SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS 1.1 Understanding Physics PHYSICS

Mechanical Energy

Mechanical Energy

Study of the natural phenomena and the properties of matter. Matter states Energy forms

Heat Energy Light Energy Wave Energy

Electrical Energy

Solid Liquid Gas

Nuclear Energy hemical Energy

#roperties of Matter

!elationship "ith energy

!elationship "ith matter

#roperties of Energy

in the fields of

Mecha ics

#eat

&a'e

(lectro ics

Properties o" matter

$i%ht

(lectricity ) (lectroma% etism

*tomic Physics ) +uclear

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

1.2 1 & ( *

PHYSICA !UANTITIES a y ,ua tity that ca be measured by a scie ti"ic i strume t$ physical quantity is %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.. stop.atch/ metre rule bala ce/thermometer/ammeter E%a&'(es )* scienti*ic instruments etc'%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $ +ase #$antity is a physical quantity "hich cannot )e defined in terms of other physical quantities. Study the follo"ing picture and list the physical quantities that can )e measured. /he list of physical quantities ' #ei%ht/ 1. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. mass/ &. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. si0e/ (. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. a%e/ *. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. temperature/ +. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. curre t 0. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. Po.er/ 2. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. Thermal e er%y 3. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.

"ase #$antity

battery

List of + )asic physical quantities and their units. ,ase quantity Length Mass /ime urrent /emperature Sym)ol l m t I T S.-. .nit meter kilo%ram seco d *mppere Kel'i Sym)ol for S.-. .nit m k% s * K

/"o quantities that have also identified as )asic quantity. /here are '

i1 %%%%%%%%%%..unit %%%%.. ii1 %%%%%%%%%. unit $i%ht i te sity ca dela *mou t o" substa ce mol %%%%%..

&

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Standard ,)r& 1 & ( e1pressio o"4 'ery lar%e a d small umbers Standard form 4 $ 5 16n 7simpli"y 1the 8$ 8 16 and n integer Standard form is used to %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%... Some physical quantities have e5tremely small magnitudes. Write the follo"ing quantities in standard form ' 2-34 1 152 m
74

6-11 1 15731 k% a. !adius of the earth 4 0 (26 666 m 4%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. 3-5 666 1 15666 m 666 666 666 666 911 :g 4%%%... ). Mass of an electron 4 6.666 666 666 666 4-8 1 15 m c. Si;e of a particle 4 6.666 6( m 4 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :-: 1 15 ). <iameter of an atom 4 6.666 666 62& m 4 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%... c. Wavelength of light 4 6.666 666 ++ m 4 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.. represe t a lar%e physical ,ua tity or e1tremely small ,ua tity i S-I u itsbe"ore the it as a multiplyi % "actor1. #refi5es are usually used to u %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%... Pre*i%es &. -t "ill )e "ritten %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% (. /he list of prefi5es '
10
12

79

74

Eg '

Tera (T) Giga (G) Mega (M) kilo (k) Hekto (ha) Deka (da) desi (d) centi (s) mili (m) micro () nano (n) pico (p)

109 106
10 3 10 1
2

1 1 1518 m 1 /m 4 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%. 3-2 1 1573* (.0 m$ 4 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%. Ho" to change the unit = Eg ' 2 1. Mega to nano1-33 M* ; 1-33 1 15 * ; 1-33 1 15 27<76= * ; 1-33 1 15 71: * &. /era to micro1-83 Tm to u it m u it 1-83 Tm ; 1-83 1 15 18m ; 1-83 1 15 18 > <72=m ; 1-83 1 15 19m (. pi:o to Mega :4:2 p* to M* u it :4:2 p* ; :-4:2 1 15 3 ? <718= p* ; :-4:2 1 15 76p* ; :-4:2 1 15 76 ><2= M* ; :-4:2 1 15 71: M*

10 10-1 0 10 10-2

10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

*. Some physical quantities have e5tremely large magnitudes. /hese e5tremely large and small values can )e "ritten in standard *)r& or using standard 're*i%es. Write the quantities in standard prefi5es' 6-1 1 15 1M#0 a. >requency of radio "ave 4 91 666 666 H; 4 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. 18-9 Mm ; 1-89 1 15 1 Mm ). <iameter of the earth 4 1& 366 666 m 4 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 393 Mm ; 3-93 1 15 8 Mm c. <istance )et"een the moon and the earth 4 (3( 666 666 m 4 %%%%%%%%% 2-5 1 15 18 Tm d. Mass of the earth 4 0 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 :g 4 %%%%%%%%% Deri-ed #$antities 1 & a physical ,ua tity .hich combi es se'eral basic ,ua tities $ derived quantity is %%.%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% throu%h multiplicatio / di'isio or both %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <etermine the derived unit for the follo"ing derived quantities Deri-ed #$antity area volume density velocity momentum $cceleration >orce pressure "eight "or: po"er
:inetic energy potential energy

,)r&$(a
area 4 length 5 "idth volume 4 length 5 "idth 5 height de sity = 'elocity = mass 'olume

Deri-ed $nit
m 5 m 4 m& m 5 m 5 m 4 m( :g m
(

Na&e )* deri-ed $nit

? ? ? ? ?

= :g m (

displaceme t time

m = m s 1 s
78 k% m s A m8 1

momentum 4 mass 5 velocity acceleratio = cha %e i 'elocity time

:g m s@1

ms s 78 k% ms

k% m71 s78 78 1 = = m s @1 s<+m +e.to ? <+=

= m s &
@&

+m
force 4 mass 5 acceleration pressure = "orce area

@oule <@=
Ne"ton AN1

:g m s

@ s 71 K% ms78

&att <&= @oule <@=

"eight 4 mass 5 gravitational acceleration "or: 4 force 5 displacement po.er = .ork time

1 K-( = mass 'elocity 8 &

#.E 4 mass 5 gravitational acceleration 5 height

K% ms78

@oule <@=

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Deri-ed #$antity
charge voltage resistance

,)r&$(a
charge 4 current 5 time
voltage = "or: charge

Deri-ed $nit
*mpere seco d <*s=

Na&e )* deri-ed $nit Coulomb <C= Bolt <'= Chm <D=

@ C71 Eua tity .hich has o ly ma% itude or si0e

resista ce = 'olume Mass/ $e %th/ Speed/ 'olta%e curre t

' *71

Eua tity .hich has ma% itude or si0e a d directio Note that the physical quantities as "idth7t/ thic:ness7 height7 distance7 displacement7 Belocity/ Force/such Fisplaceme *cceleratio perimeter7 radius and diameter are equivalent to length. 1.. 1 & ( SCA AR AND /ECTOR !UANTITIES Scalar quantities are %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% E5amples ' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Bector quantities are%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%... G E5amples ' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% G decide "hich events G require Study the follo"ing description of events carefully and then magnitude7 direction or )oth to specify them. <escription of events Magnitude G 6 1. /he temperature in the room is &+ &. /he location of $yer Hitam is 06 :m to the north@ "est of Cohor ,ahru (. /he po"er of the electric )ul) is 36 W *. $ car is travelling at 36 :m h@1 from Cohor ,ahru measuri % i strume t .ith di""ere t measuri % capabilitiesto Duala Lumpur measure a particular ,ua tity1.0 1EASURE1ENTS Using A''r)'riate Instr$&ents t) 1eas$re 1 & /here are various types of%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. We must :no" ho" to choose the appropriate instrument to %%%%%%%%%%%.. Hp to a "e. meters E5amples of instrument and its measuring a)ility. 1m Measuring instrument Measuring tape
!ange o" meas#rement 15 cm

G <irection G

5-1 cm 5-1 cm <5-51 m=

$mallest scale 5-51 cm di%ision

less tha 8 cm <85 mm=

+

5-551 cm <5-51 mm=

is use to measure electric curre t

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Meter rule Bernier caliper is use to determi e the 'olume o" li,uidMicrometer scre" gauge * Sample of measuring instruments ' 0.1 A&&eter ' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.. incorret reading correct 1 2 3 1 2 3 0 ' reading
0 '

pointer mirror is use to determi e the le %th #ointerEs image can )e seen

pointer

mirror

#ointerEs image is )ehind the pointer

*.& 1eas$ring cy(inder ' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.................... "rong position of eye !ight position of eye Aeye are in a line perpendicular to the plane of the scale1 "rong position of eye
water

small obIect depth o" a hole *.( R$(er ' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% e1ter al diameter o" a cyli der or pipe
&rong right &rong 1'

i ter al diameter o" a pipe or tube 5-1 cm

1( !eading ) ****** cm

10

11

12

13

*.* Bernier calliper $ venier calliper is used to measure ' a. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. c. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%d. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. $ vernier calliper gives readings to an accuracy of %%%%%%%%%%%%%...%. cm.

inside +a&s scale cm,ernier 0 1

2 3 ' Main scale S2A A UTA1A

o#tside +a&s

13

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Main scale in cm

Length of vernier scale 4 %%% cm Bernier scale is divided into 16 divisions

5-6

0 0 ( 10

Length of the divisions 4 %%%. cm /he differenct )et"een the main scale and vernier scale 5-51 cm is 4 %%%%%%%%%%%. cm
0 1 cm

5-56

,ernier scale

Main scale

5-8 cm ) ******* 5-82 cm

1 2 3 ' (

6 - . 9 10

5-52 cm ,ernier scale ) *******

/inal reading ) *******

/ind the di%ision o" %ernier scale &hich is coincides &ith an0 part o" the main scale

/he diagram )elo" sho"s a vernier calliper "ith reading.

6 1

16

5-1: Bernier calliper reading 4 %%%%%. cm

*.+ Micrometer scre" gauge. $ micrometer scre" gauge is used to measure ' obIects that are small i si0e a. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% diameter o" a .ire ). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. diameter o" small spheres such as ball beari %s c. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Fne complete turn of the thim)le A+6 division1 moves the spindle )y 6.+6 mm. <ivision of thim)le 5-: J :5 4 %%%%%%%.. 5-51 mm 4 %%%%%%%.. $ accuracy of micrometer 5-51 mm scre" gauge 4 %%%%%..

4-: mm Sleeve scale ' %%%%% 5-88 mm /him)le scale ' %%%%. 4-28 mm /otal reading ' %%%%..

E5ample ' 8-5 mm Sleeve scale ' %%%%% 5-88 mm /him)le scale ' %%%%. 8-88 mm /otal reading ' %%%%...
2

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

*.0 Some others measuring instruments '

*%%%%%%%%% alo%ue stop.atch di%ital stop.atch thermometer %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% %%%..

miliammeter

Measuri % tape %%%%%%%%%. appropriate instruments.

measuri % cyli der %%%%%%%%..

beaker %%%%%%

Hands@on activity 1.1 on page 1 of the practical )oo: to learn more a)out choosing E%ercise: /ernier Ca((i'ers And 1icr)&eter Scre5 6a$ge 1. Write do"n the readings sho"n )y the follo"ing Aa1 2 3
$ns"er' %4-46 cm%%%%..

16

A)1

# 6

G 16

$ns"er' K4-84 cmKKKK--

Ac1

$ns"er' KK2-89 cmKKK-6 + 1 1 6

Ad1

$ns"er' K5-58 cmKKKK--

3
6 + 16

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

&. Aa1 /he follo"ing diagram sho"s the scale of a vernier calliper "hen the Ha"s are closed.
6 1

16

Iero error 4 %5-58%%% cm A)1. /he follo"ing diagram sho"s the scale of the same vernier calliper "hen there are *6 pieces of card)oard )et"een the Ha"s.
+ 0

16

!eading sho"n

4 %:-24%%.cm

orrected reading 4 %:-28%%..cm

3. Write

Aa1
6

do"n the readings sho"n )y the follo"ing micrometer scre" gauges. A)1
+ *6
0 5 10 35

(+

30

$ns"er' %%%%%%%%%%. Ac1

6

$ns"er'%%%%%%%.. Ad1

&+ &6

&6 1+

$ns"er'%%%%%%%%%%

$ns"er'%%%%%%%%.

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

*. Aa1 <etermine the readings of the follo"ing micrometer scre" gauges.

6 *+

Iero error 4 %5-58%%.. mm

Iero error 4 %5-53%%.. mm

A)1 <etermine the readings of the follo"ing micrometer scre" gauges.

6 &6

+ 6

1+

Iero error 4 5-53%%%mm

!eading sho"n

4 2-24%%%..mm

orrected reading 4 2-24%%%..mm +. Write do"n the readings sho"n )y the follo"ing micrometer scre" gauges. Aa1 A)1
6 + *6
0 5 10 35

(+

30

$ns"er' %2-99 mm%%%% Ac1

6

$ns"er' %..18-38 mm%% Ad1

6 + &6 1+

&+ &6

$ns"er'%%%*.21 mm%%%%

$ns"er'

9.12 mm%%%%

0. Aa1 <etermine the readings of the follo"ing micrometer scre" gauges.

6 6 *+ 6 +

Iero error 4 K75-58 mm

Iero error 4 %5-53.. mm

16

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

A)1 <etermine the readings of the follo"ing micrometer scre" gauges.

6 &6

+ 6

1+

Iero error 4 %5-53.mm

!eading sho"n

4 %.2-24..mm

orrected reading 4 %2-24..mm Acc$racy and c)nsistency in &eas$re&ents. The ability o" a i strume t to measure earest to the actual 'alue 1. $ccuracy ' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &. The ability o" a i strume t to measure co siste tly .ith little or o relati'e onsistency 'de'iatio %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% amo % readi %s-

The ability o" a i strume t to detect a small cha %e i the ,ua tity measured(. Sensitivity ' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

co siste t but i accurate co siste t a d accurate i accurate a d ot co siste t %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%..

target

*ccurate but ot co siste t i accurate but i accurate but ot co siste t o" appro1imatio o co ly- siste t %%%%%%%%.. %%%%%%%%%%%.. %%%%%%%%%%%% ho. measureme t is to the actual 'alueHands@on activity 1.& on page & close of thethe practical )oo: to determine the sensitivity of some measuringerror instruments. e1ist i all measureme tsErrors in measurements Systematic errors

target

1. $ll measurements are values %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &. -n other "ord7 it is aess matter ofi%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% a .eak o" the strume t (. /his is )ecause %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% the di""ere ce bet.ee reactio time o" the brai a d the actio *. /"o main types of errors' 0ero error is .he the poi ter is ot at 0ero .he ot i use*.1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% La %e o" the measuri % i strume t > absolute error Leactio time o" the brai 11

I itial readi % is ot at the 0ero scale >

0ero error

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Fccurs due to ' a1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% )1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% c1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% E5amples ' a1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% )1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Le"er to the smallest readi % that ca be measured by a i strume tc1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% A+s)($te err)r ' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. I"/ the smallest readi % ; 5-1 cm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% The / *bsolute error ; 5-1 A 8 ; 5-5: cm %%%%. E5ample ' It occurs because the positio o" the eye is ot perpe dicular to the scale o" the i strume t-

.ro % .here the poi ter is ot at 0ero .he ot i use ri%ht positio o" the eye < o error= Para((a% err)r : %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% .ro %

?5-53 cm 7 5-54 cm

7er) err)r : %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%...

0 1 0 1 2 3 ' ( 6 - . 9 10 cm 0 1 cm

0 1 2 3 ' ( 6 - . 9 10

1ero error )

1ero error )

orrect reading 4 o)served reading ? ;ero error

#ositive ;ero error Negative ;ero error

? 5-58 mm Hori;ontal reference & divisions )elo" hori;ontal reference

1&

7 5-53 mm Hori;ontal ( divisions a)ove reference hori;ontal reference

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Iero error of scre" meter gauge Iero error 4 La dom error *.& %%%%%% Fccurs due to careless ess i maki % the measureme ta1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% error / i correct positio i % o" the eye .he taki % the readi %s)1 paralle1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% cha %e o" ambie t "actors such as temperature or air circulatio c1 sudde %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% E5ample ' Leadi %s are close to the actual 'alue but they are ot co siste ta1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%..% Ca be mi imi0ed by co siste tly repeati % the measureme t at di""ere t places i )1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.. a ide tical ma er1.4 SCIENCETI,IC IN/ESTI6ATION Steps 1 Ma:ing o)servation <ra"ing inferences
23planation

Iero error 4

Gather all a'ailable i "ormatio about the obIect or phe ome o be studiedHsi % the "i'e se ses/ si%ht/ heari %/ touch/ taste a d smell* co clusio "rom a obser'atio or phe ome a usi % i "ormatio that already e1ist-

to

&

Bariables are "actors or physical ,ua tities .hich cha %e i the course o" a scie ti"ic i 'esti%atio There are three 'ariables : iMa ipulated 'ariables > physical ,ua tity .hich cha %e accordi % to the aim o" the -dentifying e1perime tand controlling iiLespo di % 'ariables > physicals varia)les ,ua tity .hich is the result o" the cha %ed by ma ipulated 'ariableiiiFi1ed 'ariables > physicals ,ua tities .hich are kept co sta t duri % the e1perime tStateme t o" relatio ship bet.ee the ma ipulated 'ariable a d the >ormulating a respo di % 'ariable those .e .ould e1pecthypothesis #ypothesis ca either be true or "alsei- Co duct a e1perime t i cludes the compilatio a d i terpretatio o" dataii- Maki % a co clusio re%ardi % the 'alidity o" the hypothesis1(

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

onducting e5periments

P(an and re')rt an e%'eri&ent Situation ' $ fe" children are playing on a different length of s"ing in a playground. -t is found that the time of oscillation for each s"ing is different. Steps
1 2 3 '

E5ample ' refer to the situation a)ove

The period o" the oscillatio depe ds o the le %th o" the pe dulum&he the le %th o" the pe dulum i creases/ the period o" the oscillatio i creasesI 'esti%ate the relatio ship bet.ee le %th a d period o" a simple pe dulum-

-nference Hypothesis $im Baria)les

Ma ipulated 'ariable : the le %th o" the pe dulumLespo di % 'ariable : Period Fi1ed 'ariable : the mass o" the pe dulum a d the displaceme tLetort sta d .ith clamp/ 155 cm o" thread/ bob/ meter rule/ 8 blocks o" clamp .ood/ protractor a d stop.atch-

List of apparatus and materials

4rrangement o" the apparat#s

Letort sta d

protractor

ll

bob

1*

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure above. 2 #rocedures 2. Measure the length of the pendulum,l = 6 . !m b" using a meter rule. #. Give the pendulum bob a small displa!ement # .Time of 1 os!illations is measured b" using a stop wat!h. $. %epeat the timing for another 1 os!illations. &al!ulate the average time. 'eriod = t1 os!illations 1 (. %epeat steps 2, # and $ using l = ( . !m, $ . !m, # . !m and 2 . !m

/a)ulate the data

7ength8l 5 cm 60 0 (0 0 '0 0 30 0 20 0

Time "or 10 oscillations 5 s 2 1 4%erage 1( . 1( 1( . 1( 0 1( 0 1( 0 13 1 13 1 13 1 11 9 11 9 11 9 99 99 99

6eriod5 s (T ) t10510) 1 (. 1 (0 1 31 1 19 0 99

$nalyse the data

T5s 1' 12 10 0. 06 0' 02

Graf of period, T vs pendulums length, l

10

20

30

'0

(0

60 l / cm

1 6

<iscussion

onclusion 1 1

're!autions ) 1. *s!illation time is measured when the pendulum attained a stead" state. 2. Time for 1 os!illations is repeated twi!e to in!rease a!!ura!". #. +is!ussion ,refer to given -uestions. The period in!reases when the length of the pendulum in!reases. /"pothesis a!!epted.

1+

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Rein*)rce&ent Cha'ter 1 Part A :O+8ecti-e !$esti)n 1. Which of the follo"ing is a )ase SquantityJ $ Weight , Energy Belocity D Mass &. Which of the follo"ing is a derived quantityJ $ Length , Mass /emperature D Voltage (. Which of the follo"ing is not a )asic unitJ A Newton , :ilogram ampere < second *. Which of the follo"ing quantities cannot )e derivedJ A Electric current , #o"er Momentum < >orce +. Which of the follo"ing quantities is not derived from the )asic physical quantity of lengthJ A Electric charge , <ensity Belocity < Bolume 0. -nitial velocity u7 final velocity '7 time t and another physical quantity k is related )y the equation ' 7 u 4 kt/he unit for k is $ m s@1 , m@1 s C m s-2 < m& s@& 2. Which of the follo"ing has the smallest magnitudeJ $ megametre , centimetre :ilometre D mikrometre 3. * (&3 666 666 mm in standard form is $ *.(&3 5 16@9 m , *.(&3 5 16@0 m C 4.328 x !" m < *.(&3 5 169 m 9. Which of the follo"ing measurements is the longestJ $ 1.& 5 16@+ cm # 2! x !-4 $m 6.1& mm < 1.& 5 16@11 :m 16. /he diameter of a particle is &+6 m. What is its diameter in cmJ A 2.% x !-2 , &.+ 5 16@* @0 &.+ 5 16 < &.+ 5 16@3 11. Which of the follo"ing prefi5es is arranged in ascending orderJ $ mili7 senti7 mi:ro7 desi # mikro& mili& senti& $esi mili7 mi:ro7 desi7 senti < desi7 mi:ro7 mili7 senti 1&. Belocity7 density7 force and energy are $ )asic quantities , scalar quantities C $eri'e$ (uantities < vector quantities 1(. Which of the follo"ing sho"s the correct conversion of unitsJ $ &* mm( 4&.* 5 16@0 m( # 3!! mm3)3.! x !-* m3 366 mm(43.6 5 16@& m( < 1 666 mm(41.6 5 16@* m( 1*. Which of the follo"ing measurements is the shortest J $ (.*+ 5 16( m # 3.4% x !4 cm (.*+ 5 162 mm < (.*+ 5 161& m 1+. /he Hit; >M channel )roadcasts radio "aves at a frequency of 9&.3 MH; in the north region. What is the frequency of the radio "ave in H;J $ 9.&3 5 16* , 9.&3 5 16+ * C +.28 x ! < 9.&3 5 1616 10. $n o)Hect moves along a straight line for time7 t. /he length of the line7 s is given )y the equation s = S- unit of g is $ m& s& , m s-2
10 1 & %t . /he &

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

s@1

< s@& m

12

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Part " : Str$ct$re !$esti)n 1. $ car moves "ith an average speed of 2+ :m h@1 from to"n # to to"n G in & hours as sho"n in >igure 1. ,y using this information7 you may calculate the distance )et"een the t"o to"ns. # G

>igure 1 Aa1 Ai1 ,ased on the statements given7 state t"o )asic quantities and their respective S- units. Fista ce : m a d time : s %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Aii1 State a derived quantity and its S- unit. Speed > m s71 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% A)1 onvert the value
= .2 0 1 = 2. 0 1
# 2

m m

1 . m to standard form. + 5 16@(

Ac1

omplete /a)le 1 )y "riting the value of each given prefi5.

1 1 1 1

12

16 6 2

/a)le 1 Ad1 #o"er is defined as the rate of change of "or: done. <erive the unit for po"er in terms of its )asic units.
'ower =

.ork Force displaceme t = time time

3nit =

k%ms & m = 4g m2 s1# s

Ae1

alculate the volume of a "ooden )loc: "ith dimension of 2 cm7 + cm )readth and 1& cm height in m( and convert its value in standard form.
5olume = ,6 0 1 12. ,( 0 1 = $2 0 1 16 = $.2 0 1 1$ m#
12

. ,12 0 1

12

13

SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

&. >igure & sho"s an ammeter of 6K( $ range.

>igure & Mirror Aa1 Ai1 Name component L. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%... To a'oid paralla1 error Aii1 What is the function of LJ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. A)1 /a)le & sho"s three current readings o)tained )y three students.

/a)le & +o Ai1 <id all the students use the ammeter in >igure&J ..%%%%%%%%%%%%%. Aii1 E5plain your ans"er in A)1Ai1. 3rd readi %s obtai ed by stude t 8 a d 3 are out o" the meter ra %e%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% (. >igure ( sho"s the meniscus of "ater in a measuring cylinder D7 L7 and M are three eye positions "hile measuring the volume of the "ater. Aa1 Ai1 Which of the eye positions is correct "hile $ ta:ing the reading of the volume of "aterJ %%. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%

>igure ( A)1 /he "ater in the measuring cylinder is replaced "ith (6 cm( of mercury. Ai1 -n The cohesi'e "orce is >igure *7tha dra" the meniscus of the lar%er the adhesi'e "orce mercury in the measuring cylinder. >igure * Aii1 E5plain "hy the shape of the meniscus of mercury is as dra"n in A)1Ai1.
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SMK Gombak Setia Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : I troductio To Physics !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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