IR used to &e dou&le2headed &y WD*24 lo1os6 this has de1reased no o in" to the ele1trifi1ation of $ost i$!ortant se1tions and the use of $ore !o erful lo1os' A sin"le WD*24 1an "enerally haul around B !assen"er 1oa1hes6 t ins WD*2 4Es ere therefore used for =A21oa1h trains'

5u674s F A fe lo1os of the WD*24 1lass !rodu1ed in =B@A2@B have a full2 idth short hood6 these are unoffi1ially ter$ed CKu$&osC &y the 1re ' %hese ran"e fro$ serial nu$&ers around =@@B# or so to a&out =@AB? or so (=@ABB and a&ove are kno n to &e Cnor$alC WD*24s)' %hese ere a!!arently !rodu1ed ith the idea of i$!rovin" the visi&ility for the drivers, &ut it as learned later that it did not $ake $u1h of a differen1e under the ty!i1al o!eratin" 1onditions of these lo1os' So$e of these ere later $odified to have narro er short hoods to look $ore like the other WD*24Cs' % o lo1os, N=@AA= and N=@AA4, ere trial lo1os !rodu1ed &y DLW hen they ere 1onsiderin" shuttin" do n Ku$&o !rodu1tion6 these look like ordinary WD*24 lo1os, even thou"h there are other Ku$&os ith hi"her road nu$&ers than the$' So$e Ku$&os have under"one further $odifi1ationsO Lo1o N=@A?< as a Ku$&o &ased at Khansi in =BA=6 no P#+D<Q it has &een re&uilt as a WD*2;A lo1o$otive (&ased at .une) &y D0W, .atiala'

%he 1lassifi1ation WD.)/A is a!!lied to those that ere re2fitted ith air &rakes ($ost of these therefore have dual &rakin" 1a!a&ility), hile WD.) /% is a!!lied to $ore re1ent lo1os &uilt ith air &rakes as the ori"inal eLui!$ent (these very rarely have va1uu$ &rakin" 1a!a&ility in addition, es!e1ially if they have &een re&uilt &y 8olden Ro1k)' (-o ever, in the !ast, &efore the ides!read use of air2&rakes, a fe $odified versions ith a lo short hood at one end like the WDS2# ere also 1lassified WD*24A') A fe WD*24 lo1os of the Erode shed have &een $odified and s!ort a full2for ard 1a& at one end, ith the dyna$i1 &rake "rid, &lo er, et1' $oved &et een the 1a& and the tra1tion alternator' %he ori"inal Al1o desi"ns had a =D2day, ;DDDk$ $aintenan1e s1hedule, hi1h as later e3tended &y so$e $odifi1ations to a =<2day s1hedule' No P=+D4Q, the s1hedule is &ein" e3tended to ;D days &y in1reasin" the 1a!a1ities for various fluids (lu&ri1ation oil, et1'), and i$!rovin" so$e &earin"s ($ainly, usin" roller &earin"s for the sus!ension)' %he ori"inal WD*24 &earin"s ere very sus1e!ti&le to failure' -o ever, "iven the a"e of this $odel, unsur!risin"ly even lo1os that have &een $odified for a =<2day s1hedule do often reLuire $ore freLuent $aintenan1e or $inor re!air so they end u! &ein" !ut on a @2day s1hedule any ay WD*24 lo1os are e31e!ted fro$ the ne $ainline diesel 1lassifi1ation s1he$e and ill re$ain 1lassified as WD*24 and not CWD*24>C as they $i"ht &e in the ne s1he$e &ased on their horse!o er' %he first one su!!lied &y Al1o as N=AD<D' %his one is no lon"er in use and is no !reserved at the National Rail ay *useu$ at Ne Delhi' %he se1ond one fro$ Al1o, N=AD<=, is 1urrently P@+D?Q ho$ed at /alyan shed and is often seen haulin" the Diva 2 (asai D*9 servi1e' %he first WD*24 &uilt &y DLW, N=A4;;, is no at Andal shed (not $u1h in use)' %he last WD*24Cs ere in the =#DDD series' %he very last one is N=#AA@' %he WD*24 lo1os have a $a3' s!eed of =4Dk$+h' %here are "enerally s!eakin" no restri1tions for runnin" ith the lon" hood leadin", althou"h itCs &een re!orted that in so$e 1ases the !ra1ti1e as to li$it it to =DDk$+h' %he "ear ratio is #?O=A' So$e WD*24 units are &ein" 1onverted P4+D4Q to have A02D0 trans$ission (alternator drivin" D0 tra1tion $otors) &y D0W, .atiala' 8olden Ro1k orksho!s have also &een renovatin" so$e WD*24 lo1os ith ne features su1h as t in2&ea$ headla$!s' :nly one WD*24 lo1o (N=#A?B, Ernakula$

shed) is kno n to have had 1a& air21onditionin" fitted' %his as the first lo1o to have air21onditionin" in India6 this as done &y the ERS shed in =BB@ ri"ht after re1eivin" the lo1o fro$ DLW, &ut it as disa&led later as the au3iliary alternator !roved too eak to run the air21onditioner ell' A fe WD*24 lo1os do n"raded for shuntin" duties have &een seen $arked ith a WD.) /S 1lass na$e6 e'"', so$e at It ari shed P4DD;Q and so$e at /urla' A fe have also &een s!otted &earin" the 1lass na$e WDS)/, e'"', those at the /alyan shed here they are used for shuntin"' %hese a!!ear to &e Luirks of the lo1al shed staff and not offi1ially re1o"niHed 1lassifi1ations'

D0W .atiala has re&uilt so$e WD*24 units to 1lass WD.)-A8WD.)/C s!e1ifi1ations' %hese are a little different fro$ the nor$al WD*240 fro$ DLW' %hey look very si$ilar to WD*24Cs, e31e!t for a &ul"e on one of the doors of the hood6 this is due to the !resen1e of a 1entrifu"al fuel filter hi1h $oved there &e1ause the $odel reLuired lar"er after 1oolers' %here are so$e other sli"ht differen1es in a!!earan1e' %hese units have a 8E tur&o1har"er and a different e3!resser ith inte"ral air dryin" fa1ility' %hey have a Wood ardRs "overnor hi1h leads to even runnin" and idlin", and (to the "reat disa!!oint$ent of Al1o s$oke fans) redu1es the a$ount of &la1k s$oke durin" intense a11eleration' %hese also have roller &earin"s for the sus!ension, i$!rovin" on the lon"standin" !ro&le$ of &earin" failures on the re"ular WD*24 $odel'

WD./
%he 1lass WD.)/ is Indian Rail aysC orkhorse diesel lo1o$otive' %he first units ere i$!orted fully &uilt fro$ the A$eri1an Lo1o$otive 0o$!any (Al1o) in =B#4' Sin1e =B#<, it has &een $anufa1tured in India &y the Diesel Lo1o$otive Works (DLW), (aranasi' %he $odel na$e stands for &road "au"e (W), diesel (D), $i3ed traffi1 (*) en"ine' %he WD*24 is the $ost 1o$$on diesel lo1o$otive of Indian Rail ays'

%he WD.)/A is a variant of the ori"inal WD*24' %hese units have &een retro2fitted ith air &rakes, in addition to the ori"inal va1uu$ &rakes' %he WD.)/% is a $ore re1ent lo1o$otive, &uilt ith air &rakes as ori"inal

eLui!$ent' %he WD*24 lo1os have a $a3i$u$ s!eed of =4D k$+h (@? $!h), restri1ted to =DD k$+h (#4 $!h) hen run lon" hood for ard 2 the "ear ratio is #?O=A' %he first fe !rototy!e WD*24s ere i$!orted' After Diesel Lo1o$otive Works (DLW) 1o$!leted 1onstru1tion of its fa1tory in (aranasi, !rodu1tion of the lo1o$otives &e"an in India' %he first =4 lo1os ere &uilt usin" kits i$!orted fro$ AL0: in the 9nited States' After that DLW started $anufa1turin" the WD*24 lo1o$otives fro$ their o n 1o$!onents' Sin1e then over 4,ADD lo1o$otives have &een $anufa1tured and the WD*24 has &e1o$e the $ost !o!ular lo1o$otive in India' -o ever, even &efore the arrival of WD*24 another ty!e of diesel lo1o$otive as i$!orted fro$ AL0: &e"innin" in =B?@' %his lo1o$otive as 1lassified as WD*2=' Later a nu$&er of $odifi1ations ere $ade and a fe su&1lasses ere 1reated' %his in1ludes WD*24A, WD*24B and WD*2;A (for$erly WD*240)' %he WD*24 is the diesel orkhorse of the Indian Rail ays, &ein" very relia&le and ru""ed' %he 1lass WD*24 is Indian Rail aysC orkhorse diesel lo1o$otive' %he first units ere i$!orted fully &uilt fro$ the A$eri1an Lo1o$otive 0o$!any (Al1o) in =B#4' Sin1e =B#<, it has &een $anufa1tured in India &y the Diesel Lo1o$otive Works (DLW), (aranasi' %he $odel na$e stands for &road "au"e (W), diesel (D), $i3ed traffi1 (*) en"ine' %he WD*24 is the $ost 1o$$on diesel lo1o$otive of Indian Rail ays' %he WD*24A is a variant of the ori"inal WD*24' %hese units have &een retro2 fitted ith air &rakes, in addition to the ori"inal va1uu$ &rakes' %he WD*24B is a $ore re1ent lo1o$otive, &uilt ith air &rakes as ori"inal eLui!$ent' %he WD*24 lo1os have a $a3i$u$ s!eed of =4D k$+h (@? $!h), restri1ted to =DD k$+h (#4 $!h) hen run lon" hood for ard' %he "ear ratio is #?O=A'

Indian locomotive class WDM-2:-

,-dia- WDM!2

A A'M(: locomoti/e !rom ?udhiana& at Bal%a )ower type Bui0der Mode0 Bui0d date Tota0 produ.ed %,* .0a//i1i.atioGau2e W3ee0 diameter W3ee0ba/e 4e-2t3 Widt3 (ei23t 560e 0oad 4o.omoti7e wei23t 8ue0 .apa.ity )rime mo7er $-2i-e 9)M ra-2e Alco& '?A '?+.*C )9.: on0ards :4**C Co(Co )&.4. mm (+ !t . in) )&*9: mm (, !t 4.* in) ):.2,5 m (5: !t )., in) )4.): m (+. !t : in) :.2.5 m (9 !t 5.2 in) 5.)2+ m (), !t 2.2 in) )2&2** %g (5)&*** l6) )):&2** %g (:59&*** l6) +&*** l ()&)** im- gal@ )&,** 7# gal) A?CO :+)(B 5** ( )*** r-m Die/e0

5/piratio*y0i-der/ Top /peed )ower output 8a.tor o1 ad3e/ioDi/po/itio-

Tur6o(su-ercharged ). ):* %mDh (4+ m-h) :&5** h- ()&2** %A) *.:4

acti/e

TECHNICAL S ECI!ICATIONS:Manufacturers Alco, DLW Alco 251 !, 1" c#lin$er, 2,"%% &' (2,)*% &' site rating+ ,it& Alco -1%.-2% tur/o su'erc&arge$ engine0 1,%%% r'1 1a2, )%% r'1 i$le3 224 11 2 2"" 11 /ore.stro5e3 co1'ression ratio 1205610 Direct fuel in7ection, centrifugal 'u1' cooling s#ste1 (2,)5- l.1in at 1,%%% r'1+, fan $ri8en /# e$$# current clutc& (4" &' at 1,%%% r'1+ 9E 1-M94 . Woo$,ar$:s 45-) "5% . Me$&a ME9 "%1 Electric, ,it& !<EL ;9 1%=*1 A> generator (1,%%% r'1, --% ?, ),52% a1'eres+ 9E-52 (original Alco 1o$els+ ()%5 &'+, !<EL )=%" !> (A>@+ ()*5 &'+ an$ (ne,er+ )=%- A> (,it& roller /earings+ 1404 tones, total ,eig&t 11204 t Alco $esign cast fra1e tri1ount (Co Co+ /ogies *%0) t, at a$&esion 2-B

Engine

9o8ernor ;rans1ission ;raction 1otors A2le loa$ !ogies Atarting ;E

Lengt& o8er /uffer 15,4"2 11 /ea1s Distance /et,een 1%,51" 11 /ogies

Di s l l4c4643i9

:4w r :ack:

.o er !a1k of an en"ine $eans the various syste$ reLuired !o er for the runnin" of the en"ine' %he various syste$s are

=' >uel oil syste$ 4' Lu&e oil syste$ ;' 0har"e air syste$ <' Water 1oolin" syste$

C C

>uel oil syste$ is one hi1h !rovides fuel su!!ly to the en"ine for develo!in" or !rodu1tion of !o er for runnin" of lo1o$otive en"ine' >uel oil syste$ is "enerally 1lassified into t o su& 1ate"ories D >uel feed syste$ D >uel in)e1tion syste$

C C

All lo1o$otive units have individual fuel oil syste$' %he fuel oil syste$ is desi"ned to introdu1e fuel oil into the en"ine 1ylinders at the 1orre1t ti$e, at 1orre1t !ressure, at 1orre1t Luantity and 1orre1tly ato$iHed' %he syste$ in)e1ts into the 1ylinder 1orre1tly $etered a$ount of fuel in hi"hly ato$iHed for$'

Fu l 4il sys3 6:
D ReLuire$ents of fuel oil syste$ D Asso1iate 1o$!onents of fuel oil syste$ D %rou&le shootin" of fuel oil syste$

R ;uir 6 n3s 4< <u l 4il sys3 6:

%he fuel oil syste$ is desi"ned to introdu1e fuel oil into the en"ine 1ylinders at 1orre1t ti$e, 1orre1t !ressure and 1orre1t Luantity' At 1orre1t ti$e the fuel should &e introdu1ed into the 1o$&ustion 1ha$&er ith in defined !eriod of the 1y1le' C4rr c3 ;uan3i3y: 1orre1t Luantity of fuel is i$!ortant to $aintain the varia&le s!eed of lo1o en"ine at varia&le load' C4rr c3 :r ssur : -i"h !ressure also hel!s in !ro!er ato$iHation so that the s$all dro!lets 1o$e in &etter 1onta1t ith the fresh air in the 1o$&ustion 1ha$&er'

Ass4cia3
C C C

c46:4n n3s 4< <u l <

d sys3 6:

>uel oil tank F fa&ri1ated under the su!!ort stru1ture of the lo1o$otive and lo1ated &et een the t o &o"ies 1a!a1ity is ?DDDliters' >uel !ri$ary filter( !a!er ty!e filter) Booster !u$! (fuel transfer !u$!) .u$! 1a!a1ity 2=< liters + $in (at =@4?r!$) .ressure F < to <'Ak" +1$4

C C C

>uel relief valve ?k"+1$4(@D!si)

the

s!rin"

loaded

relief

valve

ad)usted

at

>uel se1ondary filter (!a!er ty!e filter) >uel re"ulatin" valve O the s!rin" loaded valve ad)usted at < to <'4k"+1$4(?D to ?? !si)

Ass4cia3 d c46:4n n3s 4< <u l in= c3i4n sys3 6: a) Fu l in= c3i4n :u6:O
It is sin"le a1tin" 1onstant stroke !lun"er ty!e !u$!' Func3i4ns: =) %o raise the fuel oil !ressure to the noHHle this fuel' ill effi1iently ato$iHe the

4) %o su!!ly the 1orre1t Luantity of the fuel to noHHle as !er !o er and s!eed reLuire$ent of the en"ine' ;) %o a11urately ti$e delivery the fuel for effi1ient e1ono$i1al o!eration of the en"ine'

>uel in)e1tion !u$!

&) Fu l in= c3i4n n4>>l :

=) %o in)e1t the fuel suffi1iently (hi"h !ressure) so that the fuel enters the 1ylinder ith the hi"h velo1ity 4) >uel in)e1tion noHHle in)e1ts fuel oil to 1o$&ustion 1ha$&er at <DDD!si'

Fu l in= c3i4n n4>>l

C C C C C

3 s3:

%he 1riteria for "ood noHHle are "ood ato$iHation, 1orre1t s!ray !attern and no leaka"e or dri&&lin"' %he fuel in)e1tion noHHle is tested on a s!e1ially desi"ned test stand' S!ray !attern (&y takin" i$!ression on &lottin" !a!er) S!ray !ressure (;BDD2<D?D!si re1onditioned noHHle) for ne and ;@DD2;ADD!si for

Dri77ling: %his o11urs due to i$!ro!er !ressure settin" or dirt stu1k u! &+ the valve and valve seat ':r i$!ro!er 1onta1t &+ valve and vale seat'

Tr4u7l
C C C C C C C

s?443ing 4< <u l 4il sys3 6:

>uel oil !ressure not &uildin" u!' >uel !u$!s $otor not >uel oil 1onta$inated orkin"' ith ater

>uel oil !ri$ary+se1ondary filter 1ho1ked' >uel oil leakin" fro$ !i!e )oint' >uel oil hose !i!es &urst+da$a"ed due to ru&&in"' >uel 1ross over !i!e &urst'

C44ling sys3 6:

24w r 2ack 4< WD./ L4c4643i9

Di s l #ngin O

%he !o er !a1k 1onsists of various syste$s like lu&e oil syste$, fuel oil syste$, and ater 1oolin" syste$ and 1har"e air syste$' Every syste$ has its o n fun1tion to a11o$$odate !ro!er orkin" of the en"ine' >uel oil syste$ fun1tion is, to su!!ly fuel and $aintains fuel of reLuired Luantity ith reLuired !ressure for the fuel hi1h enters into the 1o$&ustion 1ha$&er of the en"ine'

T?

Di s l L4c4643i9

%he $odern diesel lo1o$otive is a self 1ontained version of the ele1tri1 lo1o$otive' Like the ele1tri1 lo1o$otive, it has ele1tri1 drive, in the for$ of tra1tion $otors drivin" the a3les and 1ontrolled ith ele1troni1 1ontrols' It also has $any of the sa$e au3iliary syste$s for 1oolin", li"htin", heatin", &rakin" and hotel !o er (if reLuired) for the train' It 1an o!erate over the sa$e routes (usually) and 1an &e o!erated &y the sa$e drivers' It differs !rin1i!ally in that it 1arries its o n "eneratin" station around ith it, instead of &ein" 1onne1ted to a re$ote "eneratin" station throu"h overhead ires or a third rail' %he "eneratin" station 1onsists of a lar"e diesel en"ine 1ou!led to an alternator !rodu1in" the ne1essary ele1tri1ity' A fuel tank is also essential' It is interestin" to note that the $odern diesel lo1o$otive !rodu1es a&out ;?I of the !o er of an ele1tri1 lo1o$otive of si$ilar ei"ht'

a"ts o# a Diesel-Elect"ic Locomotive

Diesel En$ine
%his is the $ain !o er sour1e for the lo1o$otive' It 1o$!rises a lar"e 1ylinder &lo1k, ith the 1ylinders arran"ed in a strai"ht line or in a (' %he en"ine rotates the drive shaft at u! to =,DDD r!$ and this drives the various ite$s needed to !o er the lo1o$otive' As the trans$ission is ele1tri1, the en"ine is used as the !o er sour1e for the ele1tri1ity "enerator or alternator, as it is 1alled no adays'

.ain 2ar3s 4< an #ngin

Main Alte"nato"
%he diesel en"ine drives the $ain alternator hi1h !rovides the !o er to $ove the train' %he alternator "enerates A0 ele1tri1ity hi1h is used to !rovide !o er for the tra1tion $otors $ounted on the tru1ks (&o"ies)' In older lo1o$otives, the alternator as a D0 $a1hine, 1alled a "enerator' It !rodu1ed dire1t 1urrent hi1h as used to !rovide !o er for D0 tra1tion $otors' *any of these $a1hines are still in re"ular use' %he ne3t develo!$ent as the re!la1e$ent of the "enerator &y the alternator &ut still usin" D0 tra1tion $otors' %he A0 out!ut is re1tified to "ive the D0 reLuired for the $otors'

A%&ilia"' Alte"nato"
Lo1o$otives used to o!erate !assen"er trains are eLui!!ed ith an au3iliary alternator' %his !rovides A0 !o er for li"htin", heatin", air 1onditionin", dinin" fa1ilities et1' on the train' %he out!ut is trans$itted alon" the train throu"h an au3iliary !o er line' In the 9S, it is kno n as Shead end !o erS or Shotel !o erS' In the 9/, air 1onditioned !assen"er 1oa1hes "et hat is 1alled ele1tri1 train su!!ly (E%S) fro$ the au3iliary alternator'

Moto" (lo)e"
%he diesel en"ine also drives a $otor &lo er' As its na$e su""ests, the $otor &lo er !rovides air hi1h is &lo n over the tra1tion $otors to kee! the$ 1ool durin" !eriods of heavy ork' %he &lo er is $ounted inside the lo1o$otive &ody &ut the $otors are on the tru1ks, so the &lo er out!ut is 1onne1ted to ea1h of the $otors throu"h fle3i&le du1tin"' %he &lo er out!ut also 1ools the alternators' So$e desi"ns have se!arate &lo ers for the "rou! of $otors on ea1h tru1k and others for the alternators' Whatever the arran"e$ent, a $odern lo1o$otive has a 1o$!le3 air $ana"e$ent syste$ hi1h $onitors the te$!erature of the various rotatin" $a1hines in the lo1o$otive and ad)usts the flo of air a11ordin"ly'

Ai" Inta*es
%he air for 1oolin" the lo1o$otiveCs $otors is dra n in fro$ outside the lo1o$otive' It has to &e filtered to re$ove dust and other i$!urities and its flo re"ulated &y te$!erature, &oth inside and outside the lo1o$otive' %he air $ana"e$ent syste$ has to take a11ount of the ide ran"e of te$!eratures fro$ the !ossi&le T<DU0 of su$$er to the !ossi&le 2<DU0 of inter'

+ecti#ie"s,Inve"te"s
%he out!ut fro$ the $ain alternator is A0 &ut it 1an &e used in a lo1o$otive ith either D0 or A0 tra1tion $otors' D0 $otors ere the traditional ty!e used for $any years &ut, in the last =D years, A0 $otors have &e1o$e standard for ne lo1o$otives' %hey are 1hea!er to &uild and 1ost less to $aintain and, ith ele1troni1 $ana"e$ent 1an &e very finely 1ontrolled' %o 1onvert the A0 out!ut fro$ the $ain alternator to D0, re1tifiers are reLuired' If the $otors are D0, the out!ut fro$ the re1tifiers is used dire1tly' If the $otors are A0, the D0 out!ut fro$ the re1tifiers is 1onverted to ;2!hase A0 for the tra1tion $otors' E*DCs syste$ links the a3les ithin ea1h tru1k in !arallel, ensurin" heel sli! 1ontrol is $a3i$iHed a$on" the a3les eLually' .arallel 1ontrol also $eans even heel ear even &et een a3les' -o ever, if one inverter (i'e'

one tru1k) fails then the unit is only a&le to !rodu1e ?D !er 1ent of its tra1tive effort' :ne inverter !er a3le is $ore 1o$!li1ated, &ut the 8E vie is that individual a3le 1ontrol 1an !rovide the &est tra1tive effort' If an inverter fails, the tra1tive effort for that a3le is lost, &ut full tra1tive effort is still availa&le throu"h the other five inverters' By 1ontrollin" ea1h a3le individually, kee!in" heel dia$eters 1losely $at1hed for o!ti$u$ !erfor$an1e is no lon"er ne1essary'

$0e.tri.a0 *o-tro0/
Al$ost every !art of the $odern lo1o$otiveCs eLui!$ent has so$e for$ of ele1troni1 1ontrol' %hese are usually 1olle1ted in a 1ontrol 1u&i1le near the 1a& for easy a11ess' %he 1ontrols ill usually in1lude a $aintenan1e $ana"e$ent syste$ of so$e sort hi1h 1an &e used to do nload data to a !orta&le or hand2held 1o$!uter'

*o-tro0 Sta-d
%his is the !rin1i!al $an2$a1hine interfa1e, kno n as a 1ontrol' %he 1o$$on ty!e of stand is !ositioned at an an"le on the left side of the drivin" !osition and, it is said, is $u1h !referred &y drivers to the $odern desk ty!e of 1ontrol layout usual in Euro!e and no &ein" offered on so$e lo1o$otives in the 9S.

Batterie/
Eust li%e an automo6ile& the diesel engine needs a 6atter" to start it and to -ro/ide electrical -o0er !or lights and controls 0hen the engine is s0itched o!! and the alternator is not running.

The locomoti/e o-erates on a nominal .5(/olt electrical s"stem. The locomoti/e has eight 2(/olt 6atteries@ each 0eighing o/er ,** -ounds (),. %g). These 6atteries -ro/ide the -o0er needed to start the engine (it has a huge starter motor)& as 0ell as to run the electronics in the locomoti/e. Once the main engine is running& an alternator su--lies -o0er to the electronics and the 6atteries

*ab

*ost diesel lo1o$otives have t o 1a&s' Lo1os are also desi"ned ith narro en"ine 1o$!art$ents and alk ays alon" either side' %his "ives a reasona&le for ard vie if the lo1o$otive is orkin" Shood for ardsS' It is diffi1ult to tell the differen1e &et een a frei"ht and !assen"er lo1o$otive &e1ause the desi"ns are al$ost all ide &odied and their use is often $i3ed' %he 1a& of the lo1o$otive rides on its o n sus!ension syste$, hi1h hel!s isolate the en"ineer fro$ &u$!s' %he seats have a sus!ension syste$ as ell'

T"action Moto"
Sin1e the diesel2ele1tri1 lo1o$otive uses ele1tri1 trans$ission, tra1tion $otors are !rovided on the a3les to "ive the final drive' %hese $otors ere traditionally D0 &ut the develo!$ent of $odern !o er and 1ontrol ele1troni1s has led to the introdu1tion of ;2!hase A0 $otors' %here are &et een four and si3 $otors on $ost diesel2ele1tri1 lo1o$otives' A $odern A0 $otor ith air &lo in" 1an !rovide u! to =,DDD h!' 2r4:ulsi4n: %he 3rac3i4n 6434rs !rovide !ro!ulsion !o er to the heels' %here is one on ea1h a3le' Ea1h $otor drives a s$all "ear, hi1h $eshes ith a lar"er "ear on the a3le shaft' %his !rovides the "ear redu1tion that allo s the $otor to drive the train at s!eeds of u! to ==D $!h'

>i"'2 %ra1tion *otor Ea1h $otor ei"hs #,DDD !ounds (4,@44 k") and 1an dra of ele1tri1al 1urrent' u! to =,=@D a$!s

8ue0 Ta-:
A diesel lo1o$otive has to 1arry its o n fuel around ith it and there has to &e enou"h for a reasona&le len"th of tri!' %he fuel tank is nor$ally under the lo1o fra$e and ill have a 1a!a1ity of say =,DDD i$!erial "allons (9/ 0lass ?B, ;,DDD h!) or ?,DDD 9S "allons in a 8eneral Ele1tri1 A0<<DD0W <,<DD h! lo1o$otive' %he ne A0#DDDs have ?,?DD "allon tanks' In addition to fuel, the lo1o$otive ill 1arry around, ty!i1ally a&out ;DD 9S "allons of 1oolin" ater and 4?D "allons of lu&ri1atin" oil for the diesel en"ine' Air reservoirs are also reLuired for the train &rakin" and so$e other syste$s on the lo1o$otive' %hese are often $ounted ne3t to the fuel tank under the floor of the lo1o$otive' %his hu"e tank in the under&elly of the lo1o$otive holds /@/00 gall4ns (A,;4A L) of diesel fuel' %he fuel tank is 1o$!art$entaliHed, so if any 1o$!art$ent is da$a"ed or starts to leak, !u$!s 1an re$ove the fuel fro$ that 1o$!art$ent'

Go7er-or
:n1e a diesel en"ine is runnin", the en"ine s!eed is $onitored and 1ontrolled throu"h a "overnor' %he "overnor ensures that the en"ine s!eed stays hi"h enou"h to idle at the ri"ht s!eed and that the en"ine s!eed ill not rise too hi"h hen full !o er is de$anded' %he "overnor is a si$!le $e1hani1al devi1e hi1h first a!!eared on stea$ en"ines' It o!erates on a diesel en"ine as sho n in the dia"ra$ &elo ' %he "overnor 1onsists of a rotatin" shaft, hi1h is driven &y the diesel en"ine' A !air of fly ei"hts is linked to the shaft and they rotate as it rotates' %he 1entrifu"al for1e 1aused &y the rotation 1auses the ei"hts to &e thro n out ards as the s!eed of the shaft rises' If the s!eed falls the ei"hts $ove in ards' %he fly ei"hts are linked to a 1ollar fitted around the shaft &y a !air of ar$s' As the ei"hts $ove out, so the 1ollar rises on the shaft' If the ei"hts $ove in ards, the 1ollar $oves do n the shaft' %he $ove$ent of the 1ollar is used to o!erate the fuel ra1k lever 1ontrollin" the a$ount of fuel su!!lied to the en"ine &y the in)e1tors.

$;)9$SS$9
In Indian Rail ays, the trains nor$ally ork on va1uu$ &rakes and the diesel lo1os on air &rakes' As su1h !rovision has &een $ade on every diesel lo1o for &oth va1uu$ and 1o$!ressed air for o!eration of the syste$ as a 1o$&ination &rake syste$ for si$ultaneous a!!li1ation on lo1o$otive and train' >i"'?'=2 E3!ressure In AL0: lo1os the e3hauster and the 1o$!ressor are 1o$&ined into one unit and it is kno n as EV.RESS:R' It 1reates 4;S of va1uu$ in the train !i!e and =<D .SI air !ressure in the reservoir for o!eratin" the &rake syste$ and use in the 1ontrol syste$ et1' %he e3!resser is lo1ated at the free end of the en"ine &lo1k and driven throu"h the e3tension shaft atta1hed to the en"ine

1rank shaft' %he t o are 1ou!led to"ether &y fast 1ou!lin" (/o!!erCs 1ou!lin")' Naturally the e3!ressor 1rank shaft has ei"ht s!eeds like the en"ine 1rank shaft' %here are t o ty!es of e3!ressor are, #0D, <90 , #0D, ;90' In #0D, <90 e3!ressor there are si3 1ylinder and four e3hauster hereas #0D,;90 1ontain si3 1ylinder and three e3hauster'

W<9K,NG <8 $;(5%ST$9

Air fro$ va1uu$ train !i!e is dra n into the e3hauster 1ylinders throu"h the o!en inlet valves in the 1ylinder heads durin" its su1tion stroke' Ea1h of the e3hauster 1ylinders has one or t o inlet valves and t o dis1har"e valves in the 1ylinder head' A study of the inlet and dis1har"e valves as "iven in a se!arate dia"ra$ ould indi1ate that individual 1o$!onents like (=) !late valve outer (4) !late valve inner (;) s!rin" outer (<) s!rin" inner et1' are all inter1han"ea&le !arts' :nly &asi1 differen1e is that they are arran"ed in the reverse $anner in the valve asse$&lies hi1h $ay also have different siHe

and sha!e' %he retainer stud in &oth the asse$&lies $ust !ro)e1t u! ard to avoid hittin" the !iston' %he !ressure differential &et een the availa&le !ressure in the va1uu$ train !i!e and inside the e3hauster 1ylinder o!ens the inlet valve and air is dra n into the 1ylinder fro$ train !i!e durin" su1tion stroke' In the ne3t stroke of the !iston the air is 1o$!ressed and for1ed out throu"h the dis1har"e valve hile the inlet valve re$ains 1losed' %he differential air !ressure also auto$ati1ally o!en or 1lose the dis1har"e valves, the sa$e ay as the inlet valves o!erate' %his !ro1ess of su1tion of air fro$ the train !i!e 1ontinues to 1reate reLuired a$ount of va1uu$ and dis1har"e the sa$e air to at$os!here' %he (A2= 1ontrol valve hel!s in $aintainin" the va1uu$ to reLuisite level des!ite 1ontinued orkin" of the e3hauster' '

*ompre//or
%he 1o$!ressor is a t o sta"e 1o$!ressor ith one lo !ressure 1ylinder and one hi"h !ressure 1ylinder' Durin" the first sta"e of 1o$!ression it is done in the lo !ressure 1ylinder here su1tion is throu"h a ire $esh filter' After 1o$!ression in the L. 1ylinder air is delivered into the dis1har"e $anifold at a !ressure of ;D + ;? .SI' Workin"s of the inlet and e3haust valves are si$ilar to that of e3hauster hi1h auto$ati1ally o!en or 1lose under differential air !ressure' >or inter21oolin" air is then !assed throu"h a radiator kno n as inter21ooler' %his is an air to air 1ooler here 1o$!ressed air !asses throu"h the ele$ent tu&es and 1ool at$os!heri1 air is &lo n on the out side fins &y a fan fitted on the e3!ressor 1rank shaft' 0oolin" of air at this sta"e in1reases the volu$etri1 effi1ien1y of air &efore it enters the hi"h2 !ressure 1ylinder' A safety valve kno n as inter 1ooler safety valve set at #D .SI is !rovided after the inter 1ooler as a !rote1tion a"ainst hi"h !ressure develo!in" in the after 1ooler due to defe1t of valves' After the first sta"e of 1o$!ression and after21oolin" the air is a"ain 1o$!ressed in a 1ylinder of s$aller dia$eter to in1rease the !ressure to =;?2=<D .SI in the sa$e ay' %his is the se1ond sta"e of 1o$!ression in the -. 1ylinder' Air a"ain needs 1oolin" &efore it is finally sent to the air reservoir and this is done hile the air !asses throu"h a set of 1oiled tu&es after 1ooler

Ai" +ese"voi"s
Air reservoirs 1ontainin" 1o$!ressed air at hi"h !ressure are reLuired for the train &rakin" and so$e other syste$s on the lo1o$otive' %hese are often $ounted ne3t to the fuel tank under the floor of the lo1o$otive

D"ive S-a#t
%he $ain out!ut fro$ the diesel en"ine is trans$itted &y the drive shaft to the alternators at one end and the radiator fans and 1o$!ressor at the other end'

+adiato" and +adiato" !an

%he radiator orks the sa$e ay as in an auto$o&ile' Water is distri&uted around the en"ine &lo1k to kee! the te$!erature ithin the $ost effi1ient ran"e for the en"ine' %he ater is 1ooled &y !assin" it throu"h a radiator &lo n &y a fan driven &y the diesel en"ine'

T%".o C-a"$in$
%he a$ount of !o er o&tained fro$ a 1ylinder in a diesel en"ine de!ends on ho $u1h fuel 1an &e &urnt in it' %he a$ount of fuel hi1h 1an &e &urnt de!ends on the a$ount of air availa&le in the 1ylinder' So, if you 1an "et $ore air into the 1ylinder, $ore fuel ill &e &urnt and you ill "et $ore !o er out of your i"nition' %ur&o 1har"in" is used to in1rease the a$ount of air !ushed into ea1h 1ylinder' %he tur&o1har"er is driven &y e3haust "as fro$ the en"ine' %his "as drives a fan hi1h, in turn, drives a s$all 1o$!ressor hi1h !ushes the additional air into the 1ylinder' %ur&o 1har"in" "ives a ?DI in1rease in en"ine !o er' %he $ain advanta"e of the tur&o1har"er is that it "ives $ore !o er ith no in1rease in fuel 1osts &e1ause it uses e3haust "as as drive !o er' It does need additional $aintenan1e, ho ever, so there are so$e ty!es of lo er !o er lo1o$otives hi1h are &uilt ithout it'

Mec-anical T"ansmission
Like an auto$o&ile, a diesel lo1o$otive 1annot start itself dire1tly fro$ a stand' It ill not develo! $a3i$u$ !o er at idlin" s!eed, so it needs so$e for$ of trans$ission syste$ to $ulti!ly torLue hen startin"' It ill also &e ne1essary to vary the !o er a!!lied a11ordin" to the train ei"ht or the line "radient' %here are three $ethods of doin" thisO $e1hani1al, hydrauli1 or ele1tri1' *ost diesel lo1o$otives use ele1tri1 trans$ission and are 1alled Sdiesel2ele1tri1S lo1o$otives' *e1hani1al and hydrauli1 trans$issions are still used &ut are $ore 1o$$on on $ulti!le unit trains or li"hter lo1o$otives' . c?anical Trans6issi4n A diesel2$e1hani1al lo1o$otive is the si$!lest ty!e of diesel lo1o$otive' As the na$e su""ests, a $e1hani1al trans$ission on a diesel lo1o$otive 1onsists a dire1t $e1hani1al link &et een the diesel en"ine and the heels' In the e3a$!le &elo , the diesel en"ine is in the ;?D2?DD h! ran"e and the

trans$ission is si$ilar to that of an auto$o&ile ith a four s!eed "ear&o3' *ost of the !arts are si$ilar to the diesel2ele1tri1 lo1o$otive &ut there are so$e variations in desi"n $entioned &elo '

Gearbo6

%his does the sa$e )o& as that on an auto$o&ile' It varies the "ear ratio &et een the en"ine and the road heels so that the a!!ro!riate level of !o er 1an &e a!!lied to the heels' 8ear 1han"e is $anual' %here is no need for a se!arate 1lut1h &e1ause the fun1tions of a 1lut1h are already !rovided in the fluid 1ou!lin"'

Fluid C4u:ling
In a diesel2$e1hani1al trans$ission, the $ain drive shaft is 1ou!led to the en"ine &y a fluid 1ou!lin"' %his is a hydrauli1 1lut1h, 1onsistin" of a 1ase filled ith oil, a rotatin" dis1 ith 1urved &lades driven &y the en"ine and another 1onne1ted to the road heels' As the en"ine turns the fan, the oil is driven &y one dis1 to ards the other' %his turns under the for1e of the oil and thus turns the drive shaft' :f 1ourse, the startu! is "radual until the fan s!eed is al$ost $at1hed &y the &lades' %he hole syste$ a1ts like an auto$ati1 1lut1h to allo a "raduated start for the lo1o$otive'

!inal D"ive
%he diesel2$e1hani1al lo1o$otive uses a final drive si$ilar to that of a stea$ en"ine' %he heels are 1ou!led to ea1h other to !rovide $ore adhesion' %he out!ut fro$ the <2s!eed "ear&o3 is 1ou!led to a final drive and reversin" "ear&o3 hi1h is !rovided ith a transverse drive shaft and &alan1e ei"hts' %his is 1onne1ted to the drivin" heels &y 1onne1tin" rods'

Hydraulic Trans6issi4n

-ydrauli1 trans$ission orks on the sa$e !rin1i!al as the fluid 1ou!lin" &ut it allo s a ider ran"e of Ssli!S &et een the en"ine and heels' It is kno n as a StorLue 1onverterS' When the train s!eed has in1reased suffi1iently to $at1h the en"ine s!eed, the fluid is drained out of the torLue 1onverter so that the en"ine is virtually 1ou!led dire1tly to the lo1o$otive heels' It is virtually dire1t &e1ause the 1ou!lin" is usually a fluid 1ou!lin", to "ive so$e Ssli!S' -i"her s!eed lo1o$otives use t o or three torLue 1onverters in a seLuen1e si$ilar to "ear 1han"in" in a $e1hani1al trans$ission and so$e have used a 1o$&ination of torLue 1onverters and "ears' So$e desi"ns of diesel2hydrauli1 lo1o$otives had t o diesel en"ines and t o trans$ission syste$s, one for ea1h &o"ie' %he desi"n as !o!lar in 8er$any (the (4DD series of lo1o$otives, for e3a$!le) in the =B?Ds and as i$!orted into !arts of the 9/ in the =B#Ds' -o ever, it did not ork ell in heavy or e3!ress lo1o$otive desi"ns and has lar"ely &een re!la1ed &y diesel2ele1tri1 trans$ission'

T-e Diesel En$ine

%he diesel en"ine as first !atented &y Dr Rudolf Diesel (=A?A2=B=;) in 8er$any in =AB4 and he a1tually "ot a su11essful en"ine orkin" &y =AB@' By =B=;, hen he died, his en"ine as in use on lo1o$otives and he had set u! a fa1ility ith SulHer in S itHerland to $anufa1ture the$' -is death as $ysterious in that he si$!ly disa!!eared fro$ a shi! takin" hi$ to London' %he diesel en"ine is a 1o$!ression2i"nition en"ine, as o!!osed to the !etrol (or "asoline) en"ine, hi1h is a s!ark2i"nition en"ine' %he s!ark i"nition en"ine uses an ele1tri1al s!ark fro$ a Ss!ark !lu"S to i"nite the fuel in the en"ineCs 1ylinders, hereas the fuel in the diesel en"ineCs 1ylinders is i"nited &y the heat 1aused &y air &ein" suddenly 1o$!ressed in the 1ylinder' At this sta"e, the air "ets 1o$!ressed into an area =+4?th of its ori"inal volu$e' %his ould &e e3!ressed as a 1o$!ression ratio of 4? to =' A 1o$!ression ratio of =# to = ill "ive an air !ressure of ?DD l&s+inW (;?'? &ars) and ill in1rease the air te$!erature to over ADDU> (<4@U0)' %he advanta"e of the diesel en"ine over the !etrol en"ine is that it has a hi"her ther$al 1a!a1ity (it "ets $ore ork out of the fuel), the fuel is 1hea!er &e1ause it is less refined than !etrol and it 1an do heavy ork under e3tended !eriods of overload' It 1an ho ever, in a hi"h s!eed for$, &e sensitive to $aintenan1e and noisy, hi1h is hy it is still not !o!ular for !assen"er auto$o&iles'

Diesel En$ine T'/es

%here are t o ty!es of diesel en"ine, the t o2stroke en"ine and the four2 stroke en"ine' As the na$es su""est, they differ in the nu$&er of $ove$ents of the !iston reLuired to 1o$!lete ea1h 1y1le of o!eration' %he si$!lest is the t o2stroke en"ine' It has no valves' %he e3haust fro$ the 1o$&ustion and the air for the ne stroke is dra n in throu"h o!enin"s in the 1ylinder all as the !iston rea1hes the &otto$ of the do n stroke'

0o$!ression and 1o$&ustion o11urs on the u!stroke' As one $i"ht "uess, there are t i1e as $any revolutions for the t o2stroke en"ine as for eLuivalent !o er in a four2stroke en"ine' %he four2stroke en"ine orks as follo sO Do n stroke = 2 air intake, u!stroke = 2 1o$!ression, do n stroke 4 2 !o er, u!stroke 4 2 e3haust' (alves are reLuired for air intake and e3haust, usually t o for ea1h' In this res!e1t it is $ore si$ilar to the $odern !etrol en"ine than the 42stroke desi"n' In the 9/, &oth ty!es of diesel en"ine ere used &ut the <2stroke &e1a$e the standard' %he 9/ 0lass ?? SDelti1S (not no in re"ular $ain line servi1e) unusually had a t o2stroke en"ine' In the 9S, the 8eneral Ele1tri1 (8E) &uilt lo1o$otives have <2stroke en"ines hereas 8eneral *otors (8*) al ays used 42stroke en"ines until the introdu1tion of their SDBD*A0 #DDD h! SseriesS en"ine, hi1h is a <2stroke desi"n' %he reason for usin" one ty!e or the other is really a Luestion of !referen1e' -o ever, it 1an &e said that the 42stroke desi"n is si$!ler than the <2stroke &ut the <2stroke en"ine is $ore fuel effi1ient'

T4 A 4r n43 34 A
Diesel en"ines 1an &e desi"ned ith the 1ylinders Sin2lineS, Sdou&le &ankedS or in a S(S' %he dou&le &anked en"ine has t o ro s of 1ylinders in line' *ost diesel lo1o$otives no have ( for$ en"ines' %his $eans that the 1ylinders are s!lit into t o sets, ith half for$in" one side of the (' A (A en"ine has < 1ylinders set at an an"le for$in" one side of the ( ith the other set of four for$in" the other side' %he 1rankshaft, !rovidin" the drive, is at the &ase of the ('

T"active E##o"t0 %ll and o)e"

Before "oin" too $u1h further, e need to understand the definitions of tra1tive effort, dra &ar !ull and !o er' %he definition of tra1tive effort (%E) is si$!ly the for1e e3erted at the heel ri$ of the lo1o$otive and is usually e3!ressed in !ounds (l&s) or kilo Ne tonEs (/N)' By the ti$e the tra1tive effort is trans$itted to the 1ou!lin" &et een the lo1o$otive and the train, the dra &ar !ull, as it is 1alled ill have redu1ed &e1ause of the fri1tion of the $e1hani1al !arts of the drive and so$e ind resistan1e' .o er is e3!ressed as horse!o er (h!) or kilo Watts (kW) and is a1tually a rate of doin" ork' A unit of horse!o er is defined as the ork involved &y a horse liftin" ;;,DDD l&s one foot in one $inute' In the $etri1 syste$ it is 1al1ulated as the !o er (Watts) needed hen one Ne ton of for1e is $oved one $etre in one se1ond' %he for$ula is . X (>Yd)+t here . is !o er, > is for1e, d is distan1e and t is ti$e' :ne horse!o er eLuals @<# Watts' %he relationshi! &et een !o er and dra &ar !ull is that a lo s!eed and a hi"h dra &ar !ull 1an !rodu1e the sa$e !o er as hi"h s!eed and lo dra &ar !ull' If you need to in1rease hi"her tra1tive effort and hi"h s!eed, you need to in1rease the !o er' %o "et the variations needed &y a lo1o$otive to o!erate on the rail ay, you need to have a suita&le $eans of

trans$ission &et een the diesel en"ine and the heels' :ne thin" orth re$e$&erin" is that the !o er !rodu1ed &y the diesel en"ine is not all availa&le for tra1tion' In a 4,?AD h! diesel ele1tri1 lo1o$otive, so$e <?D h! is lost to on2&oard eLui!$ent like &lo ers, radiator fans, air 1o$!ressors and Shotel !o erS for the train'

Sta"tin$
A diesel en"ine is started (like an auto$o&ile) &y turnin" over the 1rankshaft until the 1ylinders SfireS or &e"in 1o$&ustion' %he startin" 1an &e done ele1tri1ally or !neu$ati1ally' .neu$ati1 startin" as used for so$e en"ines' 0o$!ressed air as !u$!ed into the 1ylinders of the en"ine until it "ained suffi1ient s!eed to allo i"nition, then fuel as a!!lied to fire the en"ine' %he 1o$!ressed air as su!!lied &y a s$all au3iliary en"ine or &y hi"h !ressure air 1ylinders 1arried &y the lo1o$otive' Ele1tri1 startin" is no standard' It orks the sa$e ay as for an auto$o&ile, ith &atteries !rovidin" the !o er to turn a starter $otor hi1h turns over the $ain en"ine' In older lo1o$otives fitted ith D0 "enerators instead of A0 alternators, the "enerator as used as a starter $otor &y a!!lyin" &attery !o er to it'

!%el In1ection
I"nition is a diesel en"ine is a1hieved &y 1o$!ressin" air inside a 1ylinder until it "ets very hot (say <DDU 0, al$ost ADDU >) and then in)e1tin" a fine s!ray of fuel oil to 1ause a $iniature e3!losion' %he e3!losion for1es do n the !iston in the 1ylinder and this turns the 1rankshaft' %o "et the fine s!ray needed for su11essful i"nition the fuel has to &e !u$!ed into the 1ylinder at hi"h !ressure' %he fuel !u$! is o!erated &y a 1a$ driven off the en"ine' %he fuel is !u$!ed into an in)e1tor, hi1h "ives the fine s!ray of fuel reLuired in the 1ylinder for 1o$&ustion' %he ori"inal fuel in)e1tion !u$!s used on AL0: En"ines had !lun"er dia$eter of =? $$' %he !lun"er dia$eter of the fuel in)e1tion !u$! as in1reased fro$ =? $$ to =@ $$' %his $odifi1ation led to shar!er fuel in)e1tion i'e' in)e1tion at hi"her2!ressure' %he $odifi1ation resulted in in1rease of !eak fuel line !ressure fro$ @?D to A?D &ars and, thus, i$!rove$ent in the fuel effi1ien1y' %he esti$ated fuel and lu&e oil e1ono$y ith this $odifi1ation is a!!ro3' ='?I and <I res!e1tively'

o)e" Cont"ol
%he diesel en"ine in a diesel2ele1tri1 lo1o$otive !rovides the drive for the $ain alternator hi1h, in turn, !rovides the !o er reLuired for the tra1tion $otors' We 1an see fro$ this therefore, that the !o er reLuired fro$ the diesel en"ine is related to the !o er reLuired &y the $otors' So, if e ant

$ore !o er fro$ the $otors, e $ust "et $ore 1urrent fro$ the alternator so the en"ine needs to run faster to "enerate it' %herefore, to "et the o!ti$u$ !erfor$an1e fro$ the lo1o$otive, e $ust link the 1ontrol of the diesel en"ine to the !o er de$ands &ein" $ade on the alternator' %he 1ore of the syste$ as a load re"ulator, &asi1ally a varia&le resistor hi1h as used to vary the e31itation of the "enerator so that its out!ut $at1hed en"ine s!eed' %he 1ontrol seLuen1e (si$!lified) as as follo sO =' Driver $oves the !o er 1ontroller to the full !o er !osition' 4' An air o!erated !iston a1tuated &y the 1ontroller $oves a lever, hi1h 1loses a s it1h to su!!ly a lo volta"e to the load re"ulator $otor' ;' %he load re"ulator $otor $oves the varia&le resistor to in1rease the $ain "enerator field stren"th and therefore its out!ut' <' %he load on the en"ine in1reases so its s!eed falls and the "overnor dete1ts the redu1ed s!eed' ?' %he "overnor ei"hts dro! and 1ause the fuel ra1k servo syste$ to a1tuate' #' %he fuel ra1k $oves to in1rease the fuel su!!lied to the in)e1tors and therefore the !o er fro$ the en"ine' @' %he lever ($entioned in 4 a&ove) is used to redu1e the !ressure of the "overnor s!rin"' A' When the en"ine has res!onded to the ne 1ontrol and "overnor settin"s, it and the "enerator ill &e !rodu1in" $ore !o er'

Coolin$
Like an auto$o&ile en"ine, the diesel en"ine needs to ork at an o!ti$u$ te$!erature for &est effi1ien1y' When it starts, it is too 1old and, hen orkin", it $ust not &e allo ed to "et too hot' %o kee! the te$!erature sta&le, a 1oolin" syste$ is !rovided' %his 1onsists of a ater2&ased 1oolant 1ir1ulatin" around the en"ine &lo1k, the 1oolant &ein" ke!t 1ool &y !assin" it throu"h a radiator' %he 1oolant is !u$!ed round the 1ylinder &lo1k and the radiator &y an ele1tri1ally or &elt driven !u$!' %he te$!erature is $onitored &y a ther$ostat and this re"ulates the s!eed of the (ele1tri1 or hydrauli1) radiator fan $otor to ad)ust the 1oolin" rate' When startin" the 1oolant isnCt 1ir1ulated at all' After all, you ant the te$!erature to rise as fast as !ossi&le hen startin" on a 1old $ornin" and this ill not ha!!en if you a &lo in" 1old air into your radiator' So$e radiators are !rovided ith shutters to hel! re"ulate the te$!erature in 1old 1onditions' If the fan is driven &y a &elt or $e1hani1al link, it is driven throu"h a fluid 1ou!lin" to ensure that no da$a"e is 1aused &y sudden 1han"es in en"ine s!eed' %he fan orks the sa$e ay as in an auto$o&ile, the air &lo n &y the fan &ein" used to 1ool the ater in the radiator' So$e en"ines have fans ith an ele1tri1ally or hydrostati1ally driven $otor' A hydrauli1 $otor uses oil under !ressure hi1h has to &e 1ontained in a s!e1ial reservoir and !u$!ed to the $otor' It has the advanta"e of !rovidin" an in2&uilt fluid 1ou!lin"'

A !ro&le$ ith en"ine 1oolin" is 1old eather' Water freeHes at DU0 or ;4U> and froHen 1oolin" ater ill Lui1kly s!lit a !i!e or en"ine &lo1k due to the e3!ansion of the ater as it freeHes' So$e syste$s are Sself drainin"S hen the en"ine is sto!!ed and $ost in Euro!e are desi"ned to use a $i3ture of anti2freeHe, ith 8y1ol and so$e for$ of rust inhi&itor' .ro&le$s ith leaks and seals and the e3!ense of !uttin" a =DD "allons (;@A'? liters) of 1oolant into a ;,DDD h! en"ine, $eans that en"ines in the 9S have traditionally o!erated ithout it' In 1old eather, the en"ine is left runnin" or the lo1o$otive is ke!t ar$ &y !uttin" it into a heated &uildin" or &y !lu""in" in a shore su!!ly' Another reason for kee!in" diesel en"ines runnin" is that the 1onstant heatin" and 1oolin" 1aused &y shutdo ns and restarts, 1auses stresses in the &lo1k and !i!es and tends to !rodu1e leaks'

Lu7rica3i4n
Like an auto$o&ile en"ine, a diesel en"ine needs lu&ri1ation' In an arran"e$ent si$ilar to the en"ine 1oolin" syste$, lu&ri1atin" oil is distri&uted around the en"ine to the 1ylinders, 1rankshaft and other $ovin" !arts' %here is a reservoir of oil, usually 1arried in the su$!, hi1h has to &e ke!t to!!ed u!, and a !u$! to kee! the oil 1ir1ulatin" evenly around the en"ine' %he oil "ets heated &y its !assa"e around the en"ine and has to &e ke!t 1ool, so it is !assed throu"h a radiator durin" its )ourney' %he radiator is so$eti$es desi"ned as a heat e31han"er, here the oil !asses throu"h !i!es en1ased in a ater tank hi1h is 1onne1ted to the en"ine 1oolin" syste$'

T"ansmissions
Like an auto$o&ile, a diesel lo1o$otive 1annot start itself dire1tly fro$ a stand' It ill not develo! $a3i$u$ !o er at idlin" s!eed, so it needs so$e for$ of trans$ission syste$ to $ulti!ly torLue hen startin"' It ill also &e ne1essary to vary the !o er a!!lied a11ordin" to the train ei"ht or the line "radient' %here are three $ethods of doin" thisO $e1hani1al, hydrauli1 or ele1tri1' *e1hani1al and hydrauli1 trans$issions are still used &ut are $ore 1o$$on on $ulti!le unit trains or li"hter lo1o$otives' Diesel2ele1tri1 lo1o$otives 1o$e in three varieties, a11ordin" to the !eriod in hi1h they ere desi"ned' %hese three areO D0 2 D0 (D0 "enerator su!!lyin" D0 tra1tion $otors)6 A0 2 D0 (A0 alternator out!ut re1tified to su!!ly D0 $otors) and A0 2 D0 2 A0 (A0 alternator out!ut re1tified to D0 and then inverted to ;2 !hase A0 for the tra1tion $otors)'

Dyna6ic 7raking
A 1o$$on o!tion on Diesel2ele1tri1 lo1o$otives is dyna$i1 (rheostat) &rakin"'

Dyna$i1 &rakin" takes advanta"e of the fa1t that the tra1tion $otor ar$atures are al ays rotatin" hen the lo1o$otive is in $otion and that a $otor 1an &e $ade to a1t as a "enerator &y se!arately e31itin" the field indin"' When dyna$i1 &rakin" is utiliHed, the tra1tion 1ontrol 1ir1uits are 1onfi"ured as follo sO %he field indin" of ea1h tra1tion $otor is 1onne1ted a1ross the $ain "enerator' %he ar$ature of ea1h tra1tion $otor is 1onne1ted a1ross a for1ed2air 1ooled resistan1e "rid (the dyna$i1 &rakin" "rid) in the roof of the lo1o$otiveCs hood' %he !ri$e $over R.* is in1reased and the $ain "enerator field is e31ited, 1ausin" a 1orres!ondin" e31itation of the tra1tion $otor fields'

>i"' Air Brake Syste$

%he a""re"ate effe1t of the a&ove is to 1ause ea1h tra1tion $otor to "enerate ele1tri1 !o er and dissi!ate it as heat in the dyna$i1 &rakin" "rid' >or1ed air2 1oolin" is !rovided &y a fan that is 1onne1ted a1ross the "rid' 0onseLuently, the fan is !o ered &y the out!ut of the tra1tion $otors and ill tend to run faster and !rodu1e $ore airflo as $ore ener"y is a!!lied to the "rid' 9lti$ately, the sour1e of the ener"y dissi!ated in the dyna$i1 &rakin" "rid is the $otion of the lo1o$otive as i$!arted to the tra1tion $otor ar$atures' %herefore, the tra1tion $otors i$!ose dra" and the lo1o$otive a1ts as a &rake' As s!eed de1reases, the &rakin" effe1t de1ays and usually &e1o$es ineffe1tive &elo a!!ro3i$ately =# k$+h (=D $!h), de!endin" on the "ear ratio &et een the tra1tion $otors and a3les' Dyna$i1 &rakin" is !arti1ularly &enefi1ial hen o!eratin" in $ountainous re"ions, here there is al ays the dan"er of a runa ay due to overheated fri1tion &rakes durin" des1ent (see also 1o$$ents in the air &rake arti1le re"ardin" loss of &rakin" due to i$!ro!er train handlin")'

In su1h 1ases, dyna$i1 &rakes are usually a!!lied in 1on)un1tion ith the air &rakes, the 1o$&ined effe1t &ein" referred to as &lended &rakin"' %he use of &lended &rakin" 1an also assist in kee!in" the sla1k in a lon" train stret1hed as it 1rests a "rade, hel!in" to !revent a Srun2in,S an a&ru!t &un1hin" of train sla1k that 1an 1ause a derail$ent' Blended &rakin" is also 1o$$only used ith 1o$$uter trains to redu1e ear and tear on the $e1hani1al &rakes that is a natural result of the nu$erous sto!s su1h trains ty!i1ally $ake durin" a run' Advanta"esO Re"enerative &rakin"' No "ear shiftin"' No &a1klash and &reakin" of 1ou!lin"s durin" shiftin"' 0onstant availa&ility of $a3i$u$ diesel "enerator !o er' Easy addition of $ulti!le !o er units' Less $aintenan1e ith $odern a1 "enerators and $otors ithout 1o$$utators' Disadvanta"esO *ore ei"ht' Less effi1ient in fuel use' Needs hi"h te1h ele1troni1s

ith use of a1 "enerators and $otors

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