BYU Mechanical Engineering Dept Design Project 2 Engine Test Stand - Dynamic Analysis Dynamic Deflection Rotating machinery

y creates oscillating loads, which are amplified by the support structure. The amplitude of oscillation depends upon the speed of the engine, the amount of rotating unbalance, the weight of the engine (or dynamometer) and the stiffness of the frame. The support frame and and weight form a vibrating system, which has a natural frequency of critical interest to designers. As the engine speed approaches the natural frequency, resonance will occur, causing the vibration amplitude to increase dramatically. If the engine speed is held at this speed, serious damage could occur. If the engine passes through the resonant frequency quickly, a disturbance will occur, but the amplitude will not have time to increase excessively. To predict the steady-state dynamic deflection, the natural frequency of the system must be estimated. Then, for any given engine speed, the corresponding vibration amplitude may be predicted using a frequency response chart, as shown below. The chart is non-dimensionalized, so it can be applied to any spring-mass oscillator. The horizontal axis is the ratio of engine speed, , in cycles per second, to the natural frequency, n, in cycles per second. The vertical axis is the ratio of dynamic amplitude to static amplitude. To estimate the dynamic deflection amplitude for a given engine speed, first calculate the ratio /n, Find this value on the horizontal axis of the chart. Project up to the response curve. Then, project horizontally to vertical axis and read off the amplitude ratio dyn/ st.

Fig 1. Frequency response chart for dynamic deflection. Estimating the Natural Frequency The natural frequency of a spring-mass system may be estimated from the equation below, where : K is the spring stiffness m is the mass connected to the spring. m = W/g W is the weight g is the acceleration of gravity. g = 386 in/sec2 is the natural frequency in radians/sec. fn is the natural frequency in cycles/sec.

For a beam supporting structure such as the test stand, or the cantilever beam shown below, K is Keq, the equivalent spring stiffness of the beam. Keq is estimated by applying a vertical force F to the beam at the location of the center of mass of weight W, determining the corresponding deflection , and calculating the ratio.
=

or =

In the linear, elastic range, Keq is the slope of the force-deflection plot.

Peak Dynamic Stress The max stress is calculated at the cross section where the maximum bending moment occurs. For the cantilever, it is at the wall. In general, the max moment is determined from the bending moment diagram.

Equivalent Mass The estimated natural frequency, calculated above, neglects the weight of the beam. The beam has mass and inertia, just like the concentrated weight, but it is distributed throughout the length of the beam. For the cantilever, shown above, the end attached to the mass moves with a deflection equal to mc, the concentrated mass. The other end of the beam has zero deflection, since it is constrained by the wall. Integrating over the length of the beam, using its deflection curve, the kinetic energy of the vibrating beam may be determined and equated to a fraction of the beam mass md, attached to mc, having the same energy as the distributed mass. The total mass becomes: = + . mc, the fraction of md, for several common cases is shown in the table below. For the cantelever, you would add 0.23 md to mc and substitute this corrected value for the mass in the natural frequency equation n.

Deflection Analysis: With two heavy weights, We and Wd, on opposite sides of the center support, the slope of the frame is equal to zero above the center support. Each side may be approximated as a propped cantilever beam, as shown below. Three cases are shown, each with different load distributions. The left side of each member is clamped rigidly, maintaining a zero slope. The right side is simply supported, free to rotate. Concentrated Load Distributed Load Two-point Load

The deflection of the center of mass of We and Wd is desired for use in calculating dynamic deflections. Two cases are considered, which bracket the solution. The first assumes a concentrated load F at mid-span, the second assumes a uniformly distributed load w. The concentrated load has greater deflection; the distributed load has less. The actual load is better represented by two loads, each equal to half the weight, widely separated. That is how the engine and dynamometer will be mounted to the frame. The center span deflection is approximated as the average of the two extreme cases. Likewise, the equivalent spring stiffness is estimated as the average. For calculating static deflection, F is the weight of the engine or the weight of the dynamometer, depending on which side is being analyzed. (Half the weight for 2-point loading.) Load Case Concentrated Load Mid-span Deflection
=
3 1 110 3 1 4 1 = 192 192 3 1 150

Equivalent Stiffness
= = = 110 3 192 3 150 3

Distributed Load (Total load F = wL ) Average

Although the slope is zero at the center support, it is not as rigid as an ideal cantilever. There will also be some interaction from the engine side to the dyno side. Since the engine is much heavier than the dynamometer, the deflection on the engine side will increase and the dyno side will decrease due to the moment transmitted from one side to the other.