Exam #4 Sample Questions

Math 45 Linear Algebra

Fall 1997
David Arnold Name:
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1. Complete the Iollowing defnitions:
a. Let D be an q q matrix. A scalar is called an HLJHQYDOXH oI D iI and only iI ...
b. Let D be an q q matrix. An HLJHQYHFWRU oI matrix D is ...
c. Let D be an q q matrix. The matrix D is GLDJRQDOL]DEOH iI and only iI ...
d. Let Y be a vector space. An inner product on Y is a Iunction ? > A= Y Y $U which satisfes the
Iollowing Iour properties:
e. Let x @+x
4
> = = = > x
q
, and y @ +y
4
> = = = > y
q
, be elements oI U
q
. The dot product, x y, oI vectors x
and y, is defned to be ...
I. Let y @ +y
4
> = = = > y
q
, be an element in U
q
. The length oI y, nyn, is defned ...
g. Let x @+x
4
> = = = > x
q
, and y @ +y
4
> = = = > y
q
, be elements oI U
q
. The distance between x and y,
g+x> y,, is defned ...
2. Complete the Iollowing statements:
a. Let x @+x
4
> = = = > x
q
, and y @ +y
4
> = = = > y
q
, be elements oI U
q
. The vectors x and y are orthogonal iI
and only iI ...
b. Let x @+x
4
> = = = > x
q
, and y @ +y
4
> = = = > y
q
, be elements oI U
q
. The projection oI vector x onto
vector y, is ...
c. Let x @+x
4
> = = = > x
q
, be an element oI U
q
. A unit vector in the direction oI x is ...
3. Use hand calculations only to determine the eigenvalues and eigenvectors oI the matrix
D @

: 7
6 4

1
4. Use hand calculations only to determine the characteristic polynomial oI the matrix.
D @
5
7
4 5 3
3 5 5
3 4 3
6
8
5. Consider the matrix
D @
5
9
9
9
9
7
4 3 5 6 3
3 5 3 6 6
3 3 4 8 8
3 3 3 4 5
3 3 3 3 5
6
:
:
:
:
8
State the eigenvalues and their multiplicities.
6. Use Matlab`s null command with the 'r' switch to fnd a basis Ior the eigenspace associated with each
eigenvalue oI the matrix D in problem 5. Is the matrix D deIective? Is the matrix D diagonalizable?
7. Matrix D is 5 5 and has the Iollowing eigenvalues and eigenvectors:

4
@ 4 +,y
4
@

4
4

5
@ 4 +,y
5
@

4
3

a. Calculate the matrix D?

b. Calculate D
43
.
8. Find closed-Iorm solutions Ior each oI the Iollowing frst order diIIerence equations. Your solution must
contain hand-calculations only.
a. d
q
@ 4=5d
q4
> d
3
@ 4533
b. {
q
@

4 7
3 6

{
q4
> {
3
@

4
5

9. Consider the Iollowing system oI frst order diIIerence equations:

{
q
@ {
q4
. |
q4
. }
q4
|
q
@ 5|
q4
. }
q4
}
q
@ 6}
q4
a. Set up a frst order diIIerence equation in the Iorm
{
q
@ D{
q4
b. Use Matlab`s poly and roots commands to fnd the characteristic polynomial oI matrix D and the
roots oI the characteristic polynomial.
c. Use Matlab`s null command with the 'r' switch to fnd an eigenvector Ior each eigenvalue oI
matrix D.
d. Use Matlab to help express
{
3
@
5
7
4
4
4
6
8
as a linear combination oI the eigenvectors Iound in part (c).
2
e. Write the closed Iorm solution oI the frst order diIIerence equation {
q
@ D{
q4
with initial condition
{
3
.
10. The Iollowing data is taken Irom 3DUDPHWHUV IRU 6HDVRQDOO\ %UHHGLQJ 3RSXODWLRQV, a paper in (FRORJ\ (48
(1967) 834-839). The study was taken on Iemale sheep. The age categories are in years. The birth rates
represent the average number oI Iemale babies produced by an individual Iemale sheep in a particular age
class. The survival rates are the proportion oI sheep surviving a particular age class and moving on to the
next age class the Iollowing year.
Age (years) Birth Rate (yearly) Survival Rate (yearly)
0-1 0.000 0.845
1-2 0.045 0.975
2-3 0.391 0.965
3-4 0.472 0.950
4-5 0.484 0.926
5-6 0.546 0.895
6-7 0.542 0.850
7-8 0.502 0.786
8-9 0.468 0.691
9-10 0.459 0.561
10-11 0.433 0.370
11-12 0.421 0.000
a. Use Matlab to create the Leslie matrix Ior this model. 1RWH. +RSHIXOO\, \RX KDYH JURZQ D ELW VPDUWHU
WKDQ WKH ODVW WLPH \RX VDZ WKLV SUREOHP. %HJLQ \RXU FUHDWLRQ RI WKH /HVOLH PDWUL[ ZLWK WKH FRPPDQG
/GLDJ+6/04,, ZKHUH 6 LV D YHFWRU FRQWDLQLQJ WKH VXUYLYDO UDWHV. 7KHQ SODFH WKH IHFXQGLW\ UDWHV LQ WKH
UVW URZ RI / ZLWK WKH FRPPDQG /+4/=,), ZKHUH ) LV D URZ YHFWRU FRQWDLQLQJ WKH IHFXQGLW\ UDWHV.
b. What will be the eventual growth rate oI the population? (8VH 0DWODE)
c. Find a vector containing the eventual proportions oI each age population. (8VH 0DWODE)
d. Sketch a graph oI the population proportion oI each age group over time.
11. Let x @ +4> 5> 6, > y @ +4> 3> 5,, and z @ +4> 4> 5, be vectors in U
6
. Evaluate each oI the
Iollowing:
a.
x y
y y
y.
x z
z z
z
b. ny zn
c. surm
z
y
d. Find a unit vector in the direction oI x.
e. Use guess and check to fnd a vector orthogonal to the vector x.
12. Consider the Iollowing data set.
{ 1 3 5 7 9
| 4 5 7 8 11
a. Use Matlab to plot the data points with markers oI your choice.
b. Use the method oI least squares to ft the data to a line. That is, fnd an equation
| @ p{ .e
3
which minimizes the least square error.
c. Use Matlab to superimpose the plot oI the line Iound in part (b) on your data plot Irom part (a).
d. Label each axis and provide a title containing the equation oI the line.
13. Consider the Iollowing data set.
{ 0 1 2 3 4
| 4 2 3 5 <
a. Use Matlab to plot the data points with markers oI your choice.
b. Use the method oI least squares to ft the data to a quadratic. That is, fnd an equation
| @ d{
5
. e{ .f
which minimizes the least square error.
c. Use Matlab to superimpose the plot oI the line Iound in part (b) on your data plot Irom part (a).
d. Label each axis and provide a title containing the equation oI the quadratic.
4