LNG and Natural Gas Interchangeability

> March 2013

Interchangeability Defined
>The ability to substitute one gaseous fuel for another in a combustion application without materially changing operational safety or performance and without materially increasing air pollutant emissions

Source NGC+ Working Group on Interchangeability White Paper presented to FERC, Feb. 2005 2

GTI Capabilities
> Optimize home appliances, commercial cooking appliances, boilers, and industrial burners for performance using non-traditional sources > Provide critical information regarding equipment and appliance safety and life, process efficiency, and emissions > Solutions lead to better optimized combustion systemssaving energy and reducing airborne emissionswhile allowing equipment to be operated over broader ranges of gas compositions
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GTI has expertise in fuel specification and the acceptable property ranges for natural gases to be interchangeable with specific gas end-use equipment and processes

GTI Experience
> Researchers have conducted systematic laboratory testing to measure equipment performance as a function of changing gas composition and properties > Defined which equipment is sensitive to fuel gas changes and needs to be studied > Developed protocols to test under various gas compositions, to assess interchangeability parameters, and to evaluate gas composition changes on indoor and outdoor air quality
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Test Gases Cover a Wide Range for Interchangeability Testing

1440
Substitute 2

1420
Substitute 1

1400 Wobbe Number

California limit, 1385 + 1.3 %N2 + 2.1 %N2 Adjust 3 +3.1 %N2 +2.4 %N2

1380

1360

1340

Adjust 2

+ 5.0 %N2 +6.4% N2

1320
Adjust 1 + 6.3 %N2 +7.8% N2

1300 1000

1020

1040

1060

1080

1100

1120
5

1140

HHV (Btu/scf)

Burner Sensitivity is Assessed

Burners are classified based on physical characteristics and applications Interchangeability testing and evaluations are carried out on the most sensitive types of burners

Blending Stations are Used to Generate Gas Compositions for Testing

Methane Ethane Propane

Natural Gas Nitrogen Butane

Blended gas mixture (fuel to the test burner)

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Emissions Measurements are Made with Calibrated Instruments

SAMPLEDRYING O2 SPANGASES CO SAMPLEFLOW CONTROLS

THC NOx

CO2
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Gas Quality Testing of Industrial Burners

EXAMPLE 1

Heat Flux Mapping Thermal Radiation Burner

Natural Gas
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LNG
Heat flux Btu/ft2/sec
7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5

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Heat flux Btu/ft2/sec

7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5

Distance, inches

Distance, inches

1 12

Distance, inches

1 12

Fragments are shown: the heat flux sensor steps along the vertical direction (north/south) first, then shifts one over in the horizontal (east/west) direction
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Distance, inches

EXAMPLE 2

Radiant Tube Test at a California Steel Company

Galvanizing line with multiple zones Preheat using 24 direct, flat flame burners Heating zone with 21 W radiant tubes using Bloom 2320 burners > Burner N5 used for tests Recuperator and cooling zone GC to monitor natural gas supply Blending station allowed adding nitrogen and propane Thermocouple put in exhaust duct Dedicated O2, CO, NOx, hydrocarbon analyzers
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Research Opportunities
> GTIs engineers and scientists conduct research, development, and demonstration projects at large scale at our facilities or in the field. We provide contract and collaborative R&D services to industry, government, and consortia. For More Information David Rue GTI Institute Engineer, End Use Solutions 847-768-0508 david.rue@gastechnology.org

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