CHI SQUARE TEST

(if you don't see the tabs, make sure the window for this worksheet is maximized)
Steps to using Excel to do chi-square test: First decide how many categories you have (e.g., north vs south would be 2 categories; tree, shrubs, succulents would be 3). Use the table that has the same number of categories as you have (change categories to your's if you want). Type your data in the gray boxes; make sure you press enter after entering all data A p-value less than 0.05 means that the chance of the numbers being evenly randomly distributed is less than 5%.

click on tabs on the bottom to switch to different

Note: you cannot use chi square test for comparing percentages. Note: you cannot use chi square test for sample sizes less than 30

2 categories Your Data >>>

Category 1 120

Category 2 150

P value

0.068

[Note: if this number = 0.000, then record p Is the p value less than 0.05? If no, then the totals are not significantly dif If yes, then the totals are significantly differ #DIV/0!

3 categories Your Data >>>

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3
P value

[Note: if this number = 0.000, Is the p value less than 0.05 If no, then the totals are not s If yes, then the totals are sign 0.000

4 categories Your Data >>>

Category 1 40

Category 2 50

Category 3 60

Category 4 104

P value

5 categories Your Data >>>

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

Category 4

Category 5
P value

8 categories Your Data >>>

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

Category 4

Category 5

Category 6

Category 7

Example 1: if you counted 120 saguaros on the N slope and 150 saguaros on the S slope, then p = 0.068 so there is no significant difference in # of saguaros on the two slopes. Example 2: if you counted 40 holes on the N side, 50 on E side, 60 on W side, and 104 on S side of saguaros, then the p < 0.01 so there is a significant difference in # of saguaros on the two slopes. The chi square test compares the observed values to the values expected by the null hypothesis.

to different tests

bs, succulents would be 3).

is less than 5%.

umber = 0.000, then record p<0.01] e less than 0.05? totals are not significantly different (accept null hypothesis) e totals are significantly different (accept alternative hypothesis)

Note: if this number = 0.000, then record p<0.01] s the p value less than 0.05? f no, then the totals are not significantly different (accept null hypothesis) f yes, then the totals are significantly different [Note: if this number = 0.000, then record p<0.01] Is the p value less than 0.05? If no, then the totals are not significantly different (accept null hypothesis) If yes, then the totals are significantly different #DIV/0! [Note: if this number = 0.000, then record p<0.01] Is the p value less than 0.05? If no, then the totals are not significantly different (accept null hypothesis) If yes, then the totals are significantly different P value #DIV/0! [Note: if this number = 0.000, then record p<0.01] Is the p value less than 0.05? If no, then the totals are not significantly different (accept null hypothesis) If yes, then the totals are significantly different

Category 8

e of saguaros,

ept null hypothesis)

T-TEST
Steps to using Excel to do t-test: Click on Group 1 and type in new name for group; do same for Group 2 Replace existing data with your data under each column name Click into the vertical-axis label of the graph, and change the label, remembering to give the units, too Group 1 3.5 0.2 0.5 1.5 3.1 Group 2 1 3.2 3.5 4.2 0.8

Your Data >>> Your Data >>> Your Data >>> Etc.

average Group 1 average Group 2 standard error Group 1 standard error Group 2 P value

1.760 2.540 0.668 0.690 0.440

These values show the variabi

[Note: if this number = 0.000, t Is the p value less than 0.05? If no, then the averages are no If yes, then the averages are s

what are you measuring (units)

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

0.5

1.0

1.5

0.5 0.0

Group 1

These values show the variability for each group, and are used to make the "error bars" on the graph below

[Note: if this number = 0.000, then record p<0.01] Is the p value less than 0.05? If no, then the averages are not significantly different (accept null hypothesis) If yes, then the averages are significantly different

Group 1

Group 2

T-TEST: PAIRED
Steps to using Excel to do t-test: Click on Group 1 and type in new name for group; do same for Group 2 Replace existing data with your data under each column name Click into the vertical-axis label of the graph, and change the label, remembering to give the units, too Group 1 3.5 0.2 0.5 1.5 3.1 Group 2 1 3.2 3.5 4.2 0.8

Your Data >>> Your Data >>> Your Data >>> Etc.

average Group 1 average Group 2 standard error Group 1 standard error Group 2 P value

1.760 2.540 0.668 0.690 0.581

These values show the variabi

[Note: if this number = 0.000, t Is the p value less than 0.05? If no, then the averages are no If yes, then the averages are s

what are you measuring (units)

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

Group 1

These values show the variability for each group, and are used to make the "error bars" on the graph below

[Note: if this number = 0.000, then record p<0.01] Is the p value less than 0.05? If no, then the averages are not significantly different (accept null hypothesis) If yes, then the averages are significantly different

Group 1

Group 2

REGRESSION ANALYSIS
SAMPLE
Employee A B C D E Dexterity Productivity Test Score Units/Hour 12 55 14 63 17 67 16 70 11 51

Dexterity as a Predictor of Productivit

Productivity (units/hr)

75 70 65 60 55 50 10 12 14 Dexterity Test Score

SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.955 R Square 0.911 91% of variation in y explained by x Adjusted R Square 0.882 Standard Error 2.757 standard error is 2.757 units/h Observations 5 ANOVA Regression Residual Total df 1 3 4 SS 234 22.8 256.8 MS 234 7.6 F 30.789

Significance F 0.012 is p value df = n-2 = 3

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat Intercept 19.2 7.669 2.504 X Variable 1 3 0.541 5.549 Regression Line is y = 19.2 + 3.0x t = 5.55 df = 3 RESIDUAL OUTPUT Observation 1 2 3 4 5 Predicted Y Residuals 55.2 -0.2 61.2 1.8 70.2 -3.2 67.2 2.8 52.2 -1.2

P-value 0.087 0.012 p = 0.012

Lower 95% -5.206 1.279

Upper 95% Lower 95.0% 43.606 -5.206 4.721 1.279

as a Predictor of Productivity

16

18

Dexterity Test Score

Upper 95.0% 43.606 4.721

SIMPSON'S DIVERSITY INDEX

Steps to using Excel to do Simpson's diversity index: Type in the number of individuals for each species in the gray boxes The number in yellow is the Simpson's Diversity Index (D). Diversity is a measure of the number of species (richness) and how evenly spread out the individuals are among the species (evenness) For the purposes of this class, let's say that the difference is significant if the Simpson's diversity indices differ by more than 10 percentage points between two areas. Area 1 Simpson's Diversity Index [actually 1-D] 64.8 Area 2 58.1 Percent chance that two individuals pulled randomly from the community will not be from the same species. The higher the number, the more diverse the community. This is calculated for you and is total number of individuals sampled. This is calculated for you and is total number of species sampled. You type in these numbers in the gray boxes which are the number of individuals of each species (no zeroes)

N= Richness = number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

14 4 1 2 3 8

73 5 8 12 45 2 6

number number number number number number number

of of of of of of of

species species species species species species species

34 35 36 37 38 39 40

d randomly from

he community.

of individuals sampled. of species sampled.

197763587.xls.ms_office

CHI SQUARE TEST

First decide how many categories you have (e.g., north vs south would be 2 categories). Use the table that has the same number of categories as you have (change categories to yours). Enter your data in the white boxes under "Obs"; these are your observed data. Leave the expected values ("Exp") as they are unless you expect something other than being evenly divided. Compare total (chi square statistic = X2) that is in the yellow box to the red number above the table (derived from statistics table IF TOTAL IS GREATER THAN 3.84 (df=1) THEN THERE IS SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
Categories

Obs 120 150 270

Exp 135 135

(O-E)2 (O-E)2/E 225 225 1.67 1.67 3.33

A B total

270 TOTAL

Page 22

SHANNON'S DIVERSITY INDEX

Steps to using Excel to do Shannon's diversity index: Type in the number of individuals for each species in the gray boxes The number in yellow is the Shannon's Diversity Index (H). Diversity is a measure of the number of species (richness) and how evenly spread out the individuals are among the species (evenness) For the purposes of this class, let's say that the difference is significant if the Simpson's diversity indices differ by more than 10 percentage points between two habitats.

Shannon's Div. Index n= Richness = Variance

Area 1 66.67 3 2

Area 2 3 2

number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number number

of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of

species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species species

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

1 2

1 2

ni*(ni-1) 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

This is the formula These are calculated for you so don't change them.

log n sum of f i log fi