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Learning Outcomes Carbohydrates

Chapter 5
! Identify the major types of carbohydrates and give examples of food sources for each ! List alternative sweeteners that can be used to reduce sugar intake ! Describe recommendations for carbohydrate intake and health risks caused by low or excessive intakes ! List the functions of carbohydrates in the body
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Learning Outcomes
! Explain how carbohydrates are digested and absorbed ! Explain the cause of, effects of and dietary treatment for lactose intolerance ! Describe the regulation of blood glucose, conditions caused by blood glucose imbalance, types of diabetes, and dietary treatment for diabetes ! Describe dietary measures to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes
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Carbohydrates
! Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen ! Produced by plants via photosynthesis ! Simple carbohydrates
! Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

! Polysaccharides (more complex)

! Starch, Glycogen, and Fiber

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Monosaccharides
! Glucose
! Blood sugar

! Fructose
! High-fructose corn syrup

! Galactose
! Part of lactose

! Sugar Alcohols (monosaccharide derivatives)

! Xylitol, mannitol and sorbitol

! Pentoses (5 carbon)
! Ribose and Deoxyribose

Disaccharides
! Two monosaccharides linked by a condensation reaction
! Alpha or beta C-O-C bonds connect them

! Maltose
! Glucose and Glucose; alpha bond

! Sucrose
! Glucose and Fructose; alpha bond

! Lactose
! Galactose and Glucose; beta bond
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Complex Carbohydrates
! Oligosaccharides
RNA and DNA contain Ribose and doxyribose sugars

! Contain 3-10 sugar units ! Raffinose and Stachyose ! Indigestible; bacterial fermentation gas

! Polysaccharides
! Contain many glucose molecules ! Alpha or beta bond determine digestibility
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Digestible Polysaccharides
! Starch (plants)
! Amylose: straight chain ! Amylopectin: branched

! Glycogen (animals)
! Storage form of glucose in human body ! Liver glycogen (90g): converted to blood sugar ! Muscle glycogen (300g): glucose for muscle use
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Indigestible Polysaccharides
! Total Fiber
! Dietary Fiber + Functional Fiber

! Soluble Fibers
! Pectin, gum, mucilages and some hemicelluloses

! Insoluble Fibers
! Cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin

! Health benefits of fibers

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Carbohydrates in Foods
! Starch ! Fiber ! Nutritive Sweeteners
! Mono and disaccharides ! High fructose corn syrup ! Sugar alcohols

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Alternative (Non-Nutritive) Sweeteners

! Yield no energy ! Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) ! Saccharin
! Oldest alternative sweetener, ! Develops bitter taste with cooking

! Aspartame
! Cannot be used in cooking ! Contains phenyalanine
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http://ocw.tufts.edu/Content/51/lecturenotes/551169/551372

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Alternative Sweeteners
! Neotame
! Similar to aspartame but not digested

Recommended Intake of Carbohydrates

! ! ! ! RDA-130 grams 45%-65% of total energy needs Limit added sugars and caloric sweeteners Fiber: 14g/1000kcal is adequate intake
! 25g/d - women under 50 (21g/d after 51) ! 38g/d - men under 50 (30g/d after 51)

! Acesulfamine K
! Can be used in cooking

! Sucralose
! Made from sucrose-can be used in cooking

! Tagatose
! Isomer of fructose, pre-biotic

! Stevia
! Recently approved by FDA for use in beverages ! Sold as dietary supplement
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Our Carbohydrate Intake

! 50% of total energy needs ! Added sugars 16% of kcal
! Recommendations:
! 6% of kcal (Dietary Guidelines) ! 10% of kcal (WHO) ! 25% of kcal (DRIs)

Functions of Digestible Carbohydrates in the Body

! Provide energy: 4 kcal/g ! Spare protein
! Body does not utilize gluconeogenesis

! Prevent ketosis
! Incomplete breakdown of fatty acids

! Dietary fiber
! 25-50% less than recommended ! Average intake-1 fruit and 1 or fewer whole grain servings
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Functions of Indigestible Carbohydrates in the Body

! Promoting bowel health
! Constipation and hemorrhoids ! Diverticulosis and diverticulitis

! Reducing obesity risk

! Fullness and satiety

! Enhancing blood glucose control

! soluble fibers

! Reducing cholesterol absorption

! soluble fibers
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Carbohydrate Digestion
! Mouth
! Salivary amylase begins digestion

Carbohydrate Absorption
! Active absorption: Glucose and Galactose ! Facilitated absorption: Fructose ! Liver converts fructose and galactose to glucose ! Blood glucose used by cells ! Glucose storage: muscle and liver glycogen ! Excess glucose: converted to fat by liver (stored in adipose tissue)
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! Small intestine
! Specific enzymes break down disaccharides
! Maltase: maltose; sucrase: sucrose; lactase:lactose

! Fiber not broken down

Health Concerns Related to Carbohydrate

! Very High Fiber Diets (above 50-60 grams)
! High fiber + low fluid = constipation, hemorrhoids, blockage ! Decrease absorption of certain minerals

! High Sugar Diets

! Increase risk of weight gain and obesity ! Increase risk of dental caries ! Cardiovascular disease?
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Health Concerns Related to Carbohydrate

! Lactose Intolerance
! Primary
! Decreased lactase production

! Secondary
! Associated with disease that damage the lactaseproducing cells

! Glucose Intolerance
! Hypoglycemia ! Hyperglycemia
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http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/organic-chemistry/glycosidic-linkage.html

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Regulation of Blood Glucose

! Normal concentration: 70-100 mg/dL
! Regulated by liver

! Insulin (pancreas)
! Hormone that facilitates transfer of glucose from blood into cells ! Lowers blood glucose

! Glucagon, Cortisol, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and Growth Hormone

! Raise blood glucose
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Other Blood Sugar Disorders

! Metabolic Syndrome
! Group of factors that increase risk for Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load

Glycemic Index (GI) ! Ratio of the blood glucose response to a given food, compared with a standard ! Influenced by many factors ! Based on a 50g carbohydrate serving
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! Hypoglycemia
! Reactive Hypoglycemia
! Exaggerated insulin response after eating

! Fasting Hypoglycemia
! Low blood sugar after fasting

Glycemic Load ! Amount of carbohydrate in consumed food multiplied by GI and divided by 100 ! Better reflects a food s effect on blood glucose than GI alone
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Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Medical Perspective

Diabetes Mellitus ! Insulin producing cells in pancreas are destroyed (autoimmune disease)
! Insulin therapy required for life

! Diet must be coordinated with insulin

! Exchange system, carbohydrate counting

! Increased risk for cardiovascular disease, blindness and kidney disease

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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

! Progressive disease ! Characterized by insulin resistance
! Insulin production may be low, normal, or high

! Most common type of diabetes (90% of cases) ! Treatment:

! Diet ! Physical activity ! Medications

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