CIRCUITS AND

6.002 ELECTRONICS

Basic Circuit Analysis Method

(KVL and KCL method)

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 1

 Review
Lumped Matter Discipline LMD:
Constraints we impose on ourselves to simplify
our analysis

∂φ B Outside elements
=0
∂t
∂q Inside elements
=0
∂t
wires resistors sources
Allows us to create the lumped circuit
abstraction

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 2

 Review

LMD allows us to create the

lumped circuit abstraction

i
+
v Lumped circuit element
-

power consumed by element = vi

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 3

 Review
Review

Maxwell’s equations simplify to

algebraic KVL and KCL under LMD!

KVL:
∑ jν j = 0
loop

KCL:
∑jij = 0
node

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 4

 Review

R1 R4
R3
+ b d
–
R2 R5

vca + vab + vbc = 0 KVL

DEMO
ica + ida + iba = 0 KCL

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 5

Method 1: Basic KVL, KCL method of
Circuit analysis

Goal: Find all element v’s and i’s

1. write element v-i relationships
(from lumped circuit abstraction)
2. write KCL for all nodes
3. write KVL for all loops

lots of unknowns
lots of equations
lots of fun
solve

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 6

Method 1: Basic KVL, KCL method of
Circuit analysis

Element Relationships
R
For R, V = IR
For voltage source, V = V0 +–
V0
For current source, I = I 0 J
Io
3 lumped circuit elements

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 7

 KVL, KCL Example
a

+ +
ν1 R1 ν4 R4
– R3 –
+ + b d
ν 0 = V0 –
– +ν 3 –
+ +
ν2 R2 ν5 R5
– –

c
The Demo Circuit

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 8

 Associated variables discipline

i
+
ν Element e
-

Current is taken to be positive going

into the positive voltage terminal

Then power consumed = νi is positive

by element e

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 9

 KVL, KCL Example
a
i1 L 2 i4
+ +
ν1 R1 ν 4 R4
i0 – R3 –
+ + L1 b i3
ν 0 = V0 – d
– i2 +ν 3 – i5
+ +
ν2 R2 ν 5 R5
– L3 –

c
L4
The Demo Circuit

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 10

 Analyze
ν 0 …ν 5 ,ι0 …ι5 12 unknowns
1. Element relationships (v, i )
v0 = V0 given v3 = i3 R3 6 equations
v1 = i1 R1 v4 = i4 R4
v2 = i2 R2 v5 = i5 R5
2. KCL at the nodes
a: i0 + i1 + i4 = 0 3 independent
b: i2 + i3 − i1 = 0 equations
d: i5 − i3 − i4 = 0
e: − i0 − i2 − i5 = 0 redundant
3. KVL for loops
L1: − v0 + v1 + v2 = 0 3 independent
L2: v1 + v3 − v4 = 0 equations
L3: v3 + v5 − v2 = 0
L4: − v0 + v4 + v5 = 0 redundant n s
ti o
ua owns
eq nk n
u
1 2 12
/
ugh @#!

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 11

 Other Analysis Methods
Method 2— Apply element combination rules

R1 R2 R3 RN R1 + R2 + + RN
A … ⇔

B G1 G2 GN ⇔ G1 + G2 + GN
1
Gi =
Ri

V1 V2 V1 + V2
C +– +– ⇔ +–

D
I1 I2 ⇔ I1 + I 2
J
J

Surprisingly, these rules (along with superposition, which

you will learn about later) can solve the circuit on page 8

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 12

 Other Analysis Methods
Method 2— Apply element combination rules

Example I =?

V + R1
–

R2 R3

I I

R1
V +
– V +
– R
R2 R3
R2 + R3
R2 R3
R = R1 +
R2 + R3
V
I=
R

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 13

Method 3—Node analysis
Particular application of KVL, KCL method

1. Select reference node ( ground)

from which voltages are measured.

2. Label voltages of remaining nodes

with respect to ground.
These are the primary unknowns.

3. Write KCL for all but the ground

node, substituting device laws and
KVL.

4. Solve for node voltages.

5. Back solve for branch voltages and

currents (i.e., the secondary unknowns)

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 14

 Example: Old Faithful
plus current source

V0

R1 R R4
3 e2
+ V e1
– 0
R2 R5 I1

Step 1
Step 2

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 15

 Example: Old Faithful
plus current source

V0

R1 R R4
3 e2
+ V e1
– 0
for
R2 R5 I1 convenience,

J
write
1
Gi =
Ri
KCL at e1
(e1 − V0 )G1 + (e1 − e2 )G3 + (e1 )G2 = 0

KCL at e2
(e2 − e1 )G3 + (e2 − V0 )G4 + (e2 )G5 − I1 = 0

Step 3

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 16

 Example: Old Faithful
plus current source
V0

R1 R R4
3 e2
+ V e1
– 0
R2 R5 I1

J
1
Gi =
Ri
KCL at e1
(e1 − V0 )G1 + (e1 − e2 )G3 + (e1 )G2 = 0
KCL at l2
(e2 − e1 )G3 + (e2 − V0 )G4 + (e2 )G5 − I1 = 0

move constant terms to RHS & collect unknowns

e1 (G1 + G2 + G3 ) + e2 (−G3 ) = V0 (G1 )
e1 (−G3 ) + e2 (G3 + G4 + G5 ) = V0 (G4 ) + I1
2 equations, 2 unknowns Solve for e’s
(compare units) Step 4

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 17

 In matrix form:

G1 + G2 + G3 − G3   e1   G1V0 
 =
 − G3 G3 + G4 + G5  e2  G V + I 
 4 0 1

conductivity unknown sources

matrix node
voltages

Solve
G3 + G4 + G5 G3   G1V0 
 e1   G3 G1 + G2 + G3  G4V0 + I1 
e  = (G1 + G2 + G3 )(G3 + G4 + G5 ) − G3 2
 2

e = 3 4
(
G +G +G G V + G G V + I
5 1 0 3 4 0 1
)( ) ( )( )
1 G G +G G +G G +G G +G G +G G +G 2 +G G +G G
1 3 1 4 1 5 2 3 2 4 2 5 3 3 4 3 5

(G3 )(G1V0 ) + (G1 + G2 + G3 )(G4V0 + I 1 )

e2 = 2
G1G3 + G1G4 + G1G5 + G2G3 + G2G4 + G2 G5 + G3 + G3G4 + G3G5

(same denominator)

Notice: linear in V0 , I1 , no negatives

in denominator

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 18

 Solve, given

G1  1 G2  1 1
 = = G3 =
G5  8.2 K G4  3.9 K 1.5 K
I1 = 0

(
G G V + G +G +G G V + I
e = 3 10 1 2 3 40 1
)( )
( )(
2 G + G + G + G + G + G −G 2
1 2 3 3 4 5 3
)
1 1 1
G +G +G = + + =1
1 2 3 8.2 3.9 1.5
1 1 1
G3 + G4 + G5 = + + =1
1.5 3.9 8.2
1 1 1
× + 1×
e2 = 8.2 1.5 3.9 V
0
1
1− 2
1.5
Check out the
e2 = 0.6V0 DEMO

If V0 = 3V , then e2 = 1.8V0

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2 19