"Tat

Tvam

Asi"

in

Context

By

Joel

P.

Brereton,

Columbia,

Mo.

Among translations 6.8-16 syntactic tadtmyam Hume's whole (Soul). and essence" both animantaare

other of so

things, the familiar famous

familiarity tat tvam

breeds asi not The sa

acceptance. refrain to notice refrain tm tat is the of

The Chandogya that they sa asi ya

traditional Upanisad obscure e?o svetaketo the 'nimaiiti. this is tman the eta-

that of the tat

it is easy passage. satyarn "That soul. That This the final not. expect same

peculiarity idam translation' world That has art that thou, all

runs tvam finest (satya).

sarvam

is typical: as its

which is Reality translation

essence That that the neuter; are tvam that asi. then,

Svetaketu." have In the are

suggests namely, tad "you sa is

pronouns (animan-). and then ought this tad we to

antecedent, however, were asi The of let the me phrase with The the but

"finest while (finest The is tato

phrase, If the not not

tvam would be and to

meaning tat tvam

essence)," pronoun explain Before on the

masculine, with it final refrain. not the tat

neuter.

problem, refrain. begin should by

meaning tvam The asi, second

coming other parts idarfi as

that of the

commenting be read etadnor

tmyam^ etadtmakam stylistically ly employs

sarvam, Bhtlingk"

aitadtmyam emends.

commentaries^ aitadtmyamis which style ofthe

hypothetical language, not fit the

appropriate such nominal

to

the

commentators' It does

regular early

abstraction.

' R. Madras

E.

Hume: 1949, p.

The 246.

Thirteen

Principal

Upanishads.

2nd

ed.

Oxford

1931;

rpt.

' Correctly. 1973, p. 18 ^ Cf the

n.

J. S. 1.

Speijer:

Sanskrit

Syntax.

[SS].

Leiden

1886;

rpt.

Delhi

commentary

ascribed who follows 6.8.7. [ed. was 1930. and accepted

to

Saijikara the

(hereafter

ChUBh), and the

the

Mitksa-

rvykhy of Nitynanda, of Madhva, all on ChU " Otto 1889. The dogya-Upanisad. Bhtlingk emendation I^aris

Syikara-Bhsya,

nundatirtha

trans.]: by

Khndogyopanishad. Emile Senart [ed. and

St.

Petersburg Chn

trans.]:

" Tat

Tvam

Asi"

in

Context

99

Upanisads The (54: ijnah He has reading 4-5)

and

makes etadtmyam

both

the follows

interpretation the yd type of

and

translation cf. e$d the

difficult.^ MS. ydh 1.4.6 purdn-

etaddevatya-: etaddtvaty

ete

vi are as TB

deva the his

hutdo gods who

brhmana not eat the

"These these and

do

oblations: has never yadi devtay Rudra, this

brahmins. pre devtbhi^ajyati. great divin

divinity

{etaddevatyah) raudrdrji vd asvah, offer The is by caruyi

who nirvapet,

sacrified mahati

viously," bhimdnyeta. agado ity as him. tically brhmanli The pronoun ing to is that else anything animan-. a next haivd

3.9.17.3

etaddevatyd bhavati threaten "He (his (therefore) free preceding in two most in the the MS

svdyaivdinarf} a cam horse his In in the the in real very ChU, same the to has

should cattle). it

if the (god)

should its

(etaddevatyah) that he heals

divinity; He to becomes the

own

divinity etadway refers that it

of disease." animan-, and to Rudra no to for in neuter in

unproblemarefers to the

TB. either. There no reason the the In is, sa in for tm, fact, it to the noth refer of tad

phrases naturally passage

present refers itself Likewise

difficulty again. to and again to and

animanrefer satyam, according number or is

it to tat

outside. The

antecedent rule with in Vedic a

pronoun

is agrees

prose

demonstrative subject this tat rule tvam

gender

predicate

nominative, Because tion ofthe

nominative, of osi to of agreement phrase it, the let us rule and

appositive.^ essential to translators some the necessity saivaisnustub they but does two agrees not syllables, became with mean examples of the correct do not of its observing abhavat this interpreta always operation. it is "From JB pay

because

sufficient A good

attention illustration tasyai

examine and

3.326 her Here nine came Speech, ' this

. . . ak^are there developed to S but ak^are

upodasarpatrfi two (neuter syllables; dual), abhavat those

[Vc] s

Anutubh." (femi Anustubh came from

refers

anvstubh"that which

singular). to be," these

. . . anuf/tub rather the that

became

Anustubh.' Edgerton's MA says 1965, pp. translation 175 idarp does et passim. is this reading not universe means yield sawam in his The Beginnings follows is, good below), . . . ."That (see particularly

A case reading: just

in point Philosophy what the

is Franklin . Cambridge, ChUBh shows

of Indian in fact, and this sense. * Cf. Delbrck: 279, Syntax.

He loyally

"A state-of-having-that-as-its-nature aitadtmyam this that

translation

Louis p. 565;

Renou: Altindische Speijer: 1896, Syntax taund

Orammaire Syntax SS der is not pp. 95b, {AS\. p. p. 30; 27.1,

sanscrite. Halle 18; J. a.d.S.

Paris 1881; Ickler: S. Speijer:

1961, rpt.

369,

p. und pp.

500; Sanskrit-

B.

Darmstadt Untersuchungen 1973, to eta-,

1968, zur 4 ff. nor

Vedische

Strassburg

Ingeborg

Wortstellung ' mally 7 Note is. also Cf

Chndogyopanisad. nonnally adjectival,

Gppingen in contrast

that

which

ICKLER,

lOf

Joel

P.

Brereton

The of an

rule

applies

eommonly That

when subject is

a relative then

clause by AiB were is similar

marks the 3.34.2 the in regarding was 4.17.6 kyanty Atirtra,

the ta-

subject pronoun,

identification. agrees sams the black with

resumed Cf. "What

which k^nny became yat is Or tad said again,

the

predicate pasavo The

nominative. 'bhavan construction so sacrifice 'sv dityah was phrase, 'bhiplavh introductory and tad cut

yniparicinders, JB 3.126 which yonder sun." they tad it

te kr$nh animals." siro head refer

yajnasya that tathis may

'chidyateti ofthe to ukthyah ayanam

"Now off, as this in AiB salah

a proleptic sarve "The

pryaniyo anyny the Caturdays rites

'tirtras ahni viipsa such which occurs naddh u tad

caturviyisa ditynm all way the

Ukthya, is the

Abhiplava Adityas." of the

Sa^ahas, Here Adityas. Consider grhndti

the

other to the the

kyant various agreement

ofthe the way

refers

constitute when bhavanti ta-

Finally, SB

same prasva

is tarn

in

apposition. prastardrn prash

2.5.1.18

upasdyi-

prajdnanam grhnti "Shoots

u hiddyi are this

prajdnanam tied (to the

M prasvas of

tasmt barhis). are " The a deictic of An Vedic excellent

prastarrn he takes as Therefore makes adjective is amply is

bunches and the It the prastara. is This sad not

These

the

prastara, he takes tam

for

is productive shoots to the shoots. as

shoots

productive. final phrase

flowering refers

clear

that modifying

pronominal prose

prastara.^ Chndogya [nadyaJi] yath They Ickler tatra become (p. second plural and must 4) Upani samudrt na just correctly phrase, in be agree trans phrase, "These the dityah gandharvh the Prastva; mansions, Brhmaria. krta" sa sa vidur the

rule

illustrated ChU eva and into 6.10.1 bhavati. the

in the th t sea.

itself.

example sa samudra the not sea

samudram "These sea. argues, Just the rivers as

evdpiyanti. flow these tain the such.' 4.3.8 five ChU ones 2.21.1 from do

there all refer with

know to the

. . . ." As rivers. not to the

pronouns agreement rivers, Elsewhere, tev and traya vayinsi "The the Sun, in p. 389. cited an but

In

the

is masculine ment lated as in with as ChU

samudra-, refer ta-

feminine rivers

it

does the

pronoun

resumes dasa making santas ten

a proleptic tat krtam are

etepaOcnyepancnye five other ime lokah maricayah three these J. worlds are the ones, sa

these and in

they agnir vyur sarp are the

prastvah.. sa pratihrah. here, Udgitha; [trans.]:

udgithah pitaras Agni,

naksatrrii tan Vyu, nidhanam and

these

lunar

* Correctly Vol. ' tata this 1. Oxford Cf. also . . . tan world] one

interpreted 1881, 3.19.1, into one

Eggeling

The. Satapatha

ChU

and egg.

explained It Similar split too

by Ickler, rajatayi apart. From

p. 5, tad it came

ndant two

niravar"It egg [= shell

nirabhidyata. evolved silver,

te ndakaple gold."

ca suvarnarji 3.5.4.

cbhavatm

(halves),

is ChU

" Tat

Tvam

Asi"

in

Context

101

birds, and tasion. pa-). speech, ven klp), rites, pah kalpanoun tates The expressed quent ness, fuse tarp. earth. a and the

and

light

rays, these

these are not the

are

the

Pratihra; In or nature

serpents, a similar series of but

Gandharvas, construction, a whole the discus (sarnkal name, also, hea (sarnmantras, e^a samkalof the again sarfi-

Fathers, resumes 7.4, teacher mind for

Nidhana.""* phrase the ritual their water food, the

pronoun ChU The and earth, from

a proleptic explains shows all space, rain, The Here sa it not that have

example, first (manas-)

"intention" mantra, So "formed"

(karman-), in intention. heat are all

basis and vital then to the an rule

wind them

and arise,

and the "such and would its

breaths concludes: entire

(prna-), sa

world, is

everything.

passage refers in

intention." sarfi-klp.^' be neuter.

description

Were Here,

such the

identification, of agreement

ta-prodic

however,

gender. of in identification clause ChU 7.23.1 ChU (so which holds content ati nnyac mentioned is resumed yo 1.3.3 also vai yo 1.3.4); was true of the when a above by bhm vynah and silver the taa in tatat s ChU which pronoun sukham vk "What tad that refers as sa in the is "What is subject also fre

type

a relative ChU. Cf.

in the that breath, sey aru "' ^ This is

is full the dif rajathe not to

happiness;" that prthivi rule but ndnyat is speech" "That likewise to the

3.19.2 (half), pronoun clause, vijnti

yad was

specific yatra

item

subordinate nnyad

ChU

7.24.1

pasy

chrnoti

hkm

Cf. " thing other 2 asau dhundyah. 4.1, yonder cells (p. fluid ing, 203) not 5.1).

also

ChU

2.3

and

2.4. for not the it is an anticipate Bearing of agreement. ye prrico evapufpani. difficulty: (sun), The Rgveda refer passage. milk, which They then are are, most that of this bees. as are pronoun liquids melted the bees live the The and why tarule p. 214. anaphoric this pronoun, in mind, This rasmayas t amrt "Tlie these "The are is the to resume new clarify prcyo (cf ofthe eastern ofthe categories are (cf flows in fact, naturally honey. to the the ChUBh the 3.2.1, gods honey Hume nectar preced cor liquid ad sun some item. Cf an 3.1.1, ma3.1, is

It is characteristic stated passage v dityo rca The sun. of this [arose What (honey). as follows]," The sacrifice, (rasa-) nectar liquids liquids in ChU it is to are different first previously. Delbrck: which eva

of ta-, It does AS

or signify

a wholly passage t evsya pah honey the drops

especially

139,

we can

illustrates madhukrtah. part are The the translates the eastern rks last but amrt

is ChU

dcvamadhu

. . . tasya rgveda rays the ta-

without are

blossom."

understands following. to the at the the and essence and gods,

phrase the pah

anticipatory: should in several in the butter, (3.1.3), pronoun they (3.6.1). passage

to something They etc.

different

responding offerings loc), (3.1.4), of the "The ing the

levels e.g., created

of metaphor soma, by the gods that

on which this that and are 2.7.2

honey refers:

honey produced

immortal how So these also

(honey)." 3.16.1.

continues

by describ

102

Joel

P.

Brereton

"Where ther yan when In fact, thing na he

one

does that

not

see

another and

thing, ChU

hear 3.17.1 he

another ,sa yad

thing, asisi$ati when he of

discem yatpipsati goes

ano

is fullness" t asya satisfy I can see, dik$h

ramate does so far

"when

hungers, are his

thirsty,

not as

himself the rule

these

rites

consecration." without

is followed

in this

Upanisad

exception.'' It is because problem. Why One is that ing refer in the to to then possible the If of this Hume is it is neuter?'* reason this peculiarity tradition in the does has not not received much a problem. Bhsya, This the view attention Accord pronouns is explicit mle that the tad neuter is tad in tat tvam asi poses with such tvam. a

correct,

a predicate

nominative

commentarial comments reality

perceive Siitra (sa<).'^

Sarjikara's a single ChU

Brahma Being to him'*:

which

is called

commentary c^a yasya

attributed ukto sarvasya 'nimnubhvo tad

sa yali etat etena mavat Ihasat. sad

sadkhya tm

jagato tasya jagat

mlam. bhva

aitadtmyam aitadtmyam. ctmant-

etadtma idam

sadkhyentmantmavat sarvam atah sa idarn evtm jagat tad eva

sarvam sadkhyam

. . . yena saty

kranarn satattvarn

arp. paramryathtmyam.

jagatah

pratyaksvarpayi

" pascl

An

apparent the the that to last final (idaxp there the Cf.

exception sa dah$inatah hne: "It

is ChU [fullness], agree Tlie an ellipsis south, adhas and 2.2.12

7.25.1 indeed, with its

sa

[bhm] is this

evdhastt sarvam iti. whole world." not adhastt, "It (extends) which purastd To the (is) to

sa uparisft Hume If he were etc., (extends) brahma, east, to the

sa cor

,sa purastt

sa uttaratah

sa evedarp

(p. 261)

translates rect, suggest upward, whole brahma idaip to the It then nominative

.so would .sarvam). is here east,

antecedent expressions of motion: It is that amftarji ca prasrtaip, one. brahman here, tvam immortal the

(bhm),

its predicate however, downward, to this pascd visvam west, (prasftam). extent." breaks tad and the the tvam justi to must order. in wUl not

adverbial of a verb and north.

west, MuU

world." daksinatas varislham south and

brahmaivedam cordhvarji is this above, to

cottarena, "The north, which SS, p. 18 "the a full 'tad below

brahmaivedarfi extended its widest

brahman&Xorie

is the '*

brahman

(extends) n. 1, noticed

everything that been tat

Speijer: and explanation: is not for

asi

apparently of

rule, sophic there fication use be

he is clearly affirmed of tad: this to

troubled neuter

by that. has

In accounting preferred, it is only in you.'" the the this Vedie

for it. he attempts because said, tvam It is difficult period, syntax, in the

a philo

identity (se. tm) At syntax. normal

. . ., but is also least Rather, rules for

is a phenomenal to see it is never wise

manifestation philosophy held

interpretation. explain to eventually only on that 1.1.6. the the

philosophic

inteqiretation and F<SS word

accountable himself

of grammar, explanation

Speijer

abandoned text has

95 b, p. 30,

whieh he says be obscured. " " Cf BSBh

tad instead

of sa so that

thought

ChUBh

on

6.8.7.

''Tat

Tvam

Asi"

in

Context

103

tmasabdasya tvd '"That 'finest world. Being, state Being which Being, Further, nature cation, sense 'are atas which' essence,' 'The as its state self tat

nirupapadasya sat that the of that this self, whole is the 'that' regard a 'this tvam asi iti

pratyagtmani .... is and its self: 'this' the the

gavdisabdavan

nirv4ha-

called subtle having is as

Being essence this etadtma its self as

previously root of the

discussed phenomenal has and this, the

whole, this as

which its self this a self 'that,' absolute

'possessing is aitadtmyam. world is

of possessing as self which just with has ofthe you.'" that to the "Being" its this

Through of self, just

called And called sense. its real by

whole' is cause, 'self self the

possessed of a

world

possessed is 'truth,' world's the like (the

primal is the to its

Being own word the text)

in the inner tman-, word says

condition, without 'cow,' 'that,' etc., i.e.,

Because meaning,

modifi in the

conventional self

individual

therefore

Being,

Notice referring sadkhya posed until Now, sat ent the effect and items, last, of

commentator (sat) in one

interprets way Being has i.e., may be etena Being, completely But the or

the another. . . .".

ta-

and Thus,

etahe etad tman

pronouns says, in the sa

as yah sup so on

"'that aitadtmyam he finally philosophically animanand refer the

which' as says,

called sat. "'tad', he He

He

takes

saddkhyena 'are you.'" justified.

and

Philosophically, they pronouns, are two except cannot. this change. the this a neuter to 6.8-10, into Being these the reads: damso are here last final one differ for The

may

be

identical. all but to

syntactically

syntactically, not to sat,

demonstrative That is suggest to last gloss a way animan-, at least initially occurs in

animan-.

pronoun over

commentator's his comments pronouns that context sat. The case,

strategy may

Nonetheless, tad. does dent. such discusses the das, loss in of 6.9.3 does v simho yad wolf Even refer if the to sat.

of explaining perhaps have

other In the to

refer tad of the

to

would refrain first faculties

antece support which and khan refrain, ta iha

Moreover, a reference the

appears ChU

refrain various Being.

retreat

of the

of a person further, and two just within before

individuality and refer 10.2, to

within tad, sat. v

And alone in these

standing The varho text

probably vyghro v lion they " sible shaden. yad or

passages v

v vrko tad

v kifo "These moth that or [i.e., see

vpatango [creatures] gnat or

v masako a tiger whatsoever or

bhavanti or boar, They construction .so/ instead 1921, p.

bhavanti or into of this

a worm merge

mosquito, The pp.

become. For the Jena

Being]."" Ickler, Aus

refrain

follows pos

passage,

17ff.

It is also und

to read

of tad. 173 n.

Cf 93.

A. Hillebrandt:

Brhmanas

pani

104

Joel

P.

Brereton

directly to sat But tad

after paralleling the

this

statement. tad bhavanti in this a rule we is not neuter

In

such would

a context, be

a concluding

reference

reasonable. heavily not against make it. a First, difference. tatvam the chapter by one pro asi.'* refrain. con or that

difficulties have to the

solution antecedent

weigh

would

should even expect within if the sa

According noun Second, In sists more ed five the his of were

of agreement, would the 6, still context Hanefeld"

antecedent asi, to not

ofthe tat

neuter, 6.8-10

tvam

which contends

interpret that were the united

analysis a number

of

ChU

of independent The latter the half

sections, of the chapter, tat

which which tvam

redactors. from the rest

is formally asi he refrain, argues

separat consists further that the of

by

occurrence Following unequivocally

ofthe Hillebrandt, only khandas

separate refrain

sections. belongs

to 11-13.

the

section Hanefeld's but

he

calls analysis

Lebenskraft-(Jwam-)Theorie," underestimates the In ply place In fruit " tion tyai refrain fact, is most it is 6.12 but original Uddlaka a nyagrodha further expression s 'si example an the thematic closely which essential locus. teaches tree. of the his At

unity connected

in

this

chapter, the content the

I do

agree

that 11-13.

with passage

of khandas refrain It

is the part

one

in which whole khanda}^

is not

sim

a tag, its 6.12, from One and

ofthe

is here

I would

son his

vetaketu father's agreement

through direction, shows tdm priyd "When

the he

example brings the

ofa a fruit

rule

precisely dgatm pdtni that

construc / ddiviscome, has u^ntso

we expect. tdd ha tdm

This

is SB ha

14.2.1.8 etat karoti

abhidadhti tsy [cow]

rdsnsindrnyd

ii4Vi,ia itindrni

vd indrasya

vdrpatamah he lays head-band above just tible. and the and enam, two sat. " den

evainam

[a rope] around [lier horns], saying, 'You are the girdle of Aditi, the of Indrrii' Indrni is Indra's own dear wife and her head-band, has he as refer every thereby (SB. singulars to both with refers we color makes Vol. ofthe Aditi's the to the seeond rope. have referring [and form]. it to 5. Oxford to the whole girdle person sa tvam asi, be." 'You 1900, mantra, as well singular even are these,' this he thereby example translates alone. and thus subject; in the taif the But logically head-band. tam SB, pronoun where refers is not the this the says, and thus sa forms sa with to to neuter

all, these tam final tam

I realize head-band

incontrover concluding

Eggeling interpretation

p. 474)

sentence concluding

as Indrni's so 'si here

Sa is singular sa refers

in agreement which objects,

in agreement

If we have

should

E.

Hanefeld: pp. llOfi". p.

Philosophische

Hapttexte

der

lteren

Upanisaden.

Wiesba

1976,

^ Hanefeld, ^' der im Cf aus Hanefeld, diese

163. p. 162 on 6.12: Hier wird; . . . auf nun es ist die ist die entscheidende die einzige dieser Stehe, Stelle, Passage von in der Bezug

Aussage wird."

verstndlich Text deutlich

nmlich Aussage

vorangegangenen

genommen

" Tat and and looks sees inside. nothing. na tisthati. my dear, this, There His nibhlayasa sraddhatsva from my this he father

Tvam finds then etasya

Asi" seeds. says vai

in

Context He then looks yam inside vai the

105 seeds

to

him:

6.12.2 'rtimna

somyaitam nyayou do

arjbimanayi grodhas not tree. tinues nificance exists ketu From to the in the the see, Trust the

somyai^o "This

evarfimahn^^ which great

somyeti finest The

finest stands

essence this so

essence refrain,

nyagrodha follows, con the sig tree Sveta self.

dear." of this Svetaketu invisible such the an

which essence"

immediately and then As both true the the nature through then points

discussion of what of an have passage, khandas half an

"finest has essence, essence

up

been so as became

shown. also their

nyagrodha world and its to the and true

because himself this other second

refrain first

a refrain and the

addition others 6.16, that It is

: probably of the chapter. part after an elucidation within the and and from is again, which thus the

to Only

6.11 in text.

13 and very last

khanda, however,

refrain was in refrain

essential

of the

the refrain and chapter

Unlike was

6.12,

khantjkt serves, The an

composed fact, as spread formulation Time

established of the

elsewhere. refrain.^' First, theme there all and it ofthe is things this

justification for several

reasons. a basic that to which

is

impressive chapter. essence and

one

which

expresses emphasizes evolve, of all

whole invisible devolve,

Uddlaka all inner things reality

an

which

things

is

" F.-R.

For

the p. this self him

reading 157 n.

evarnmahn, 65, the axe 66. ordeal in the will protects burn him: by refrain.

cf VI.

Ickler, Ein

p. Erneuter

73.

For

other In:

possibihties, WZKSO

see 12/13

Hamm:

(Jhmiogyopani^ad

Versuch.

(1968/69), " and his rounds satyam taptam (theft), is the he type Its can trates place That the not Rig is not purpose be one. this In the guilt,

khanda, described and so

a heated According If he 6.16.2 "But the by the

axe

illustrates to this yadi out

the passage, however,

relation if a thief the bhavati

of truth denies sur eva tata parasurn truth

a heated tmnarn pratigrhnti. on account

him.

is innocent, atha satyentmnam

tasykart not And hold truth that example (case)

kurute. of that, covering The

sa satybhisandhah if he truth he takes himself example ofthe the the tat saty whole refers self makes

antardhya to be the he, whose heated enclose truth of the and ofthe can the doer

sa tm dahyate

turns takes that that the

ofthat axe. the the But ofa self self illus offer no

to himself

intention

truth, frequent

after burned."

truth,

ofthe claim refrain

ordeal of the clear

is a practical the refrain

demonstration,

in this The theme idarfi

section

Upanisad,

is to substantiate Upaniatkra by adapting sarvarn (so) Etadthis now the

ordeal

slightly: "As is of such situation by and 1983, the Form pp.

6.16.3 in that

sa yath

tatra

ndhye-

taitadtmyam

ayi sa tm world to the

he would That in the stem

to be burnt, is the self" condition otherwise Veda and

a nature. described truth. The

is the truth. illustration: -dhayaAV "place of the is

in whieh attested. " Cf S.W. Atharva

is pervaded : Function

I take Jamison Veda.

it as a quasi-denominative Gttingen 89 f

to dhanain the -dya-

for burning.

Formations

106

Joel

P.

Brereton

precisely the text. any neti refrain Such means. neti

the

concept

stressed that

in the theme

refrain. in the feature

The minds of this

constant of those Upanisad Upanisad 4.4.22 and

repetition hearing alone, repeats 4.5.15) the

of the by the and text It

would repetition In passage it again

establish is not

a stylistic the (in That

a similar four

way, times

Brhadranyaka 3.9.26, this neti 4.2.4, neti also is

mentions after occurs dina the

in 2.3.6. of but text there occurs. are This and passage it

spread easily

within established. in the

composition 4.5.15, ofthe Thus,

its not

major in the

sections parallel which of the alone

in BU(K) recension

passage

Mdhyaipin both one of to when the editor self is has the breaks how, when any vijnti which one comes asiryo "That self inde attached. ends: understand after the the pas a clear it vina is

nor

in BU four

2.4,

is a doublet same would text, be

of 4.5 in only

recensions. which suspect one neti its examines

versions

neti

circumstance that itself conclusion BU(K) source because self Before self But it,

sufficient

insertion, the

becomes 4.5.15 of all it that explains knowing. likewise insertion

inescapable that An

unknownable inserted impossibility the continuity has thing. kejia His the

because neti of of neti describing the

is

the

formulation the

emphasizes actually asks

passage. the

Yajnavalkya could with: understand possibly yenedarfi that

everything other tatp

become series "By whole sa na not it is hi

a person ends one

perceive sarvam by

of questions what world?" e^a neti would

vijniyt this neti saying: asango this, for

understands the hi this mti siryate. 'not

Then, nety asito tm. na

in

the agrhyo

Knva na na it is for the would hi

recension, grhyate.

sajyate. It is

vyathate for

ri^yate not it is

that.' not not vijniyt This

ungraspable, unattached,

grasped; not

structible, Unbound, jntram the

destroyed; nor

it trembles are kena

is injured." now! By

Finally, what

passage one

"Look last

understander?" one, The even of neti though the for neti

question from

belongs that the relevant. question natural Here

immediately and conclusion then, formulation same kind we

preceding series. sage, instance encapsulates zation more which

it

develops interrupts

climaxes ofthe have

saying

it is thematically generalization theme in of ofthe ChU than the addition 6, in

a stereotyped text. although the BU. refrain function for the older marking It is this there,

because of generali place in

a central took place fashion for

it took

a far

systematic reason

A second the last unit khariQkui. few which

of the

was to the

to

mark repetition end It

the

end

of

Formally, of a section, is found

it has

a similar a technique in

of the of a logical alerts the

words

the

elsewhere

Upanisads.^'*

Cf

L.

Renou:

Etudes

vediques

et pnineenes.

I.

Paris

1955,

pp.

9111.

"Tal

Tvam

Asi"

in

Context

107

hearer however, (jlas, These blindfolded his way

to

the its

movement insertion as the are man who

from breaks neti ChU is and neti 6.14 led the as

one the saying and

topic proper breaks 15, from in

to

the

next.

In between

one

instance, two khan4.5.15. ofthe makes mental Both and Thus,

continuity the which but dying into toward the eva so long same cirayi a time And na in vn

somewhat passages

continuity are who man, their one's the

of BU allegory gradually whose source. source

away

home of not the retreat

back function express with the

home, so the that wanderer iti "For

example they do

faculties not only

long same

themes but

movement even tasya use tvad

merging in 'tha free. ing 14.2,

source

terminology. yvan before 15.1, manasi tvaj after na

thinks: me unite the text there with says: tejah mind, divine the and in 15 tat and the to the if it

vimok^ye I shall describ be

sampatsya And the then dying prrie voice heat The

is just [my

I shall man, prnas with the

people]." yvan

tasya parasym his

sampadyate jnti "Before with rela yvan same its quite of the

manah his heat, tions]." na

tejasi his

devatyrn mind so with long breath, does

unites with two

his he

breath [his the the

highest have

power, same

know uses

lines

vocabulary sam-pad allegory on with faculties refrain from passage it but itself: the the

each and in 14 other

. . . tvat The The

construction example intervening

the

verb the

express and hand,

ideas. point. different finest To within tion above, reference passage textually, vincing.^^ of

explains tvam is asi

reinforces uses

refrain,

terminology essence, return the it this to itself as then text must not

concerned of the asi

pervasiveness into the if the then all. not self. refrain an As discuss is nothing at of tad the as close. sat

retreat tat was for tvam

spread

and

generalized it in the be its out that

6.12, above does there

interpreta we noted sat. A

account

section Being which well as

discusses might warrants syntactically, not

animan-: of place,

in the Con-

sudden the

introduction explanation

is uncon

Another brahman; 453 real ports there to BU The far that be, a, p. name, this for a clear tabut and 3.9.9, principal as possible. the whole ci. 182.

possibility A. Minard: According brahman

is that Trois

tad

in tat train, sur Nothing First, tad designates

asi represents le Cent the in the else usage. with ChU whieh and brahman eontext in the Nor parallel does

a secret If. without ofthe Vedic cited not by

name Paris giving refrain literature

of the 1956, it a sup is there is in as be

Enigmes

Chemins.

to him, however.

for the instance is an here gender.

is nameless. ta- pronoun pronoun. is tyathis chapter of the evolution section

interpretation, ofthe anaphoric the

nowhere in this The closest agrees of the

would

we expect Minard

pronoun Set^ond, of this one of

and

its nominative discuss and into is named

brahma brahman. described Being can

number

concern In fact, process

is Being, from

principles

of Uddlaka's devolution

exposition

is to show

108

Joel

P.

Brereton

If, account of like

then, for

tad it?

does The

not only

refer way

either remaining

to

animanis to look

or to

to the in

sat, special Vedic idam,

how

can functions

we

neuter the

demonstrative other in a neuter variety "therefore," both signify agni it can Cf ha td in the place, bhavatah express SB(K) sense

pronouns. demonstratives of senses.^*

Very etad, For

commonly adah, and it

prose, is used

tad, ad

verbially consequence: "then," It may

example, or as well as there in the sense

can

express It can

logical mean

"consequently," of "after or this this"

"thereby."^' as in "on SB are account 2.5.2.5 two of "in

of this."^* tdd vai and case"'" indro evd jaghna Visvarpa, he was to be dve two or ja

"there,"^' "In

occasion,

vedi fires." "in ghna td the killed. that tad In

dvdv Or any

(sacrifice)

Vedis that

circumstance 2.2.1.16 viddrn 'mucyata [Ekata, Trita, for and its tad he sd cakruh devo Dvita, who slew hisdh

case." tsya

ytra

visvdr.parn. sdsvad "When Trita] In In torfmeans the dhainaip Indra knew any

tvsfrm trit slew that

vdhyasya indro they it was

dty son

dha

of Tvastr, Probably,

and him.

case,

Indra

escaped phrase to or this."

(crime) esa all sloko these and As

completely, bhavati examples, signals these

is a god."''

often-recurring "with regard object statement it may

variants,'^ refers to

some it the

preceding and the

circum fol are

stance lows. various.

a relation examples also

between show,

which express

relations

I suggest is a parallel

that

in tat

tvam with

asi, two

tadh&s other

such

an

adverbial

function. which

There

instance

demonstratives,

establishes

understood death, honey. does " 119e, " 1977, " Renou: '" p. 93; " 589 other " 5.24.5; Cf p. Cf the Being not p.

through merging accord 156. with

concrete of rivers but the

and into it can whole FSS

common the tenor 147, ocean

events, or the

such To

as hunger,

thirst,

sleep, in bees' name

blending give

of pollen it a mysterious

is unseen,

be understood. of the p. 43;

preceding -S' 279.4,

sections. p. 209; Renou, GrS

Ingeneral.cf

Speijer:

Speijer: J.-M. 297. H. W.

SS Verpoorten:

444,

p.

344;

Delbrck: des Mots dans

AS

141,

pp.

216ff. Paris

^* Cf

L'Ordre

VAitareya-

Brhmana.

BoDEwiTZ: 119e, p. La

Jaiminiya 156. Subordination p. 156.

Brahmaiia

I,

1-65.

Leiden

1973,

p.

159;

GrS

Cf. A. Minard: Renou: According GrS to

dans

la Prose

vedique.

Paris

1936,

294,

119c, Minard: tad,

Trois probably

l^nigmes the second, BU

sur

le Cent is governed 4.4.6, 2.21.3;

Chemins. by etc., the cf

I. Paris verb, SB and

1949, the

c, p. 202, one is adverbial. Cf Sb 7.26.2; 10.5.2.4, 4.3.11; 8.6.6.

18; 4.4.8.

10.5.4.16; iod

2.2.3; in ChU

11.5.5.12; 5.10.9;

12.3.2.7,

8; BU

&?atoA:aA

3.11.1;

5.2.9;

"Tat

Tvam

Asi"

in

Context

109

the

sense

of

tad

here

and

supports agne sitryasya

this

interpretation vrcasgath tvm come asi), in agne with y

of it.

This

passage tvm asihsisun,' to be

is TS ddm i$am he

1.5.7.6 ahdm evaitdm

sarp bhysam sste that

tvm i "You, way are

haitdt

vdvaitd Agni, you he ofthe

ha. have

suryavarc the radiance way may Agni, blessing to the

asity ofthe I come are one

says

; 'in ahdm

( etat thus sun,'

tvm says he etad

in this

{idam possesses asks." which the which ofthe that in sun.

bhysam),' the radiance the fire has

effect.

'You, it is this

who he

says; and

which condition radiance condition

Here the In was whole finest

demonstratives attained, manner, described, As is the these truth two and namely, tad

idam it brings

refer with refers

that in the are the I that tat

it the to the

of

the

same

tvarii

asi

previously world. essence

condition pervaded self for

ofthe by them, the whole way in which First, of the an whole the

nyagrodhatree finest so also whole has you, the the essence, is Svetaketu refrain as its

and as

that

same which is the is natural that in the is

condition. this finest That the logical and its

Therefore, essence, is the self. of

translate the that 6.12, climax. because

as: self.

"That That Such most lishes Then, means real. ly,

world are

truth. really place, the tree

In

Svetaketu." refrain passage has its

ending appropriate and that This lives

estab essence. exists by and final upon is

grows it says

invisible world, for

refrain, an self,

everything, essence exists by is the

of such It is the Uddlaka in the by

essence. for

truth, to

it is lasting Then and look world, true

everything the way. He, which

reference Svetaketu

it.

personalizes same this essence,

teaching. like is his the

should the and whole his

himself pervaded

tree

and reality

final

self.''

'^

There tat

is no need tvam who relation as asi reject

here implies the

to examine an identity non-dualist done. the tad Rather, and asi says "you are

the

discussion self argue than imply just tied ofthat" and do not

among the argue that the text, identity. as well absolute

Vedanta brahman that refrain identity. for

schools or not. not One Pnini are "you

on Even ref a sec offers as like are His My

whether Vedntins er to different tion twenty his that" last thanks of

of the position they tvam other do hke

tad does

brahman,

I have betwen of tat

expresses

Visnudscrya's explanations Vispudscrya are also He Dr. Edwin (attached) ( 9), occurs suggests on that" which to

Vdaratnvali, tvam which that ofthe the

a Madhvite not a bird it could nature final

example, Using "you ( 4),

authority, ( 3), "you idea,

mean and has atat

to that" in Madhva's reading for

to its perch ( 10), on 6.8.7, as sa tm

dependent improbability.

so forth. an appealing tvam asi.

commentary clauses me to

Gerow

referring

this

text.

Bcherbesprechungen

Hans melte

Hls

und

Hans zur

Hoppe Lemgo:

: Engelbert Wagener Kaempfers, Persien und Werk 1694) (S. soll Dunkeln der die 1712) hat nur 1-5) liegt,

Kaempfer 1982. 268 der Ostindien" wird gewrdigt. uerst 31-61) auf die und in vollstndiger

zum und S., als

330. zur 79 Arzt (in der 300

Geburtstag. Frhzeit Abb. und Geb. der

Gesam Asien

Beitrge

Engelbert-Kaempfer-Forschung

forschung Leben von 1683 und bis

in Europa. Werk 1693 Fahrt,

Engelbebt Ruland, des durch

Naturforscher blichen, nach seiner Decas

damals Jahre Dissertation

umfassenden curiosen" Kaempfers observationum und Hans phie weise schaftlich Sehr stellerischem Amoenitates Japan sen Jh.s fer. Bd. weg welche haben asiatischen erschien tes exoticae, Titel nische SiEBOLD, in: asiens, Unter Nr. den den 1972 (London ausfhrlicher Hls (S.

Bedeutung

Wortes)

bereiste,

nun, Es wichtige eine

dieses (Leiden

enthlt deutscher von dem

insbesondere bersetzung Geographen werden. abschnitt Titel. Sie sind wissen schriflaus History auszugswei des ausgebt. Kaemp Abschnitt der Reisen. Reise auf die Japan, Japaner So der 18. den of 672

wissenschaftsgeschichtlich exoticamm (1935-80) Im Biographie immer jedoch belanglos. erfreulich Werk exoticae 1727) Wirkung, wre noch serieuses Bume Leipzig zweiten (Punkt wiederum seit langem Sprachen in Teheran der Beschreibung Japaner sich der 28, die ein. die Hlfte 9). und 1754, groen Von zum ist dagegen (Nr. (Lemgo besteht, grndliche Obwohl und vllig im Kommentierung folgenden (Punkt

zusammengestellte

Intemationak letztere obwohl ein Feuilletons von umfat, nahezu des Welt

Kaempfer-Bibliograeingegangen sein Drittel Leben der und

209-58).

Kaempfers noch entstammen

berwiegend

Erfassung es eine das in der posthum Vielzahl Ausgaben europische du Japon 1729), in:

Kaempfers nur

225-292).

Hauptsache verffentlichten von teils Japanbild par usw.

der

es durch gekrzten auf (La

Nachdrucken, eine In: Xll. Einen dar groe

bersetzungen, insbesondere der Extrait etbadines2 l^flanzen 708-40. bibhographischen den 129 Teil

whrend le Docteur und

Nachzutragen Lettres

de l Histoire Haye

345-78

Besondere

in Japon"

Allgemeine stellt beziehen

Historie ILiempfers sich denn zu die Beitrge 83 sind,

Komplex geschrieben sich

Literaturangaben Japanisch Werk fr vllig,

groen fehlen eine

Kaempfers

entdeckt". teilweise des Die vermissen Schrifttums fr Naturund Hofes.

in anderen Unrecht: der Amoenita auf japa und lt, Ost japanischen

dagegen persische des und des 1966, besonders unter

jedoch 1. Teils durch

bersetzung

persischen Japanologen in der japanischen 271-75.

angesprochenen Bibliographien, in der Suppl.-Bd. den ersten von nimmt Platz

Hinweise fr Kaempfer wiederfinden Vlkerkunde

z. B. diejenige Deutschen Tokyo Botanik Das

Gedenkschrift"

Mitteilungen

Gesehschaft

Kaempfer

gepflegte(n) Einschlu

Wissenschaften" der angewandten Material

(Punkt Drogenkun

10, wenn

463-623)

zusammengetragene

ist beachtlich,

ZeitBchrift

der DeutKchcn MorgcnlanHiKchcn Gesellschaft Band 1.36, Heft I (1986) Deutsche Mor^enliiiulische GeselUchaft e. V.