Tafila technical university Facultry of engineering

Title: free convection and Radiation .

Student name: salam albaradie.

Date of submission: 19/12/2013

Lecturer name: Dr Ali Alahmer.

Introduction
Natural or Buoyant or Free convection is a very important mechanism that is operative in a variety of environments from cooling electronic circuit boards in computers to causing large scale circulation in the atmosphere as well as in lakes and oceans that influences the weather. It is caused by the action of density gradients in conjunction with a gravitational field. This is a brief introduction that will help you understand the qualitative features of a variety of situations you might encounter There are two basic scenarios in the context of natural convection. In one, a density gradient exists in a fluid in a direction that is parallel to the gravity vector or opposite to it. Such situations can lead to stable or unstable density stratification of the fluid. In a stable stratification, less dense fluid is at the top and more dense fluid at the bottom. In the absence of other effects, convection will be absent, and we can treat the heat transfer problem as one of conduction. In an unstable stratification, in which less dense fluid is at the bottom, and more dense fluid at the top, provided the density gradient is sufficiently large, convection will start spontaneously and significant mixing of the fluid will occur.

Heat Transfer Coefficient

In one dimension, the heat flux at the boundary of a solid in contact with an adjacent fluid (see Figure 1) is given by Fourier's law applied at the solid-fluid interface:

equ(1)

In equation (1), kf is the fluid thermal conductivity (W/m-K), ( T/ y ) =0 is the normal component of temperature gradient (K/m), and qsis the surface heat flux (W/m2 ). Note that the temperature gradient is evaluated on the fluid side; recall that at y = 0 the fluid velocity is zero by the no-slip conditionfamiliar to you from your fluid mechanics course. The temperature field in the fluid medium might be determined analytically for very simple cases, or it can be measured.

where Ts is the surface temperature and T is a reference temperature in the fluid, usually in the free stream, but for some flow situations (such as fully developed internal flow) T can be replaced by other temperatures, such as the mixed-mean temperature Tm of the fluid. The heat transfer coefficient is the primary quantity characterizing the convection heat transfer process. In any given flow situation, it can vary with position on the surface and with time. It depends strongly on the velocity and thermal boundary conditions, as well as the geometry of the body. A spatially averaged heat transfer coefficient (usually called the average h), h can be defined as

Where q is the total heat transferred and As is the total heat transfer surface area. To emphasize its local character, we often denote the local heat transfer coefficient by a subscript Sometimes the average coefficient is simply denoted as h. In order to avoid confusion, you should adopt a consistent notation and clearly define your nomenclature in your technical writing. In this document, we will use h for the average coefficient The heat transfer coefficient is a dimensional quantity. A no dimensional number called the average Nusselt number, Nu is defined as

where L ref is a reference length. Nu is a temporally and spatially averaged quantity. The Nusselt number can also be defined locally, and it would then depend on surface position and time. Using equations (1) and (2), it is easily shown that the local Nu is a dimensionless temperature gradient at the wall, namely

Thus, Nu can be viewed as an average, dimensionless temperature gradient at the fluid-surface interface. For additional information, read chapters in your textbook covering basic concepts of convection heat transfer, "free or natural convection, and external flow convection. In partic ular, review material related to the basic definition of the heat transfer coefficient and the relation of the dimensionless Nusselt number to the Rayleigh number (for free convection) and the Reynolds number (for forced convection).

The Grashof Number The governing equations of natural convection and the boundary conditions can be non-dimensional zed by dividing all dependent and independent variables by suitable constant quantities: all lengths by a characteristic length Lc , all velocities by an arbitrary reference velocity _ (which, from the definition of Reynolds number, is taken to be R eL /Lc), and temperature by a suitable temperature difference (which is taken to be Ts _ T_) as

NATURAL CONVECTION OVER SURFACES

Natural convection heat transfer on a surface depends on the geometry of the surface as well as its orientation. It also depends on the variation of temperature on the surface and the thermophysical properties of the fluid involved. Although we understand the mechanism of natural convection well, the complexities of fluid motion make it very difficult to obtain simple analytical relations for heat transfer by solving the governing equations of motion and energy. Some analytical solutions exist for natural convection, but such solutions lack generality since they are obtained for simple geometries under some simplifying assumptions. Therefore, with the exception of some simple cases, heat transfer relations in natural convection are based on experimental studies. Of the numerous such correlations of varying complexity and claimed accuracy available in the literature for any given geometry, we present here the ones that are best known and widely used

the rate of heat transfer by natural convection from a solid surface at a uniform temperature Ts to the surrounding fluid is expressed by Newtons law of cooling as

400 350 300 temp film (k) 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 time 20 (sec) 25 30 35