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Where C
n
Unit cost associated with the pipe ij; D
ij
is the Diameter of pipe ij; L
ij
is the Length of pipe ij; N is the
Number of pipes in the network.
The second objective of the optimal water distribution network is to minimize the energy cost while satisfying the
hydraulic requirements of the system. The objective cost function can be mathematically expressed as
( )
N T
nt nt
n =1t =1
Minimize C E 3
( )
nt ij i j
9.81
C = Q ( h + H ) 4
q
Where N represents the number of pumps ; T is the number of control Time Span ; C
nt
is theunit energy cost of pump
n at schedule time of t ; E
nt
is the energy consumption of pump n during the schedule time interval from t to t+1 with a
pump control setting ; Q
ij
is the pump discharge through pipe ij ; Efficiency of pump ; H is the Static Head ; h
ij
is the
Head loss in the pipe ij.
Computation of optimal design of distribution network must be performed in the following stages.
1. Establishment of optimal distribution for discharges through pipes Q
ij
.
2. Computation of optimal pipes diameters D
ij
considering the optimized discharges.
4. Materials and Methods
The Objective of this study is to develop software using VISUAL BASIC (VB) programming language based on the
Hardy-Cross method of analysis of pipe network that can handle small and large distribution system to solve flow rates
and head losses in pipes.
4.1 Flow rate problem employed
To evaluate the software developed in this study, 2 loop [figure 1] pipe networks are adopted. Outflow at each node and
assumed flow directions are drawn as illustrated in [figure 1]. Analysis of the pipe network is carried out manually and
the results are compared with software solution.
Figure 1: Two loop Network
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2013 Page 376
Table 1: Pipe Details
Table 2: Pipe Details
4.2 Description of the software
The simulation is controlled by user defined criteria. The user can define accuracy between correction factor (). The
iterations are stopped when the correction factor () difference for all loops is reduced to that user defined value.
Screen 1: From this screen, user enters the Project Name, User Name and No. of pipes in loops. Select the Per capita
water requirement (liter per capita daily)
Screen 2:
In this screen parent details of each node can be enter. It include
1. Node Population 2. Node Sources
3. After entering node population and node sources click on Find button
4. Then software calculates discharge at each node and assumed discharge through each pipe in lit/sec.
Discharge =Population Per capita peak factor
Peak factor is depending upon population.
Screen 3: Loop Details
Pipe
Name
Pipe
Diameter
( mm )
Pipe
Length
(m )
AB 300 500
BC 200 300
DC 200 500
AD 300 300
BE 300 500
EF 200 300
CF 300 500
Node Population
A 0
B 10000
C 20000
D 10000
E 20000
F 10000
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2013 Page 377
In this screen enter loop details. It includes
1. Pipe name
2. Pipe length in meters and pipe diameters in meters.
3. Enter Hazan constant depends upon pipe materials. Here Hazan constant is considering as 100.
Screen 4: Iterations
5. Results
Table 3: Comparison of correction factor () by manual and software
Loop Name
Manual
Result
()
Software result
()
Iteration 1
loop ABCD -7.8819 -7.52326871
loop BEFC 0.2063 0.20590218
Iteration 2
loop ABCD 0.527 0.164419629
loop BEFC 0.2063 -3.77734428
Iteration 3
loop ABCD -0.86836 -0.82663587
loop BEFC 0.2561 0.07471806
Iteration 4
loop ABCD 0.05941 0.01818685
loop BEFC -0.43828 -0.41778154
Iteration 5
loop ABCD -0.10245 -0.054716
loop BEFC 0.02952 0.00900391
Iteration 6
loop ABCD 0.013928 0.00206491
loop BEFC -0.05254 -0.04792184
Iteration 7
loop ABCD -0.01618 -0.0109043
loop BEFC 0.006988 0.00104212
Iteration 8
loop ABCD 0.0010311 0.00023744
loop BEFC -0.0079348 -0.00551778
Iteration 9
loop ABCD -0.0012523 -0.00125606
loop BEFC -0.0042073 0.00012011
Iteration
10
loop ABCD -0.00084615 0.00002734
loop BEFC -0.001014 0.0006356
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2013 Page 378
Comment: Software results show correction factor accuracy at Iteration 9 whereas Manual results at Iteration 10.
Software saves the time and gives more accurate values then manual method.
6. Conclusions
1. Optimization of water distribution network is a function of cost criteria of network and energy consumption for
pumping which is depends upon the discharges and diameters of each.
2. Hardy-cross method is suitable for loop network to get optimal discharge value for optimum diameters of pipe.
3. Visual basic technique is economical and time saving for analysis of water distribution network compared with routine
manual method.
Acknowledgment
The authors wish to thank Mr. Vijay Gaydhankar, Junior Engineer, Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikarn, and Mr. Vishal
Kulkarni for their consistent technical guidance and support throughout the project.
References
[1] A.Alperovits and U. Shamir, Design of optimal water distribution systems, Water Resource Res AGU 13(6):885-
900(1977).
[2] A.Kessler and U. Shamir, Analysis of linear programming gradient method for optimal design of water supply
networks, Water Resources Research, Vol. 25(7)(1989):1469-1480.
[3] A.Kessler and U. Shamir (1991), Decomposition technique for optimal design of water supply networks, vol. 17.
[4] Ioan Sarbu (2009), Design of optimal water distribution systems, International Journal of Energy, Issue 4,Vol.3.
[5] U. Zessler and U. Shamir (1989)., Optimal operation of water distribution systems, Journal of Water Resources
Planning and Management, Vol.115(6).
[6] Q. W. Martin (1980), Optimal design of water conveyance systems, Journal of Hydraulics Division, ASCE, no.
HY9.
[7] Emre Ertin, Anthony N.Dean, Mathew L.Moore and Kevin L.Pridd (2010), Dynamic Optimization for Optimal
Control of Water Distribution Systems.
[8] Selami Demir, Kaan Yetilmezsoy and Neslihan Manav (2008), Development of a modified Hardy-Cross algorithm
for time-dependent simulation of water distribution networks, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
[9] Wheeler, W. (1977), Hardy-cross distribution analysis. Water Sewage Works, 124,130133
AUTHOR
Dr. Rahul B. Hiremath received Master degree from BITS Pilani and Phd from IISC Banglore.
Prof. S.B.Tuljapur received Master degree in Design Engineering. Now working as a Assistant Professor in Walchand
Institute Of Technology, Solapur(India).
Mr. Vinayak V. Sadafule pursuing Master degree in Design Engineering from Walchand Institute Of Technology ,
Solapur University (India).