Name : Widya Saraswati Nim : C0311045

FINAL EXAMINATION INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA

ANSWERS THESE QUESTIONS

1. We are certain that violent portrayals are pervasive in the media, especially the most dominant medium, television. We know that people use the cues in the portrayal of violence to construct meaning. Scholars strongly agree that exposure to media violence leads to negative effects both immediately during exposure and over the long term of continuous exposure. We also know that certain types of portrayals of violence, certain types of viewers, and certain environments increase the probability of negative effects. How do the scholars argue one to another on such quotation? The scholars argue that as the viewers we should understand that media is only transmit an information, not totally being a cause of violence. Moreover, the cause of violence is more often find in the in the poverty, homelessness, unemployment, frustration, abuse than in television programs. The violence which portrayed in the media such as in the press and news is a kind of representative of what happen in the society. On the other hand, some of scholars argue that in the determinist model, media influence their audiences/viewers and at least make them think or believe about violence in the specific way of thinking. However, media can be influence the viewers/audiences who dont have knowledge about violence itself and who has a chance to do the violence. As the viewers we should have a filter, what is the cause of effect of violence. It can be said that the judgment of violence through the media is depend on the viewers see about that ,some will say it is harm or some will say it is okay . All of them is depend on what kind situation or what kind society we live.

The example ; For children who dont have a knowledge about violence will immitate the act of Smackdown one of controversial television programs that ever played in the Indonesian channel.

2. In talking about girls magazines in the early half of the twentieth century, Tinkler(1995) observes that the form and content of magazines represented the articulation ofcapitals concern to exploit girls as consumers, with patriarchal interests in the heterosexualdevelopment and orientation of girls as a necessary precondition of their acceptanceof unequal gender relations and a subordinate position within marriage. Explain what you understand from Tinklers opinion on girls magazines! From Tinklers opinion, I catch that those kind of girls magazines in the early twentieth century are usually has an aim to influence the girls to be what magazines said about the perfect girls. Furthermore, the characteristic of girls who like to buy something is a kind of opportunity for the magazines owners to spread the consumerism habit. As we can see that the patriarchal in here means that the domination of Male is always strong in the girls megazine, because the idea of perfect woman is come from the male not from the female one. The magazines will influence the readers to be what they said, and to step by step accept the unequal gender relations. As we can see, girls magazines always show up that good girls must wear that, or must act like that, or have an appearance like that. I think that the magazines owners also play an important role, because the owner (who usually dominated by male) will spread their ideology about what kind of girls they like. It can be concluded that the girls will think they are beautiful or interesting if they follow the suggestion from the girls magazines. For example the page of questions and choices answers in the girls megazines such as How good your capability as a girlfriend ,or the articles about how to have a good make up ,etc.

3. Hesmondhalgh and Negus (2002): A distinctive feature of popular music studies has been the willingness of participants to address the relations between musical meaning, social power and cultural value.

How do you understand with the willingness of participants to address therelations between musical meaning, social power and cultural value.! I try to connect it with the characteristic of popular music to that quotation. In those quote, willingness means ready to act gladly .Moreover, the audiences will listen to music they like gladly, without any oppression. Then, the music which is popular is always has a meaning inside it or has an aim inside its music. Despite of having musical meaning, the social power also has a role in the way of music is spread to the society. The social power in the music will give an additional influence to the popularity of music. The last is about cultural value, which is popular music always has particular characteristic of culture. For example music RocknRoll which youth always listening to, because they believe that RocknRoll makes them enjoy and they also has a willingness to listen to it. Rock nroll itself actually ever got much critism,but as the time goes by due to the influence of Media ,the RocknRoll music become common and favorite among the people. This kind of music is come from America, and is has a cultural value of America who likes to get a freedom, or express themselves freely. Moreover, the RonknRoll music also represent the social power of American society, thats why this music also popular in around the world.

4. Describe the scholars view on gendered gaze as reviewed by Burton! The scholars view that gendered gaze always dominated by male gaze . The male gaze is always dominated because of the media ,especially films always shows the scenes about desire of men to the woman. In addition , some scholars argue that male gaze always dominated because of the films industry always dominated by male.As we can see through the hollywood film,female always being the victim ,the one who weak and depend her life to male. Female is always tend to be the object of male desire ,so thats why the female gaze is rarely can find. Moreover ,Burton also reviewed that the gendered gaze can be seen from Dracula movie ,which always contains a dominations of male.

5. Explain Cornford and Robins argument thatnew media are often heavily reliant on repackaged older media content. How do you understand such statement! In my opinion ,it means that the new media is renew from the older one ,or we can say that the new media always has a relations with the older one . Moreover ,the new one will have a kind of improvement or additional features. The new media can give not only one way communications but also two way communications. It can help the producers to see or understand their costumers interest . Even though the shape or content just the same with the old one,but the new one is always more efficient. For example : Radio,it is nowadays can be use not only to listen to music/news from radio station but also to play CD and DVD.

6. Advertisements obscure and avoid the real issues of society, they create systems of social differentiation, basic issues . . . are sublimated into meanings, images, lifestyles,to be bought with products, not money (Williamson, 1978). Explain this citation! Advertisement is one of media which is keep away from the real issue of society, it always try to be the different one, because being different is good. The differentiation in the advertisement creates a new mainstream that will be popular for society. As we can see that new advertisement will be different from the old one, for example from the words in the advertisement itself, the persuasuasive languages and the symbols or big picture. The advertisement also bring into a new lifestyle which is in the first time is considered as a weird thing ,but step by step when we become common see it in the advertisement it will be looks normal to us . Then the products or images which sells through advertisement will be okay and because it is influence implicitly, so the people usually not aware that they are being influenced. For example : the advertisement of cough medicine in Indonesia , batuk di komix aja ,those words repeated many times in the tv then it makes the people believe that they have a cough they should buy komix.

7. Mumford and others would argue that non-closure is a feminine trait and is subversive. Nochimson (1992) suggests that linear syntax is masculine, and is opposed to feminine discontinuous and elliptical syntax. How do you understand the two different arguments of the two scholars!

8. McNair (1998) asserts this both on the larger principle that it is a work of human agency and that, as an authored narrative, (it) is at the same time an ideological force, communicating not just the facts but also a way of understanding and making sense of the facts. In what way, developed from McNair argument that the nature of media is inherently ideological! 9. Television, more comprehensively than any other medium, has turned sport into an essential component of its organisational infrastructure and textual product, and has succeeded in transforming major sports events (and the remote viewers that they attract) into a pivotal commodity whose value can be realised and exploited in myriad ways. From this quotation, explain how sport becomes commodity! Sport become commodity through their popularity ,as we can see that sport is very popular for mens ,even some womans also like it . The time of sport playing in the tv screen ,the fanatic fans of some sports club ,and also the role of sport media is also has a contributions to sport become as a commodity . Moreover ,if we take a look inside the sport team ,and the sports players they also need an incomes so thats why they accepts the advertisers and sponsors who want to put their brand on their uniforms or on their stadiums. In the other hand , sport is still shows as a healthy activity among the local until the international competitions. Nowadays , Sport become the victim of capitalism because the profits of sport not only from sport merchandise but also from the sponsors. The profit is the main oriented,so we can find many sport megazines ,sport infotainments and also sport brand

(nike,adidas,puma,etc) as the things that can produce money. For example Beckham

from club MU then to Madrid ,and now in the L.A Galaxy then in the club PSG,sport players also become a commodity which can sell or buy with money. 10. What is the relationship between the global, the regional, the national and the specifically local is in a creative state of flux in terms of production, consumption and textual features? First ,product will be distributed in the regional ,then it will be distributed in the national scale ,and finally it can be distributed until the global scale because of media . The regional ,national and global are connect to each other . This connection is related to the term of globalization ,because at the beginning it is only can be distributed in the regional scale ,but finally then it can be distributed to the global scale because of the transformation of media communications and also media technology and transportations . In the term of productions ,we can see that the regional just need a small number of productions,but in the global scale it is need the mass productions. The next is about the consumptions ,we can see that regional only have a small numbers of consumers ,so the profit will be different with the global scale which has a big number of consumers. The last is about the textual features of them ,the textual feature of the regional scale will be more simple than the textual feature of the global scale . Even today because of globalization ,the border of regional ,national ,and global can be reach easily through internet.