Driver Assistance and

Vehicle Control
TNK052 Intelligent Transportation Systems
Andreas Tapani
 Driver Assistance today and
in the 1930’s
ABS, ESP, automatic transmission,
rain sensors, panic brake assistant, …

The driver had to do everything!

The driver indicates direction and speed,
the car takes care of the rest!

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The road safety development in Sweden

Fatalities per 100 000 cars

Source:
SCB
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 Accident statistics

~1.2 million people killed in road traffic accidents each year

~40 000 in the EU

~450 in Sweden

Nearly all accidents are
due to human error! Other
Head-on Single vehicle
8%
10% 21%
Unknown Technical failure
11% 3%

Rear-end
13%
Turning/crossing
Vehicle-
30%
pedestrian
18%

Driver error
86%
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 Road safety improvement strategies

Passive countermeasures:
Reduce consequences of
errors/accidents

Active countermeasures:
Reduce the number of
driver errors

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In-vehicle ITS or “Advanced
Driver Assistance Systems”
(ADAS)

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Estimations of the accident reduction potential
of ITS related to vehicle safety

80 % reduction in total accidents (Japan)

ISA: 25-30 % reduction (Netherlands)

ACC: 60 % reduction in rear-end accidents (Netherlands)

How are this type of estimations done?

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Other potential effects on the traffic system

Increased capacity

Reduced travel times

Reduced environmental impact

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Examples of available
ITS in series-produced
passenger cars

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Driver monitoring

A simple form: passenger detection for seatbelts

Detecting driver impairment or distraction

Camera technology

(Biosignal measurements)

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Night vision

To allow drivers to gain time to assess the situation and choose

and appropriate response

Near or Far InfraRed (NIR or FIR) technology

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Workload management

Filtering and prioritizing the information presented to the driver

Estimation of the driver workload using vehicle sensors
(speed brakeforce, windshield wiper use)

When challenging situations are detected  Postpone or
cancel non-urgent warnings or mobile phone calls.

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 Brake force display

Display brake force

through the brake lights

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Adaptive headlights

Headlights that follow the road curvature

Switch between high and low beam

Cornering headlights

Safety effects? (Improved sight  Higher speeds  reduced safety?)

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Lane departure warning

Recognize lanes and detect an

imminent lane departure

Cameras

Lane markings are required

Lane keeping assistant:

Provide appropriate steering
input

Responsibility and legislation
issues

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 Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)

Mantain speed and distance
to the vehicle infront

Engine deceleration or
Active deceleration with
limited brake force

Early systems: limited speed
range
New systems: Full speed
range including stop and go

Ongoing development:
Linkage between the ACC
and navigation

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 Electronic stability control

Braking of individual wheels

(suspension and traction
control)

One of the most safety-
enhancing systems on the
market

Sensors: Steering wheel
angle, gyro, yaw rate lateral
and longitudinal accelation

(Counter steering assistance)

Roll stability control

Take into account the load
distribution

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Blind spot detection systems

Detecting objects in the ”blind spot” side and back

Cameras or radar

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Pre-collision, collision avoidance and
obstacle detection systems

Avoid crashes and reduce the severity of imminent crashes

Lower vehicle speed

Driver warning and brake support

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Emergency steering and breaking assist

Optimizing the vehicle deceleration or steeing in emergency

situations

Maxmizing pressure in the brake circuits

Reduce steering gear ratio

Shorten stopping distance

More direct steering

Autonomous braking systems are also available

a potential to avoid accidents

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Passenger injury mitigation and
post-crash systems

Active whiplash injury reduction

Monitor the rear of the car using radar

Reposition head rest before a rear-end
crash

Advanced airbags

Adapt the deployment power according
to

Collision severity

Mass of the driver

Partial window opening, door unlocking
and engine and fuel cut off

Automatic emergency call – notify the
rescue service automatically

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Co-operative systems

Vehicle-to-vehicle and
vehicle-to-infrastructure communication
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Driver assistance systems technology

Source: PREVENT IP
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ADAS control loop

Surveillance of
the vehicle
No
environment

Traffic situation Critical? Activate intervention system

interpretation Yes

Prediction of
future situation

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System classification

Response ESP
time ABS
High
< Intervention
response Driver
reaction
CA
time

Low
response ACC
Guidance
Response
time PA LDW
>
Driver
reaction VISION ENH.
time
Informativ Navigation
e
NAVIGATION

Comfort Safety

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 Driver assistance systems and accident phases

Critical Point of no End of

situation return
Crash crash

Driving Intervention Pre-crash Crash Post Crash

Normal driving Collision avoidance Collision mitigation Occupant protection Rescue

Information/ Passive safety systems Emergency

low response High response systems systems

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In-vehicle ITS
road map

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Passenger car ITS - focus areas in the
development process

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Issues in the development process

Technological requirement

Driver acceptance and behavioural response

Driver, car manufacturer and system developer liability

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Technological requirements

Specifications

Reliability

Cost

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Driver acceptance and behavioural response

Do drivers want the system?

Will the driver use the system as intended?

Behavioural adaptation

Is driver attention diverted from traffic due to the system?

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Liability issues

Who is responsible for an accident?

Information systems

Overridable intervention systems

Non-overridable intervention systems

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Evaluation of the effects of in-vehicle ITS

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Methods for testing the impact of in-vehicle ITS

Driving simulator studies

Field trials

Traffic modelling

Economic analysis

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What have we talked about today?

Changes in the nature of driving

Accident statistics

An overview of in-vehicle ITS

A peek to the future

Issues that needs to be considered in the system
development process

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