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A PROJECT THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF
By
Dedication
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Certificate
This project thesis is written by Nisar Ahmed Memon, Muhammad Muzzamil Shaikh and Muhammad Aslam D a l l under the direction of their supervisor and approved by all the members of thesis committee, has been presented and accepted by the Head of Department of Faculty of Electrical Engineering Department in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of BACHELORS OF ELECTRICAL (specialization in Telecommunication) ENGINEERING.
H.O.D
(Project Supervisor) Electrical Engineering
Internal Examiner
External Examiner
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Acknowledgement
From the very beginning, we are very grateful to Almighty Allah, Who gave us the opportunity, strength, determination and wisdom to achieve our goal. We would like to thank Engineer Ghulam Abbas (Sukkur IBA), who not only served as our supervisor but also encouraged and challenged us throughout our research project. He patiently guided us through the process, never accepting less than our best efforts. We would like to thanks Bilal Ahmed Shaikh (Sukkur IBA) for their insightful suggestions and guidance. Many of our colleagues in academics have made significant contributions to the working on this project. Our special thanks go to Professor Dr Madad Ali Shah for his vital encouragement and generous support throughout the working and experimenting the project, we would also like to acknowledge and extend our heartfelt gratitude to worthy Director Nisar Ahmed Siddiqui for providing us financial support for completing this project. The most important is to express our gratitude to our parents for all the sacrifices. They have been fully supported on this project. Their blessings and prayers have been a great inspiration for us to finish this project.
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Abstract
Unified Communication is the latest research topic and many organizations are working on it in all over the world. Every organization is trying to push and extend the boundaries of unified communication. In unified communication system the latest software is Elastix, based on Asterisk Server, which serve as the local exchange for placing voice and video calls within a private Wi-Fi cloud and legacy networks. The work proposed in this project added features for placing the voice and video calls and mobile phones (smart phones) hence increasing the mobility of the users. The model is successful in carrying out voice and video calls on android supported handhelds connected with the wireless network and PCs connected with both wired LAN and wireless LAN. Every user is provided with his own extension number, the communication devices can make voice call, video call, voice mail, Instant messaging and Interactive voice response, that can be used to connect within organization. We use here Elastix for the successful completion of this project; Elastix is an open source software platform which uses Asterisk PBX (Private Branch Exchange) as the kernel to build unified communications system. It can choose the combination of different communication components to achieve customized solutions. This project defines the structure and functions of Elastix. It implemented the functions of VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) like voice call, video call, chat and voice mail. This Project provides great portability, flexibility and cost effective solution to organization. This project is the integration of hardware and software .We have Asterisk based Elastix server that provide Unified Communication to clients. The different types of communication devices like android, IP telephone, Laptops, Desktops, and Hard telephone are connected to server. PCMU is one of the transport protocol used in VoIP communications. Bandwidth required by the active channel which is determined by the codec used, the server and client codec used is PCMU/G.711. G.711 requires a minimum bandwidth for each channel is 64Kbps. So with bandwidth-owned (2MB) VoIP server can serve a maximum of 20 VoIP calls to 24 calls simultaneously. Application is very crucial section as our whole business (providing IP-PBX services) depends upon it means the target market which wills actually the people, responsible for generating money or increasing our sales .Our target market includes: Corporate organizations, Institutes, Universities, Health care, Airports, Hotels, Page | iv
Banks and many more places. This project is economic, cost effective, have full control to the administrator, provide mobility throughout the world. Feasible, Web based administration modified, Peer-to-Peer phone calls. . The contents of IP PBX System, supplemented by a good number of necessary and descriptive drawings which makes this project report very easy to understand.
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Table of Contents
Topics
Page Numbers
Dedication ...........................................................................................................i Certificate................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgement..............................................................................................iii Abstract ................................................................................................................ iv List of Figures........................................................................................................x List of Tables........................................................................................................xi
CHAPTER 1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction to IP PBX ....................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problems and Challenges .................................................................................... 2 1.3 Contribution towards Knowledge ...................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Features .............................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Aim and Objectives .............................................................................................. 4 1.4.1 Aim ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.4.2 Objectives........................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Applications of IP PBX ........................................................................................ 5 1.6 Structure of Thesis ............................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2 Literature Review ............................................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction to Literature Review ..................................................................... 7 2.2 Computer Networking ......................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Understanding computer networks ................................................................. 7 2.2.1.1 Peer to peer.............................................................................................. 7 2.2.1.2 Client - Server ......................................................................................... 8 2.2.2 Benefits of Computer Networks ...................................................................... 9 2.2.2.1 Benefits for the needs of enterprise computer networks ..................... 9 2.2.2.2 The benefits of a computer network for public needs ......................... 9 Page | vi
Topics
Page Numbers
2.2.4 Reference model of DOD (Department of defense) ..................................... 10 2.2.5 Reference Model OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) .............................. 10 2.3 VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) ................................................................ 12 2.3.1 VoIP Protocols ................................................................................................. 12 2.3.1.1 SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) ......................................................... 12 2.3.1.2 Composition of SIP Protocol ............................................................... 13 2.3.1.3 Components of SIP ............................................................................... 13 2.3.1.4 Address on SIP ...................................................................................... 14 2.3.1.5 Messages on SIP .................................................................................... 14 2.3.1.6 SIP request ............................................................................................ 14 2.3.1.7 SIP response .......................................................................................... 15 2.3.2 Type of VoIP network configuration ............................................................ 17 2.3.2.1 Phone via the Internet .......................................................................... 17 2.3.2.2 Communication between IP-based devices ........................................ 18 2.3.3 Quality of VoIP Matrix .................................................................................. 18 2.3.3.1 Latency .................................................................................................. 19 2.3.3.2 Delay ...................................................................................................... 19 2.3.3.3 Jitter ....................................................................................................... 19 2.3.3.4 Packet loss ............................................................................................. 20 2.3.3.5 Sequence error ...................................................................................... 20 2.4 Soft Switch .......................................................................................................... 20 2.5 Summary ............................................................................................................. 21 CHAPTER 3 Hardware Implementation .............................................................. 22 3.1 Introduction to Hardware Implementation..................................................... 22 3.2 Equipments used in Project .............................................................................. 22 3.2.1. Hardware ........................................................................................................ 22 3.2.2 PC Server required as IP PBX ...................................................................... 24 3.2.3 Software ........................................................................................................... 25 3.3 Preparation Phase .............................................................................................. 25 3.3.1 Bandwidth........................................................................................................ 25 3.3.2 Network architecture ...................................................................................... 25 3.3.3 Soft switch ........................................................................................................ 26 Page | vii
Topics
Page Numbers
3.3.4 Soft phone ........................................................................................................ 26 3.3.5 Elastix ............................................................................................................... 26 3.3.6 Connection ....................................................................................................... 27 3.4 Implementation Phase ....................................................................................... 27 3.4.1 Download Elastix ............................................................................................ 27 3.4.2 Install Elastix server ....................................................................................... 27 3.4.3 3CX Phone Soft phone .................................................................................... 29 3.4.4 Grand Stream HT 502 ATA........................................................................... 29 3.5 Integration of Hard ware .................................................................................. 30 3.6 Implementing the features of Elastix server .................................................... 31 3.6.1 Voice call .......................................................................................................... 31 3.6.2 Video call.......................................................................................................... 31 3.6.3 Voice mail ........................................................................................................ 31 3.6.4 Voicemail to Email Notification ..................................................................... 32 3.7 Configuration ..................................................................................................... 33 3.7.1 Configuring VoIP user ................................................................................... 33 3.7.2 Configuration of HT502 device...................................................................... 33 3.7.3 Configuration of 3CX ..................................................................................... 35 3.7.4 Configuration of IP Telephone ...................................................................... 35 3.7.5 Configuring Ring Group ......................................................................... 37 3.8 IVR (Interactive Voice Response) .................................................................... 38 3.8.1 IVR Configuration .......................................................................................... 40 3.8.2 Configure Inbound ......................................................................................... 41 3.9 Installation .......................................................................................................... 41 3.9.1 Installing Openfire .......................................................................................... 42 3.9.2 Install Spark Client. ........................................................................................ 44 3.10 Summary ........................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 4 Results and Discussions.................................................................... 47 4.1 System Testing Process ...................................................................................... 47 4.1.1. Registration of VoIP user .............................................................................. 48 4.1.2 Calls fellow user VoIP .................................................................................... 49 4.1.3 Incoming calls (Inbound) ............................................................................... 50 Page | viii
Topics
Page Numbers
4.2 VoIP user capacity ............................................................................................. 51 4.2.1 VoIP server computer specs ........................................................................... 51 4.2.2 Bandwidth capacity ........................................................................................ 51 4.3 Comparison between Xlite and 3CX. ............................................................... 51 4.4 Analysis PCMU .................................................................................................. 52 4.4.1 Delay the call. .................................................................................................. 52 4.5 QoS Measurement .............................................................................................. 52 4.6 Summary ............................................................................................................. 56 CHAPTER 5 Conlusions and Future Recommendation ...................................... 57 5.1. Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 57 5.1.1. Server Capacity .............................................................................................. 57 5.1.2 User Capacity .................................................................................................. 57 5.2. Future Recommendations ................................................................................ 58 5.2.1 Integration with PSTN Network ............................................................ 58 5.2.2 Integration with GSM Network ............................................................. 58 5.2.3 Integration with others Unified Communication Systems ................... 58 5.2.4 Communication without side SIP network ........................................... 58 5.2.5 Telephony Interface Cards ..................................................................... 58 5.2.6 High security for large scale enterprise network .................................. 58 References ................................................................................................................. 59 List of Abbreviation ................................................................................................. 63 Glossary .................................................................................................................... 65
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List of Figures
Figure No. Figure 2.1: Figure 2.2: Figure 2.3: Figure 2.4: Figure 3.1: Figure 3.2: Figure 3.3: Figure 3.4: Figure 3.5: Figure 3.6: Figure 3.7: Figure 3.8: Figure 3.9: Figure 3.10: Figure 3.11: Figure 3.12: Figure 3.13: Figure 3.14: Figure 3.15: Figure 3.16: Figure3.17: Figure3.18: Figure3.19: Figure 3.20: Figure 3.21: Figure 3.22: Figure 3.23: Figure 3.24: Figure 4.1: Figure 4.2: Figure 4.3: Figure 4.4: Figure 4.5: Figure 4.6: Figure Title Page Number
Peer to Peer Network....................................................................08 Client Server...................................................................................09 Phones through the Internet...........................................................17 IP based communication................................................................18 VoIP network..........................................25 Logo Elastix...................................................................26 VoIP Networks..............................................................................27 Elastix Server.....28 3CX Phone......................................................................................29 3CX Logo........................................................................................29 Grand Stream HT 502........................................................30 Integration.......................................................................................30 Flow chart Voice mail ...............................................31 Email Notification......................................................................32 Configuration.............................................................................33 GUI of HT502...............................................................................33 GUI of HT502...............................................................................34 Configuration of Telephone.............................................................34 Configuration of soft phone .......................................................35 GUI of IP phone............................................................................36 Configuration of IP phone. .......................................................36 Configuration of Ring group........................................................37 Forward call ring group ...............................................................38 Flow chart IVR System...............................................................39 Ring Strategy...............................................................................40 Inbound Route .............................................................................41 Openfire.......................................................................................44 Spark client..................................................................................45 System testing process..............................................................47 Registration of user VoIP..............................................................48 Calls between VoIP users.............................................................50 Bandwidth VoIP Server...............................................................51 (a) Packet loss soft phone (b) Packet loss IP phone ........54 (a) Packet loss Analogue Phone (b) Packet loss Mobile..55
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List of Tables
Table No. Table Title Page Number
Table 2.1 DOD TCP/IP and the OSI reference model. .........................................11 Table 2.2 Mean response class..............................................................................15 Table 2.3 SIP response code..............................................16 Table 3.1 Specifications of the tools used.............................................................23 Table 4.1 Comparison between 3CXphone and Xlite...........................................52 Table 4.2 MOS values with G.711 codec based R factor......................................53
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) telephone network , the Internet is a network that uses the Internet as a communication medium, so the client can use for VoIP everywhere can connect to the Internet or TCP / IP network[12]. Unified communication is the integration of real time communication services such as Instant messaging(chat), presence information, telephony(including IP telephony),video conferencing, data sharing(interactive white board), call control and speech recognition, with non real time communication services such as unified messaging(integrated voice mail, email, SMS and fax)[8]. Asterisk is Linux based IPBX application developed by Mark Spencer, Elastix evolved from the core Asterisk. Elastix is an open source unified computing Server software to establish Unified Communications that brings together IP PBX, IM and collaboration functionality[4]. Its goal is to incorporate all the communication alternatives, available at an enterprise level, into a unique solution. It was released as a Linux distribution with asterisk and it has web interface that gives all its customization option to user. Elastix server has database to store all information of its clients such as voicemail, live active and non active calls and recording voices for announcements and IVR(Interactive Voice Response).All clients must be registered by entering its Local IP and extension number along with secret code (the will be unique for all clients). Elastix has a good support for telephony hardware. Elastix also support other phone brands thanks to the SIP and these protocols are based on public available standards. For this reason any Manufacturer can build a product that supports them. In addition to these, the report also contains the details regarding the different type of communication problems which people facing these days. Above all, this report gives a detailed description of Internet Protocol Private Branch Exchange System. This description is empowered with the experimental analysis of the system and the observed practical calculations. This report will be of help for those who wish to understand and diagnosed traffic on Internet and want to introduce tax free platform of communication.
specially for the mobile users have much problems they are facing expense in terms of sells tax. These all problems can be handled by this technology. This project provide our businesss services at a demandable (presentable) price to meet the customers needs. People face the limited scalability and extensibility in the existing systems, there is no database maintaining facility available so we will provide that. Time wastages is also the another big issue in which no other person focusing but this is the top concerned of this project is to use effectively and efficiently. It required dedicated line to complete a call and also limited mobility of users It is obvious to having the problems in every project therefore in making this final boundary problem is made as follows. Configuration of clients soft phone, hard phone and network through server is big task to complete. VoIP client using an IP Phone, It is impossible to all have the mobile phone which is android supported and the last thing is design of voice communication systems using the Phone Handful. Making this project available throughout the world is difficult task rather it is also not easy in smart organization. We have to make sure the availability of Internet in the organization for the successful completion of all calls. Higher the charges of calling with respect to distance.
iv) Web based administration. Through this project, all system administration functions are performed on the network usually through a browser based administration program. This means that the system can be modified from anywhere if required. v) Integration. This solution is integrated different communication devices like soft phone, IP phone android even hard phone for easiness of user.
1.3.1 Features
i) Peer to Peer phone calls All calls are Peer to Peer. This is a big advantage over the traditional PBX. The call is set up by the VoIP server then the call flows between the two endpoints. All of the voice or video traffic is direct between the two endpoints reducing the congestion at the server. So the optimum bandwidth is used. ii) Peer to Peer Video. Video sessions can be set up between endpoints. iii) Private Instant messaging. This solution also provides Instant Messaging. With a IP PBX system, Instant Messaging can be limited to corporate business eliminating some of the security issues associated with public Instant Messaging sites and provides complete control to management. iv)Voice mail. The great feature this solution is Voice Mail that allows you to receive user voice messages even when user phone is switched off user phone is busy. user can retrieve these messages easily. v) Interactive Voice Response. This solution has used pre-recorded voice prompts and menus to present information and options to callers, and touch-tone telephone keypad entry to gather responses. IVR solutions enable users to retrieve information including bank balances, flight schedules, product details, order status, movie show times, and more from any telephone. Additionally, IVR solutions are increasingly used to place outbound calls to deliver or gather information for appointments, past due bills, and other time critical events and activities.
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1.4.2 Objectives
To design IP based PBX network architectures To customize efficient and effective Soft Switches To implement real time and non-real time applications Design Global network by joining small IP based PBX Integrate Analog Phone and configure these phone Installation of server and troubleshoot all problems Registered SIP account and give all features of system
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the help of Elastix software having features IVR (Interactive Voice Response), call recording, remote extension, intercom, conference call, Voice mail. 1.5.4 Corporate Organization A flexible telephone system capable of many hundreds of extensions if necessary with full voicemail and IVR functionality for automated attendants This project provide Advanced functionality for automated appointment reminder phone calls and automated laboratory result messaging for employees to obtain information using a secure and automated telephone system. Interactive functionality for employees to confirm appointments and schedule new appointments. Reduced overall cost of the telephone system in general and telephony costs on a monthly basis. 1.5.5 Banks In todays banks, more and more banks are deploying open-source IP-PBXs, such as Asterisk, and other SIP-based communications servers in their networks. Developers and resellers of such systems need to be able to complement the central IP-PBX with other network elements that will provide their customers with a full solution.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
each computer in a network are grouped in a working group. For example, there are several computers in one department group named according to the department concerned. Each computer assigned an IP address from the IP of the same class to be able to share with each other to exchange data or resource owned by each computer, such as printers, CD room, and fie. Figure 2.1 is an illustration of peer to peer.
Figure 2.1 Peer to peer Network 2.2.1.2 Client - Server Client system - the server can be applied to the local network and can also be applied to Internet technology, where there is a computer unit that serves as a server that only provides services to other computers, and a client who also just request a service from a server. Client can only use the resources provided by a server in accordance with the authority granted by the administrator. Applications that run on the client side is a resource available on the server, or application that is installed on the client side but can only be run after connecting to the server. Figure 2.2 is an illustration of the client server with a server that serves the general. Page | 8
Person-to-person communication, such as chat, email, video conference, as well as voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) Interactive entertainment, just as watching TV shows online, streaming radio, downloads and browsing.
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Table 2.1 DOD, TCP / IP and the OSI Reference model Model OSI N Layer o Model DOD Protocol TCP/IP Name Protocol Usefulness
Applic ation
Presen tation
Protocols for IP distribution DHCP (Dynamic Host network with a limited Configuration Protocol) number of IP Database engine domain DNS (Domain Name Server) name IP address FTP(File Transfer Protocol) Protocol for file transfer HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol to transfer HTML Protocol) files and Web MIME(Multipurpose Internet Protocol for sending binary MailExtension) files in text form NNTP (Network News Protocol to receive and send Transfer Protocol) newsgroups Protocol to retrieve mail from POP (Post Office Protocol) the server Protocol to transfer various SMB(Server Message Block) DOS and Windows file servers SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer The protocol for the exchange Protocol) of mail SNMP (Simple Network Protocol for network Management Protocol) management Telnet Protocol to remotely access TFTP (Trivial FTP) Protocol for file transfer NETBIOS (Network Basic BIOS standard network Input Output System) RPC(Remote Procedure Call)
Sessio n
Remote procedure calls Input Output for BSD-UNIX SOCKET network types TCP (Transmission Control Oriented data exchange Host Protocol) protocol (connection oriented) Transp to ort UDP (User Datagram Data exchange protocol nonHost Protocol) orientation (connectionless) IP (Internet Protocol) Routing protocol to set Netwo Interne RIP (Routing Information rk t Routing protocol to select Protocol) Page | 11
(termination) of a multimedia communication session. Multimedia communications sessions include relationship, distance learning, and other applications. Characterized SIP client-server, this means that the request is given by the client and the request is sent to the server. Then, the server processes the request and provide a response to the client. Request and response to the request is called a SIP transaction. 2.3.1.2 Composition of SIP Protocol SIP protocol is supported by some protocols, such as RSVP to make a reservation on the network, RTP and RTCP media for transmitting and know the quality of service, as well as media SDP to describe the session.[17] By default, SIP uses UDP protocol, but in some cases may also use TCP as the transport protocol. 2.3.1.3 Components of SIP In connection with the IP phone, there are two components in SIP systems, namely: User agent User agents are end systems that are used to communicate. User agent consists of two parts, namely: User agent client (UAC) UAC is designed application on the client to initiate SIP requests User agent server (UAS) UAS is an application server that tells the user if it receives the request and provides a response to the request. The response can be either to accept or reject the request. Network server In order for SIP users on the network can initiate a call and can also call, the user is first doing register in order to know its location. Registers can be done by sending a REGISTER message to the SIP server. User location can vary so as to get the actual location of the user required a server location. In SIP networks, there are two types of network servers, namely: Proxy server Proxy server is a server that receives the request, processes it, and forwards the requests it receives to the next hop server after changing some headers in the request message. Next hop SIP server can form or another server where the proxy server does not need to know. Proxy servers can function as a client and a server as a proxy server can provide response and request.
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2.3.1.4 Address on SIP The SIP network has the address given attribute SIP URL (SIP Uniform Resource Locator) to be easily recognizable. SIP URLs are used in SIP networks are shaped like an email address user @ host where user can be any user name, phone number, or the name of the agency. The host can be either a domain name or an IP address. SIP address with the form phone number @ gateway shows the phone number on the network the General Switched Telephone Network (GSTN) which can be contacted with a known gateway name. 2.3.1.5 Messages on SIP Overall, the SIP message consists of two parts, the request and the response. When a client sends a request message, the server will respond to the message with the response message. Request and response messages consist of a start-line, one or more configurable headers or commonly called the message header, an empty line end of the header fields and message body that defines the communication session. SIP message format can be seen below, Generic message = start-line (in message request), Status-line (in message response), Message header, Empty line and Message body. 2.3.1.6 SIP request INVITE This message is used to initiate a communication. Message body INVITE message description of media that can be used to communicate. ACK This message serves notify the client has received a final response to the INVITE. Message body in an ACK message can read the description of the media that will be used by the user who invoked (call). If the message body is blank means call agree with the message body contained in the INVITE message. CANCEL CANCEL message request is sent to deliver a message that has been sent previously, before the server sends a final message response. BYE This message is sent by the client to terminate the communication
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OPTIONS This message is sent by the client to the server to determine its capabilities. REGISTER Client can register its location by sending a REGISTER message to the SIP server where the server can receive SIP REGISTER called registers.
2.3.1.7 SIP response Response message is sent after receiving a request message indicating the success status of the server. Response message is defined by three numbers, the first number is the class of the response. The second and third numbers indicate the meaning of the response. Table 2.2 shows the value of the class is on SIP response.
Table 2.2 Mean response class. Class Response 1xx 2xx 3xx 4xx 5xx 6xx Type Response Informational Success Redirection Client error Server error Global error Category Response Provisional Final Final Final Final Final
Response messages are divided into two categories, namely: Provisional The response is a response sent by the server to indicate the process is ongoing, but not end the call. Final Response was given that terminate SIP response code transaction SIP. See Table 2.3 for the SIP response [53].
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Table 2.3 SIP Response Code. Class Type Response Code 100 Informational 180 Request is accepted and followed by 181 processing the request 182 Success 200 Message received and understood 300 Redirection 301 Further action needs to be done to 302 complete the request 380 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 Client error 408 409 Request cannot be processed by the 410 server 411 413 414 415 420 480 481 482 483 484 485 500 501 502 503 Command Trying Ringing Call is being forward Queued OK Multiple choices Moved permanently Moved temporarily Alternative service Unauthorized Payment required Forbidden Not found Method not allowed Not acceptable Proxy authorized Request time out Conflict Gone Length required Request message too large Request URL too large Unsupported media type Bad extensions Not available Call log Loop detected Too many hops address Incomplete Ambiguous Internal server error Not implemented Bad gateway Service unavailable Page | 16
1xx
2xx
3xx
4xx
6xx
Global error
Gateway time out SIP version not support Busy everywhere Decline Doesnt exist Not acceptable
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Basically, this type of configuration as much on the field of software development (software) multimedia alone, have not noticed a problem setting the transmission medium. This configuration requires a signaling system that is not too complicated, so it is only in certain circumstances be required signaling management software. The system also requires a minimum of a gatekeeper. Illustration of an IP-based communication between devices is given Figure 2.4
Network bandwidth must meet the minimum standards of application There is an order of priority data packets on the network
Without these three, the administrator cannot guarantee QoS network and will result in decreased quality of sound received by the terminal. QoS in IP phones are the parameters that indicate the quality of network data packets. Some declared QoS parameters for IP telephony include latency, delay, jitter, packet loss and sequence errors on the Internet. 2.3.3.1 Latency Latency is the time required by a device of asking for the right of access to the network to gain access rights. There are two types of latency, namely real and induced. Real latency associated with the physical network and switching characteristics of the transport media. Induced latency is the delay caused by queuing delay in the network equipment (such as Ethernet cards, routers), delay the process on the other end system and network congestion between the source and destination. 2.3.3.2 Delay One of the design considerations in implementing voice transmission is one-way delay minimization or end-to-end delay. Delay is the most critical parameter in the Quality of Service. There are several causes of delay include: Congestion Lack of traffic shaping on method Data packets with different sizes Change the speed of the network between WAN Compaction bandwidth suddenly
Voice traffic is real-time traffic so that if the delay in the delivery of voice packets is too big, given utterance cannot be recognized. Maximum delay that can be tolerated in accordance with the ITU G.114 standard is less than or equal to 150 ms. 2.3.3.3 Jitter Jitter caused by variations in time of receipt of the data packets from the sender to the receiver. This parameter can be handled by adjusting the method of queuing at the current router is congested or when a change in speed occurs. However, jitter may not be eliminated, but can be minimized by seeking ways each and TIPA data packets via the same pathways. Page | 19
2.3.3.4 Packet loss Packet loss in IP telephony network has a major effect, where if there is a certain amount of packet loss will cause TCP slow interconnect happen. Typically 10% packet loss cannot be tolerated. 2.3.3.5 Sequence error Congestion in the network may cause packets take different routes to achieve the same goal. As a result the package up in a different order.
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2.5 Summary
This chapter presents the related research per formed in the computer networking and also the understanding and benefits about this. There is the comparison between Reference Model of DOD (Department of Defense) and Reference Model OSI (Open System Interconnection) which are the types of communication system. TCP / IP is the protocol type of the first DOD reference model used in relationship / connection between computers in a global computer network (the Internet). SIP URLs are used in SIP networks are shaped like an email address user @ host where user can be any user name, phone number, or the name of the agency. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is defined as a system that uses the Internet to transmit voice data packets from one place to other using IP protocol intermediaries. Discuss VoIP protocols including the SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) protocol and the composition, components, messages and response of it. Quality, Latency, Jitter and Packet loss of the VoIP is also the part of this chapter. SIP message format like Generic message = start-line (in message request), Status-line (in message response), Message header, Empty line and Message body Client can register its location by sending a REGISTER message to the SIP server where the server can receive SIP REGISTER called registers. Soft switch is a collection of products, protocols, and applications that allows any device to access the Internet and telecommunications services over IP networks . This chapter presented the detailed discussion relating to the VoIP and its related technologies and their development. The next presented the detail discussion of the system design and architecture, system components, software requirements and its specifications, solution overview and more important the implementation phase..
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CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
3.2.1. Hardware
The different hardware used in the system can be seen in Table 3.1 the table contains the specifications and brief description of the tools used in this project. Overall the hardware used in building a IP PBX server is listed below.
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Table 3.1 Specifications and Description of the Tools. No Tool IP PHONE GXP 1400 2 line keys with dual-color LED (2 SIP account and up to 2 call appearances). 3 XML programmable contextsensitive soft keys, 3-way conference. HD wideband handset, hands-free speakerphone with advanced acoustic echo cancellation. Phonebook with up to 500 contacts and call history with up to 200 records ANALOGE ADAPTER 2 Model: GrandstreamHT502 Features: 2FXS Port +2 RJ 45(LAN/WAN) Ethernet Port +Router TELEPHONE Specification
ANALOG TELEPHON
Electronic Handset Volume Control (6-Step) Flash (for Hook, or use with special telephone company services, such as call waiting) 3-Step Ringer Selector (Off/Low/High) Switchable Tone/Pulse Settings
PC SERVER IPPBX Intel Dual Core E2160 1,8 Ghz / 4 Memory 512Mb / HDD 3Gb / Fast Ethernet Card
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No Tool LAPTOP
Specification
Dell N5520 5 Intel Core i3,2.4GHz / Memory 6Gb / HDD 750 Gb / 15.6
HANDPHNE
Android based
3.2.3 Software
Software used is an open source software application as a soft phone 3CXPhone and VoIP Elastix as a server, because the use of the application program does not require an activation fee. Programs that used only two, namely: A. Linux Elastix-2.3.0-i386 as soft switch B. Soft phone 3CXPhone
3.3.1 Bandwidth
Bandwidth given to PC VoIP server is 1MB. With the number of VoIP users were 6 pieces, and use codec PCMU. So generally get computations bandwidth used by 6 x 64KB = 384 Kb. So with 1MB bandwidth is adequate.
3.3.5 Elastix
Elastix is an operating system made by Asterisk and CentOS[35]. Elastix is open source software create a media platform unified communications or "Unified Communications Platform, "which consists of a component or module technologies commonly used communication media today such as: Voice call, video call ,voice mail, instant messaging, a fax server, VoIP and video conferencing. Almost all of the modules can be managed and configured through a graphical interface, where Elastix It supports advanced features such as voicemail, fax-to-email, soft phones, including the CRM system (Customer Relationship Management) and many others. This can be in the Elastix software download at www.elastix.com. Elastix logo is shown in Figure 3.2
3.3.6 Connection
The medium used for the VoIP user can connect to server is the Internet. So the user can connect to VoIP server via the Internet wherever they may be. In this final user can connect to the server via the Internet. Connection of VoIP is shown in Figure 3.3
Then Keyboard Type dialog box will appear, select the type of keyboard used Warning dialog box appears informing you of the approval to delete the data on the partition that has been created. If you want to delete then select yes. Since the HDD is used there is no data that is important, it is better to choose the option erasing ALL DATA. Then on the next option select remove All partitions to format the HDD as a whole then click OK to partition by default. To configure eth0 or Ethernet card that has been installed on the server can be configured, and then select enable IP4 support, and finally enter the IP Address and enter the IP DNS and IP Gateway. When it is to give a name for the hostname, with IPPBX. The time zone selection select zone Asia / Islamabad, and then enter the password after that process will begin. Wait until the files have been copied, after which the installation is complete. Then pass before the system reboot to complete the installation, the system will install a boot loader. Then enter the password for MySQL is available on the server. Next is to enter the admin password. This password will be used when configuring the server through a browser application, such as Mozilla or Google chrome. It have finished installed Elastix server and can be configured via the web with the IP address 192.168.208.160 Now when we write the IP address of Elastix server in Mozilla web browser we have following GUI based Elastix server This is the Main Manu of Elastix server telling about status of server.
The first thing that we need to do is to give static IP to this sever otherwise the DHCP server will change the IP after certain duration.
Enhanced security Automated provisioning using symmetric and asymmetric voice Support for a broad range of popular voice codec Universal Plug-in-Play (UPnP) 2 FXS ports (RJ11) w/up to 2 SIP account profiles Dual10/100 Mbps ports (RJ45) w/integrated router HTTP/HTTPS(pending)/Telnet/TFTP Provisioning Page | 29
IP connectivity for any phone and fax Web management for easy configuration and installation Offers traditional and advanced telephony features Portable and compact for use at home or on the road
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The HT502 has two FXS port. Both FXS ports can have a separate SIP account. This is a key feature of HT502 as it supports simultaneous calls on both FXS ports.
Personalized voicemail is a feature that allows callers to leave messages on phone. Voicemail permits to record user outgoing message, so that when calls are routed voicemail callers will hear greeting and have the option to leave a message. The voicemail message will also provide a timestamp so user know when user caller contacted. This is the great feature of Elastix server that is voice attachment to particular user to enable voice mail go to the extension profile to the user then enable status of voice mail.
3.7 Configuration
Elastix server configuration can be done via the web interface, it is very easy to configure. Configuration is carried out also in accordance with the purposes of the Sukkur IBA. The following is a configuration that has been done:
Now to integrate telephone sets we have to give Elastix Sip server IP address 121.52.154.75. The results can be seen from the snapshot given in Figure 3.12 and Figure 3.13. And name and its telephone number
Figure 3.13 GUI HT 502 Same thing occur with FXS port2 but having different name and number Now we have to configure through Elastix server having same name and phone number so that we can access these telephone set through our server and implements features of server in telephone sets. After successful entry, view of the Elastix server can be seen in Figure, to create a user, select the PBX as Figure 3.14 then select SIP device and click submit. As our telephone set work with Sip protocol so we have to create sip based extension.
Likewise we create for second telephone set. This process for creating extension will be same for 3cx soft phone, IP telephone and android cell phone.
Figure 3.15 Configuration of Soft phone Same process will be for android cell phone in which we have 3cx too.
Connect the LAN port of the phone to the RJ45 socket of a hub/switch or a router (LAN side of the router ) using Ethernet cable Connect the 5V DC output plug to the power jack on the phone ;plug the power adopter into an electrical outlet. The LCD will display update information about the IP address . Now use your keyboard and make configuration through GUI while entering the ip address in web browser
The device can be configured through given IP address in manual that is 192.168.208.158, when we enter IP address in web browser we have following figure.
Figure 3.16 GUI of IP phone The default password is admin when we hit login we have following figure
In this IP telephone we have two Sip account first we make configuration for first account and same process will occur for 2nd account only name and number will be changed. Account Name: SaleemIPTEL SIP Server : 121.52.154.75 (Elastix server IP address) SIP user ID :3007 (same number will be given while creating extension for IP telephone)
3.7.5 Configuring Ring Group Ring group made was 3, which groups Technician, Marketing and Administration. From the ring group will later be connected to the IVR. So from IVR to continue input will do call the group made. Here is the configuration that has been done on the ring group. This can be seen in Figure 3.18.
Figure 3.18 Ring configuration group From image configuration can be seen that the group Technicians with extension number 100 has a member with the extension number 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, and 999. And at the end of the configuration is the arrangement of the group technician if no one answers, the call will be transferred to the operator extension number 114 as shown in Figure 3.19. Page | 37
Figure 3.19 Forwarded call rings group For group marketing and administration can be made. While the configuration of call forward if not answered
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End Figure 3.20 Flow Chart IVR system work (IVR) interactive voice response is said to digital receptionist. An IVR plays the recorded text to the caller and ask them to press the key to connect to an organization, work group, a person or etc. then IVR send the call to the destination. When user registered extensions, Elastix can be set to meet our needs. It is possible that we want the system automatically connected to the extension we already defined if our extension didnt reply. And we should do as following: Call center, configuration of telephony system, follow me. We faced with this window in Figure 3.21. Page | 39
Figure 3.21 Ring Strategy Choose the extension user want to define this features. When user registered extensions, Elastix can be set to meet our needs. It is possible that user want the system automatically connected to the extension user already defined if user extension didnt reply. And user should do as following: Call center, configuration of telephony system, follow me Ring Strategy: dial the main number first and then the others. Extension list: 1102 is the deputy director and 1103 is the office assistant. Ring Time: 20 second Destination If no answer: terminated call-hang up Whenever dialed to the manager, dials the Asterisk extension number of the manager. If no one replied, the contact is with the extension of 11 and 22. And if no one answered again, Asterisk terminates the call. After finishing, choose the submit changes key and Apply Configuration changes here Note: There is main difference between call forward and follow me option that in call forward we have only one extension while in follow me option we have more than one extension available for attend call.
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3.9 Installation
Instant messaging with Openfire is a popular chat program and use Jabber/XMPP protocol for exchanging data. After installing this program you can have services such as Google talk, yahoo messenger and etc. name of client program installed in staff computers is SPARK which they will have these features by the configuration you did: Chat Exchanging the file Calling an extension by pressing a key You can send you current screen work Spark client has built in language translator
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and then click on Add Server hyperlink which will take us to the following screen. Click on Create Server and if everything is successful. If the green dot is actually grey, then you have correctly edited the file, but it appears that for some reason you have not correctly connected to the Elastix Server. This may be the result of the user and password not being set correctly for the Asterisk Management Interface. The ones that we have provided in this chapter are ones that are setup by default by Elastix. If you have changed manager config under /etc/asterisk, you will need to correct the login and password to suit. So if you have the green dot, you now have a working Openfire Server connected to your Elastix Server. All we need to do now is add users and install the client on the desktops. Click on users and groups tab at the top and the following screen will appear. Only the admin user will appear. We now need to create users for your system. Click on create new user on your system. And the following screen will appear. Fill in the details for each user you want to connect to Openfire. Keep the usernames in lower case (makes it easier), fill in their proper name, their current email address, and provide them with a password. This password does not have to match anything, it will be used by the client that resides on their desktop to connect to the Openfire server. Now you have a screen for creating user, Click on CREATE USER (or Create and Create another if you want to keep adding more). After you have done this, you should see the screen (we have only done one user) like this We have now setup one user on the system. For the system to recognize when we are on the phone, we need to map the user to an extension we do this by clicking again on the Asterisk-IM Plug-in Tab and then clicking on Phone Mappings on the left menu. We are now going to setup a phone mapping for the user that we just setup under Users and Groups. Username is the username you setup, in this case it was bob (remember I said to setup in lowercase, it just makes it easier, as the system will not recognize if you use an uppercase char, it sees it has a different login). The device is the actual phone, and you should be able to drop down the box and it will show extensions that you have in your Elastix System. If it doesnt show, then you can enter it manually (e.g. for our one user we would add SIP/301). Then add the Page | 43
extension number which is the same, without the SIP/, so we would enter 301 in here, and then a caller ID. I normally enter 301 in here as well. You can click on the primary field as well if you like, but it is not crucial. This does have a purpose, but it is for more complex systems, which are beyond the scope of this document.
Figure 3.23 Openfire You have now successfully mapped a user and phone together. Refer Figure 3.23
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Figure 3.24 Spark Client Client has now successfully connected to the Openfire server. If we had more users installed, user would see the users listed, showing their presence status, whether they are offline, on the phone, away from keyboard etc. Initial window can be seen in Figure 3.24. If this is not what user want, and user want all the people that are on user local Network to be immediately available to each SPARK user, then user can set them into Groups (a subject we did not broach). If user go back to Open fire Users and Groups Tab, create a Group Name and add the selected users to the Group and they will be immediately available to communicate with if they are members of that group. There are many more features, and functions within Open fire. It deserves a book all by itself, which again is not the purpose of this document. We hopefully have provided enough to get you started, so that you can explore Elastix and the integrated Open fire server.
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3.10 Summary
In this chapter we discuss the architecture of project and its working principle which is comprised of two parts hardware design and software design. It based on server software and its client VoIP to complete the project. The complete and brief introduction of hardware components used in this project, specially Grand Stream HT 502 ATA, and for the phase selection we have two options like soft phone and soft switch, 3CX is the example of soft switch. . Elastix is open source software create a media platform unified communications or "Unified Communications Platform, "which consists of a component or module technologies commonly used communication media today such as: Voice call, video call ,voice mail, instant messaging, a fax server, VoIP and video conferencing. As Soft phone 3CX is chosen because 3CX have call forwarding features and call transfer required by any organization to connect either their employees or customers and As the 3CX soft phone uses SIP protocol and we have Elastix SIP server that can easily handle SIP protocol based soft phone. This process for creating extension will be same for 3cx soft phone, IP telephone and android cell phone. After creating extension in Elastix server now our turn to create sip profile in 3cx when we click on create profile. So for inbound only need to configure the line in as well as some sort of connection IVR automated answering machine on the server that the user can forward calls to the department / person of interest. For the system to recognize when we are on the phone, user need to map the user to an extension we do this by clicking again on the Asterisk-IM Plug-in Tab and then clicking on Phone Mappings on the left menu. If you go back to Open fire Users and Groups Tab, create a Group Name and add the selected users to the Group and they will be immediately available to communicate with if they are members of that group.
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CHAPTER 4
Registration VoIP user using a PC / Laptop, analogue telephone Android HP, IP Phone. Registration VoIP user using a PC / Laptop is adding phone functionality on user PC / laptop that is by installing a soft phone application. 3CXPhone Soft phone is used. In the testing that has been done with some application soft phone, 3CX has major advantages compared to other soft phone programs, namely: Can do call forward and call transfer It has a great view Easy to understand the operation
In addition to these advantages, the process registration VoIP users there are some problems, this can occur for many reasons, here is a summary of the various problems registration common VoIP user. a) 400 Bad Request Requests cannot be understood by the server, the blame lies on the Soft phone SIP profile, complete reconfiguration on SIP soft phone.
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b) 401 Unauthorized Request requires user authentication, user authentication error on SIP soft phone profile, complete reconfiguration on SIP soft phone c) 403 Forbidden Requests can be understood by the VoIP server, but not biased implemented. The blame lies on the Soft phone SIP profile, complete reconfiguration on SIP soft phone d) 404 Not Found (User not found) Registration request cannot be accepted, because the user configuration in SIP VoIP server does not have the desired information by SIP Soft phone e) 407 Proxy Authentication Required Registration request cannot be accepted, because the proxy configuration on the soft phone user cannot find the proxy in question. f) 409 Conflict Users are requested VoIP SIP soft phone is already used by others, resulting in duplicate SIP user that caused the conflict. There are many SIP registration response has not been explained, because in making the report we have just write stuff ever experienced. As for the process registration using , analogue telephone , HP Android, and IP Phone also has the same SIP response. Because the process is not affected registration of equipment used to perform registration.
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Figure 4.3 Calls between VoIP users In the mobile phone used in the design process has a 3G network specifications and also features wireless devices. For VoIP connections using wireless devices connected to the network hotspot Sukkur IBA not experience any problems in the process of communicating, but if you are using a public hotspot access is free and more often have problems, because the bandwidth received by mobile phones is limited and there is interference from other devices connect to free hotspots are. In addition to using wireless devices, mobile phones can also be used to connect to the Internet using the 3G network. VoIP service quality that is used is also comparable to the quality of the operators used .
One of the identification when the inbound problem is when there is an incoming call, the call is not handled directly by the IVR, but only hear a ringing tone on the caller.
FACILITIES
Can be installed on Windows, Android Supports G.711 and GSM codecs Multiple line Record the conversation to the HDD Call transfer
3CXPHONE
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
XLITE
Yes Yes Yes Yes No
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MOS SCORE 4:4 4:2 3:9 3:7 3:4 3:2 3 2:8 2:6 2:5 2:4 1:9 1:6 1:4 1:3 1:2 1:1
R-FACTOR 93 85 77 71 66 62 58 54 51 48 46 36 30 25 22 17 14
MOS Good Good Self Self Self Self Self Ugly Ugly Ugly Ugly Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor
Sound Quality Clear Clear Less Clear Less Clear Less Clear Less Clear Less Clear Not Clear Not Clear Not Clear Not Clear It is not Clear It is not Clear It is not Clear It is not Clear It is not Clear It is not Clear
MOS value measurement made global QoS of the data capture results that have been implemented. If it is found the packet loss occurs, then the data packet is immediately analyzed further to determine the percentage of packet loss results. Packet loss is the number of lost data packets per second. Packet loss can be caused by a number of factors, including a decrease in the signal network media, limit network channels, the corrupted packets cannot be transmitted, and network hardware errors. Packet Loss of softphone, IP phone, Analogue phone and Mobile softphone can be seen in Figure 4.5(a), Figure 4.5(b), Figure 4.6(a) and Figure 4.6(b) Packet loss can be calculated by the formula: Packet loss = (packet data sent - received data packet) 100% packets of data sent Of packet loss will be obtained MOS values in accordance with table 4.2, but if the data capture packet loss is not found, then the general communication that has captured the MOS value 4:4. Below is a graph of the packet loss calculation has been done.
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Total Packet
0%
17
22
48
52
59
69
91
107
119
148
573
Total Packet
0%
0%
Total Packet
Figure 4.6(b) Packet loss mobile soft phone Based on data graphs packet loss and MOS value data in table 4.2, the overall value of MOS based packet loose is 4:4, for all the scenarios that have been implemented are not found packet loss of more than 1%. Page | 55
4.6 Summary
Steps taken in the testing of the system is user registration VoIP, VoIP calls fellow user, incoming calls from the Android based Mobile phone to a VoIP server with IVR, call out of the user VoIP to IP phone and Mobile phone having the application of Android. Registration VoIP user using a PC / Laptop, HP Nokia, Blackberry, Android HP, IP Phone. Registration VoIP user using a PC / Laptop is adding phone functionality on your PC / laptop that is by installing a soft phone application. Requests cannot be understood by the server, the blame lies on the Soft phone SIP profile, complete reconfiguration on SIP soft phone Request requires user authentication, user authentication error on SIP soft phone profile, complete reconfiguration on SIP soft phone Registration request cannot be accepted, because the user configuration in SIP VoIP server does not have the desired information by SIP Soft phone Users are requested VoIP SIP soft phone is already used by others, resulting in duplicate SIP user that caused the conflict. In the process of dialing phone Internet (VoIP user) did not experience a lot of problems, but with the provision that user is active / online at the time of the call. For VoIP connections using wireless devices connected to the network hotspot Sukkur IBA not experience any problems in the process of communicating, but if you are using a public hotspot access is free and more often have problems, because the bandwidth received by mobile phones is limited and there is interference from other devices connect to free hotspots are. Limitations can be divided based on two things, namely from the VoIP server PC specifications and also in terms of the bandwidth of the VoIP server. 3CXphone soft phone used is because the application contained 3cxphone call transfer facility that can be used free of charge, while the xlite to use call transfer facility is required to update to version eyebeam first, Table 4.1 shows the comparison between 3CXphone and Xlite.
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BIOS BSD
Full Form Internet Chat Query International Soft switch Consortium M Metropolitan Area Network Media Gateway Controller Mean Opinion Score N Next Generation Network Network Address Translation P Private Branch Exchange Public Switched Telephone Network Public Land Mobile Network Pulse Code Modulation MEO-Law Pulse Code Modulation A-law R Request for Command (document) Resource Reservation Protocol Real Time Protocol Real Time Control Protocol Remote User Multiplex S Session Initiation Protocol SIP Uniform Resource Locator Session Distribution Protocol Signaling System 7 T Transmission Control Protocol Technical Image Press Association Trivial file Transfer Protocol V Voice Over Internet Protocol
NGN NAT
VoIP
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Appendix-B: Glossary
A Analog audio signals Analog audio signals are used to transmit voice data over telephone lines. This is done by varying or modulating the frequency of sound waves to accurately reflect the pitch of the sound. The same technology is used for radio wave transmissions. Analogue Telephone Adapter ATA or the analog telephone adaptor is the hardware device that connects the conventional telephone to the Internet through a high speed bandwidth line, provides the interface to convert the analog voice signals into IP packets, delivers dial tone and manages the call setup. B Bandwidth Bandwidth is the volume of data that can be transmitted over a communication line in a fixed amount of time. It is expressed in bits per second (bps) or bytes per second for digital devices and in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz) for analog devices. Bandwidth can also be defined as the difference between a band of frequencies or wavelengths C Call A call is an informal term that refers to some communication between peers, generally set up for the purposes of a multimedia conversation. Client A client is any network element that sends SIP requests and receives SIP responses. Clients may or may not interact directly with a human user. User agent clients and proxies are clients. Codec Codec is a term that arises from the Compressor-Decompressor or enCOder/DECoder process. It is used for software or hardware devices that can convert or transform a data stream. For instance, at the transmitting end codecs can encode a data stream or data signal for easy transmission, storage or encryption. At the receiving end, they can decode the signal in the appropriate form for viewing. They are most suitable for videoconferencing and streaming media solutions. Compression This is a term that is used to indicate the squeezing of data in a format that takes less space to store or less bandwidth to transmit. It is very useful in handling large graphics, audio and video files. Page | 65
D Domain Name Server A computer program running on a web server, translating domain names into IP addresses. In the last years special types of domain names records were added to the DNS world-wide system, which provide support to SIP/VoIP (SRV/NAPTR, ENUM)
F Find-me/follow-me A feature that allows calls to find you wherever you are, ringing multiple phones (such as your cell phone, home phone, and work phone) all at once. H H.261 It is a video codec use for wideband (>= 64Kbps). H.263 is used for narrowband (< 64-kbps). Both are widely supported. H.264 It is a newer narrowband codec that produces higher-quality results than H.263 and is recommended in its place. H.264 is also known as ISO 14496-10 and as MPEG-4 part 10 and as MPEG-4 AVC (Advanced Video Coding). I Instant Messaging IM, which stands for Instant Messenging, is a software that allows users to exchange messages in real time. However, to do so both the users must be logged on to the instant messaging service at the same time. Some of the popular IM services are: MSN Messenger, AOL Instant Messenger, Yahoo! Messenger, Google Talk and ICQ. Interactive Voice Response In computer telephony, Interactive Voice Response is a horizontal application wherein computer-based information is accessed over the phone - with a telephone versus a computer. An IVR platform uses computer telephony components to translate callers' touch-tones or voice commands into computer queries after the callers hear an audio menu. Internet Protocol IP, which is the acronym for Internet Protocol, defines the way data packets, also called datagrams, should be moved between the destination and the source. More technically, it can be defined as the network layer protocol in the TCP/IP communications protocol suite.
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International Telecommunication Union ITU, which is the acronym of International Telecommunication Union, is a telecommunications standards body based in Geneva. It works under the aegis of the United Nations and makes recommendations on standards in telecommunications, information technology, consumer electronics, broadcasting and multimedia communications. J Jitter It is a term used to indicate a momentary fluctuation in the transmission signal. This happens in computing when a data packet arrives either ahead or behind a standard clock cycle. In telecommunication, it may result from an abrupt variation in signal characteristics, such as the interval between successive pulses. K Kbps Kbps is the acronym for kilobits per second and is used to indicate the data transfer speed. If the modem speed, for instance, is 1 Kbps then it means that the modem can route data at the speed of one thousand bits per second. L Latency Latency is the time that elapses between the initiation of a request for data and the start of the actual data transfer. This delay may be in nanoseconds but it is still used to judge the efficiency of networks. M Mean Opinion Score A measurement of the subjective quality of human speech, represented as a rating index. MOS is derived by taking the average of numerical scores given by juries to rate quality and using it as a quantitative indicator of system performance. Message Data sent between SIP elements as part of the protocol. SIP messages are either requests or responses.
P Packet A logically grouped unit of data. Packets contain a payload (the information to be transmitted), originator, destination and synchronizing information. The idea with packets is to transmit them over a network so each individual packet can be sent along the most optimal route to its. Packets are assembled on one end of the communication and re-assembled on the receiving end based on the header addressing information at the front of each packet. Routers in the network will store Page | 67
and forward packets based on network delays, errors and re-transmittal requests from the receiving end. Packet loss Packet loss is the term used to indicate the loss of data packets during transmission over a computer network. This may happen on account of high network latency or on account of overloading of switches or routers that are unable to process or route all the incoming data. Private Branch Exchange Private Branch Exchange or PABX (Private Automatic Branch Exchange). In telephony, a PBX system behaves as a customer's premises over trunk lines (thus the term "branch"). At first, PBXs mimicked a small telephone company switchboard. Users would use an operator to take and make telephone calls to and from the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network). Over time, users were able to dial directly, without the use of an operator. Today, computer telephony platforms such as automated attendants are able to route incoming calls automatically, too. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) The term peer-to-peer is used to indicate a form of computing where two or more than two users can share files or CPU power. They can even transmit real time data such as telephony traffic on their highly ad hoc networks. Interestingly, the peer-topeer network does not work on the traditional client-server model but on equal peer nodes that work both as "clients" and "servers" to other nodes on the network. Protocol It is a convention or standard that defines the procedures to be adopted regarding the transmission of data between two computing end points. These procedures include the way the sending device should sign off a message or how the receiving device should indicate the receipt of a message. Similarly, the protocols also lay down guidelines for error checking, data compression, and other relevant operational details. Public Switched Telephone Network Public Switched Telephone Network. The combination of local, long-distance, and international R Redirect Server A redirect server is a user agent server that generates 3xx responses to requests it receives, directing the client to contact an alternate set of URIs. Request A SIP message sent from a client to a server, for the purpose of invoking a particular operation. Response A SIP message sent from a server to a client, for indicating the status of a request sent from the client to the server. Page | 68
Ring back Ring back is the signaling tone produced by the calling party's application indicating that a called party is being alerted (ringing). S Session Initiation Protocol An Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard for initiating, maintaining, and terminating an interactive user session involving video, voice, chat, gaming, virtual reality, and more. SIP phone A SIP phone is a telephone that uses the SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) standard to make a voice call over the Internet (for signaling (and uses RTP for media)). The SIP phones come with several value added services like voicemail, e-mail, call number blocking etc. There are (normally) no charges for making calls from one SIP phone to another, and negligible charges for routing the call from a SIP phone to a PSTN phone. Server A server is a network element that receives requests in order to service them and sends back responses to those requests. Examples of servers are proxies, user agent servers, redirect servers, and registrars Skype Skype is a peer-to-peer Internet telephony company that revolutionized the way voice calls are made by using VoIP technology. The company, which has been acquired by eBay, was founded by Niklas Zennstrm and Janus Friis. Skype users can speak to other Skype users for free, but have to pay a small fee for calling or receiving calls from conventional phones. Soft phone IP telephony software that lets users send and receive calls from non-dedicated hardware, such as a PC or Pocket PC device. It is typically used with a headset and microphone. Soft switch It is a software application that is used to keep track of, monitor or regulate connections at the junction point between circuit and packet networks. This software is loaded in computers and is now replacing hardware switches on most telecom networks. T Transmission Control Protocol Transmission Control Protocol. The transport layer protocol developed for the ARPAnet which comprises layers 4 and 5 of the OSI model. TCP controls sequential data exchange in TCP/IP for remotely hosts in a peer-to-peer network. Page | 69
Telephony Taken from Greek root words meaning "far sound", telephony is the discipline of converting or transmitting voice or other signals over a distance, and then reconverting them to an audible sound at the far end. U UNIX A multi-user, multi-tasking operating system originally developed in 1969 by Ken Thompson of AT&T Bell Laboratories. UNIX is used in telephone company and mission critical applications. V Video encoding There are fewer video codecs (than audio codecs) associated with the H.323 and SIP protocol suites (thankfully). Voice over Internet Protocol The process of making and receiving voice transmissions over any IP network. IP networks include the Internet, office LANs, and private data networks between corporate offices. The main advantage of VoIP is that users can connect from anywhere and make phone calls without incurring typical analog telephone charges, such as for long-distance calls
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