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Finding the LEAST COMMON DENOMINATOR (LCD) When adding and subtracting fracti ns! there "ust be a c "" n den "inat r s that the fracti ns can be added r subtracted# C "" n den "inat rs are the sa"e nu"ber n the b tt " f fracti ns# There are se$era% "eth ds f r finding the c "" n den "inat r# The f %% &ing is ne in &hich &e &i%% find the %east c "" n den "inat r r LCD# Each set f fracti ns has "an' c "" n den "inat rs( &e &i%% find the s"a%%est nu"ber that ne r b th fracti ns &i%% change t #
. +- , Ste* .+ Start &ith the %argest f the den "inat rs E)+ 3 is the largest Ste* -+ See if the ther den "inat r can di$ide int the %argest &ith ut getting a re"ainder# If there is n re"ainder! then ' u ha$e f und the LCD/ E)# 3 divided by 2 has a remainder of 1 Ste* ,+ If there is a re"ainder! "u%ti*%' the %argest den "inat r b' the nu"ber and re*eat ste* - ab $e# If there is n re"ainder! then ' u ha$e f und the LCD/ If there is a re"ainder! 0ee* "u%ti*%'ing the den "inat r b' successi$e nu"bers (,! 1! 2! etc#) unti% there is n re"ainder# This *r cess "a' ta0e se$era% ste*s but it &i%% e$entua%%' get t the LCD# E)# 3 x 2 = 6; 2 divides evenly into 6; therefore, 6 is the LCD#
E)# Su** se &e are g ing t add these fracti ns+
.+. - 1 Ste* .+ 1 is the %argest den "inat r Ste* -+ 1 di$ided b' - has n re"ainder! theref re 1 is the LCD/
E)# .+
.+. 2 3 Ste* .+ 3 is the %argest den "inat r Ste* -+ 3 di$ided b' 2 has a re"ainder# Mu%ti*%' 3 ) - 4 .-#
E)# -+
.- di$ided b' 2 has a re"ainder 3 ) , 4 .5# .5 di$ided b' 2 has a re"ainder 3 ) 1 4 -1 -1 di$ided b' 2 has a re"ainder 3 ) 2 4 ,6 ,6 di$ided b' 2 has NO re"ainder! theref re ,6 is the LCD/ Note+ 7 u "a' ha$e n ticed that "u%ti*%'ing the den "inat rs t gether a%s gets the LCD# This "eth d &i%% a%&a's get a c "" n den "inat r but it "a' n t get a % &est c "" n den "inat r# E)ercise . 8sing the *re$i us%' sh &n "eth d! &rite 9ust the LCD f r the f %% &ing sets f fracti ns (Do Not olve! .) 1) :) .6) .,)
. . , - ,
-) 2) 5) ..) .1)
- , 2 ,
,) 3) ;) .-) .2)
2 . , 5 -
. . , 1 , , . , 1 ., 1 , .2 2 , . . ! ! 5 3 ,
. , : 2 : , , 5 2 . - 2 ! ! - , 3 . . . ! ! : - ,
1 . , ; , , , .6 , , 2 : ! ! 1 5 .3 , . . ! ! 5 2 ,
<etting e=ui$a%ent Fracti ns and Reducing Fracti ns Once &e ha$e f und the LCD f r a set f fracti ns! the ne)t ste* is t change each fracti n t ne f its e=ui$a%ents s that &e "a' add r subtract it# An e=ui$a%ent fracti n has the sa"e $a%ue as the rigina% fracti n>it % 0s a %itt%e different/ ?ere are s "e e)a"*%es f e=ui$a%ent fracti ns+
. = - 1 - 1 = , 3
. , = - 3 - 3 = , ;
. 1 = - 5 - 5 = , .-
. 2 = - .6 - .6 = , .2
>etc# >etc#
An e=ui$a%ent fracti n is btained b' "u%ti*%'ing b th the nu"erat r and den "inat r f the fracti n b' the sa"e nu"ber# This is ca%%ed "#$LD$N%# ?ere are s "e e)a"*%es+
2), .2 = 5), -1
2 and 5 &ere b th "u%ti*%ied b' , : and .- &ere b th "u%ti*%ied b' . and , &ere b th "u%ti*%ied b' .:
0 %i0e fracti n $ersi ns f .#
An e=ui$a%ent fracti n can a%s btained b' di$iding b th the nu"erat r and den "inat r f the fracti n b' the sa"e nu"ber# This is ca%%ed &'D#C$N%# ?ere are s "e " re e)a"*%es+
.6 - 2 = .- - 3
.6 and .- &ere b th di$ided b' 5 and .- &ere b th di$ided b' 1 -66 and --2 &ere b th di$ided b' -2
51 = .- 1 ,
-66 -2 5 = --2 -2 ;
E)ercise Find the nu"ber that be% ngs in the s*ace b' b(ilding r red()ing e=ui$a%ent fracti ns# .)
. = - .6
-)
= , .2
,)
2 = 3 .-
1)
, = 1 .-
2)
= 2 -6
3)
2 = : -.
:)
, = 3 -
5)
3 = 5 1
;)
5 = .6 2
.6)
.= -1 -
..)
2 = ,6 3
.-)
: = .1 -
.,)
= : ,2
.1)
: = 1- 3
.2)
.6 = .2 ,
.3)
. = 5 -1
.:)
. = , -1
.5)
-6 = -- ..
.;)
-. = 1- -
-6)
.: = 2. ,
-.)
.6 = ,6 ,
Si"*%if'ing I"*r *er Fracti ns An i"*r *er fracti n is ne in &hich the nu"erat r is %arger than the den "inat r# If the ans&er t an additi n! subtracti n! "u%ti*%icati n! r di$isi n fracti n is i"*r *er! si"*%if' it and reduce if * ssib%e# E)# .+ nu"erat r#
, . 1 , .
E)# -+
.6 = 5 5
. . .6 = . = . 5 1 5 -
E)# ,+
-)
2 4 1
,)
: 4 ,
1)
.6 4 3
2)
1 4 -
3)
3 4 1
:)
.2 4 ,
5)
-6 4 .-
;)
.; 4 1
.6)
-, 4 2
..)
.5 4 ,
.-)
.: 4 2
.,)
,: 4 ;
.1)
-5 4 5
.2)
1: 4 ;
.3)
.63 4 1
.:)
.: 4 -
.5)
.16 4 -6
.;)
.34 .6
-6)
,5 4 2
-.)
24 ,
Adding and Subtracting f Fracti ns When adding r subtracting! there "ust be a c "" n den "inat r# If the den "inat rs are different+
(a) Write the *r b%e" $ertica%%' (t * t b tt ") (b) Find the LCD (c) Change t e=ui$a%ent fracti ns (b' bui%ding) (d) Add r subtract the nu"erat rs (%ea$e the den "inat rs the sa"e) (e) Si"*%if' and reduce! if * ssib%e
E)# .+
, 2
. 2
1 2
The den "inat rs are the sa"e# Add the nu"erat rs! 0ee*
. -
E)# -+
. -
. 1
=@
E)# ,+
2 5
. ,
=@
5 . ,
= =
E)# 1+
, 1
=@
, , 1
= =
5 .; ..: .... = .2 2 = .2 3 .2 = 2 =. 2
..
E)# 2+
.. .2
. ,
=@
.2 . ,
Si"*%if'ing and reducing c "*%etes additi n and subtracti n *r b%e"s# See *age 2
E)ercise 1 Add r subtract the f %% &ing fracti ns# Si"*%if' and reduce &hen * ssib%e# .)
- , + = : :
-)
; . + = .1 .1
,)
. , + = 3 3
1)
, . + = 2 1
2)
- . + = , -
3)
1 . + = 2 -
:)
- , + = 1 3
5)
2 , + = 3 5
;)
: + = ; ,
.6)
, . = 1 -
..)
, . = 2 ,
.-)
: = 5 ,
.,)
2 . = .- 1
.1)
; . = .. -
.2)
.. 2 = .- 3
.3)
. . = - ,
.:)
2 . = 3 1
.5)
; . = .6 ,
.;)
5 . + = -6 2
-6)
.1 . = .2 3
-.)
1 , = : 5
--)
3 . + = .- -
-,)
5 = ; ,
-1)
.- 2 + = .3 5
-2)
, . = : 3
-3)
1 3 = 2 .6
-:)
- + = ., ,
Adding and subtracting "i)ed nu"bers A "i)ed nu"ber has a &h %e nu"ber f %% &ed b' a fracti n+ When adding r subtracting "i)ed nu"bers! use the *r cedure fr " *age :# N te+ D nAt f rget t add r subtract the &h %e nu"bers# E)# .+ . + - = @
. , =. 3 . + - =, 3 2 , 3 .
. -
. ,
E)# -+ 3 + 2 = @
. 5 . 3 5 +2 . .. 5
E)# ,+ 2 +
2 + . =2 , , = 2 2 .2 ; .2 .1 2 .2
. ,
, =@ 2
E)# 1+ ,
,
3 .=, ; .5 . ; . =. .5 , . - =.5 3
3 . . = @ ; -
6 When "i)ed nu"bers cann t be subtracted because the b tt " fracti n is %arger subtracted from the . than the t * fracti n! BORROW s that the fracti ns can be subtracted fr 1 " 6 One was borrowed from the each ther# 3 , The 4 cannot be subtracted E)# 2+ 5 C - = @ 1 from nothing. One was
The 2
cannot be
E)# 3+ 2
borrowed from the 8 and changed to 4 . 8 was 4 changed to a 7.Now the mixed numbers can be subtracted from each other.
. . - = @ 3 ,
7 . The who"e number 6 was changed to a 4. Now the mixed numbers can be subtracted.
1 1 , , - =1 1 . 2 1 5 =:
. . : =2 = 1 3 3 3 . =- = , 3 3 2 3 2
E)ercise 2 Add r subtract the f %% &ing "i)ed nu"bers# Si"*%if' and reduce &hen * ssib%e# .) 5 + 5
1 2 . 4 .6
- , -) . + 4 , :
,) .3 +
2 5
.. 4 .-
1) , + 3 + 2
1 2
.. 4 .2
2) .
.. 4 .- ,
3) 1
. . 4 5
. . :) 2 2 4 3 ,
5) .1 - 4
. -
. 5
;) : +1 4
. 2
.6) -
. 4 1
. ..) .- 5 4 : ,
1 3 .-) 1 , 4 : :
2 . .,) .3 - 4 3 ,
. .1) .1 - 4 ;
.2) .13 + 5 4
. 2
2 .6 .3) 2 + 4 3 .-
.:) 3 1
: 4 5
.5) ..
, 2 4 2
.;)
+7 4 ,
-6) -
1 +1 4 5 ,
-.) .66 1 4
, 5
Fracti n W rd Dr b%e"s (Additi nESubtracti n) When s %$ing & rd *r b%e"s! "a0e sure t 8NDERSTAND T?E F8ESTION# L 0 f r bits f inf r"ati n that &i%% he%* get t the ans&er# Gee* in "ind that s "e sentences "a' n t ha$e 0e' & rds r 0e' & rds "ight e$en be "is%eading# 8SE COMMON SENSE &hen thin0ing ab ut h & t s %$e & rd *r b%e"s# The first thing ' u thin0 f "ight be the best &a' t s %$e the *r b%e"# ?ere are s "e GE7 WORDS t % 0 f r in & rd *r b%e"s+ Su"! t ta%! " re than+ "ean t add Difference! %ess than! h & "uch " re than+ "ean t subtract
. inch in .6
E)ercise 3 S %$e the f %% &ing addEsubtract fracti n & rd *r b%e"s .# Find the t ta% &idth f , b ards that 1 &ide! and 1
. inches &ide# -
. 3 = .6 36 . -6 - =, 36 , 12 +. =. 1 36 :. .. , =1 36 36
$im%"if&.
-# A :#.2? tire is 3
,# A *atient is gi$en .
. teas* 1
. teas* -
1# ,
2#
, 5
. 1
f it is gr &n in
3# A runner 9 gs :
:# If ,
"uch is %eft@
. -
. 1
5# I set a g a% t drin0 31 unces f &ater a da'# If I drin0 .6 unces in the " rning! .2
. -
unces at n
n! and -6
dinner! h & "an' " re unces f &ater d I ha$e t drin0 t reach "' g a% f r the da'@
2 3
. ,
unces at
. , . feet! .3- feet! and .1, feet# If the distance ar und the 1 5 .2 % t is 2.5 feet! find the f urth side# .3
fifth banner@
. ft#! ,
E)ercise .
1! 6 2! 1* 3! , .! 12 *! 3* 6! / 0! . ,! .+ /! 3+ 1+! 1* 11! 6 12! 16 13! 2. 1.! .2 1*! 12+
E)ercise 1! * 2! 1+ 3! 1+ .! / *! , 6! 1* 0! 1 ,! 3 /! . 1+! 1 11! 1 12! 1 13! 1+ 1.! 1 1*! 2 16! 3 10! , 1,! 1+ 1/! 1 2+! 1 21! 1
E)ercise , . 1! . 2 . 2! . 1 . 3! , .! . ,
*! 2
6! . 0! * ,! .
. -
E)ercise 1 2 1! : 2 2! : 3! , .: .! -6 . *! . 3 , 6! . .6
0! ,! /! 1
, , /! 1 1
1+!
1,
2 -1 1 . ;
1+! 11!
1 4
4 1
,1.
2
;
,.
2-
; -3 . 5. -
.3 . :,
2 .: . ,
-1 . 3 : -. .. 3 : ..: ,6 , 2 -, ,6 .. 23
-
E)ercise 3 . 1! 1 in)hes 5 : 2! . in)hes 5 , 3! , teas-oons 1 .. .! 5 feet .2 *! 5 : 6! -. miles 36 , 0! 2 o(n)es 1 . ,! .: o(n)es , ., /! .61 feet .3
1+!
-6 .
1 ft1
: .1 .
.. 5
22! 1 -,)
; .21 . 2 3, .. 5 3, 2 :, 1. 3 ;2 2 5