Scrubbing Systems

Dr. Akepati S. Reddy Deptt. Analytical Services TCIRD, Thapar Technology Campus Patiala P!"#A$% & '() **(
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Categories o+ Scrubbing Systems

Depending on whether liquid is used for scrubbing or not categorized as
Wet scrubbers liquid is used for scrubbing Dry scrubbers either solid sorbent or slurry is used

Based on the manner of bringing the gas phase in contact with the liquid phase categorized as
Gas phase contacting scrubbers use gas stream energy iquid phase contacting scrubbers use liquid stream energy Wet film scrubbers use energy of both liquid and gas streams !ombination liquid phase and gas phase scrubbers use energy of both liquid and gas streams "echanically aided scrubbers mechanically dri#en rotors are used for the contact
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Categories o+ Scrubbing Systems

Based on gas side pressure drop categorized as ow energy scrubbers pressure drop %&' water column spray towers particles of (&) size are remo#ed

"edium energy scrubbers pressure drop &*1&' +igh energy scrubbers pressure drop (1&' #enturi and condensation scrubbers
But many scrubbers operate o#er a wider range pressure drop

Depending on the use categorized as ,crubbers primarily used for collecting particles ,crubbers primarily used for gaseous pollutants remo#al Dry scrubbers are categorized as Dry sorbent in-ectors .D,/0 ,pray dryer absorbers .,D10 also 2nown as semi*dry scrubbers or spray dryers
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,enturi Scrubbers
1 gas phase contact scrubber used to collect both particles and gaseous pollutants +as $ sections4 con#erging5 throat and di#erging section 67haust stream is forced to mo#e through throat at e7tremely high #elocity .$8*128 m9sec:0
iquid is introduced into the throat either at the throat or at the entrance of the con#erging section

1t the throat the liquid is sheared from walls and atomized into #ery small droplets Gas e7iting the di#erging section is forced to slow down for remo#ing the liquid droplets 6ntrainment separator .cyclonic or mesh pad or blade separator0 is used for the remo#al of entrained liquid droplets
!yclonic separator when used is connected to the #enturi usually by a flooded elbow
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Converging section

Diverging section

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,enturi Scrubbers
<on*wetted .dry throat0 approach #enturi
liquid is introduced at the throat in case of high temperature e7haust ca2ing of throat can occur appropriate for cool moist e7haust

=enturi with wetted approach

liquid is introduced at the entrance of the con#erging section

=enturi with round throat can not handle larger flows .( >>888 m$9hr0 * =enturi with long5 narrow5 rectangular throat can be used
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,enturi Scrubbers
@or handling #ariable gas flows ad-ustable throat #enturis .with #arying throat areas0 are used
=enturi with a plunger or ad-ustable disc mo#ing up and down the throat .decreasing and increasing annular opening of the throat0 Aectangular throat #enturis with mo#able plates that decrease or increase throat area

=enturi rod or rod dec2 scrubber a number of pipes parallel to each other in the e7haust flow path create a series of rectangular throat openings
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,enturi Scrubbers
+ighest particle collection efficiency .B8*BBC0 among scrubbers
Dperated at pressure drops of & to 188 inches .gas #elocity in the throat is $8 to 128 m9,0
/ncreasing pressure drop across increases efficiency

iquid to gas ratios employed are 8:3 to 1:$ 9m$

+igher ratios do not significantly increase efficiency and lower ratios may not sufficiently wet the throat

Aemo#al efficiency for gases is $8*;8C

=ery short gas*liquid contact time limit gas absorption 6fficient remo#al occurs if the gas is chemically reacti#e with or it is highly soluble in the liquid ower e7haust #elocities and higher liquid to gas ratios can enhance the remo#al efficiencies
iquid to gas ratios of 2:? to &:$ 9m$
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,enturi Scrubbers
Wear or abrasion of the scrubber shell is the primary maintenance problem with #enturis
ining the throat with silicon carbide or using replaceable liner can minimize the problem

1 pre*cleaner through remo#ing larger particles can also reduce abrasion problem

@looded elbow at the bottom of the scrubber can reduce abrasion downstream to the throat

"ethod of liquid in-ection .spray nozzles9weirs0 can also cause problems

,pray nozzles can clog specially with recirculated liquid
<ozzles holes twice the size of openings of the strainers used in the liquid recycle line can minimize clogging
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-.ector ,enturi
1ctually a spray tower capable of mo#ing e7haust without the aid of any blower or fan
Ereferred in e7plosi#e or e7tremely corrosi#e en#ironment

+igh pressure .1&*128 psig0 and high rate .?*1$ 9m$0 liquid spray .with a lone nozzle0 into throat creates #acuum5 suc2s e7haust from the side duct and mo#es through the #enturi 6ntrainment separator is usually used 6ffecti#e in remo#ing particles of (1) size but gas absorption efficiencies are #ery low @or e7tremely high collection efficiencies multiple stages of e-ector #enturis are used Eressure drop across is 1:$ to 1$ cm water 1brasion can be problem in nozzles and throat
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/ri+ice Scrubbers
"edium energy .& to 2& cm water pressure drop across0 de#ices used for particals remo#al .and also gases0 67haust stream is forced through a pool of liquid at high #elocity .1&:2 m9,0 creating liquid droplets
arger particles are remo#ed by impingement on scrubber liquid surface * smaller particles by impacting liquid droplets
Baffles9air foils are pro#ided for the turbulent mi7ing of liquid droplets with the e7haust Baffles placed in the path of cleaned e7haust stream ser#e as impingement surfaces for entrainment remo#al

,ludge accumulated in the scrubber needs liquid circulation through a sludge remo#al facility
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/ri+ice Scrubbers
Designed to operate with a specific liquid le#el for a gi#en gas #elocity
Gas #elocities should not fluctuate beyond 18*1&C of design #alues ow gas flows or reduced liquid le#els reduce atomization and particle collection efficiencies

+igh gas flows can blow the liquid chamber dry

Designed for ma7imum e7haust flow rate and ma2eup air is introduced when flows become less
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/ri+ice Scrubbers
"aintaining water le#el at desired le#el .in the face of sludge separation and remo#al0 is an important and difficult maintenance problem Elugging and scale buildup are not problems
Aeacti#e scrubbing .gaseous pollutants chemically react with liquid0 can still produce scales and plug the internals

!ollection efficiencies are moderate and used for the remo#al of (1 ) particles iquid gas ratio is
1:$ to &:$ 9m$ for particles remo#al 8:8? to 8:? 9m$ for gases
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Plate To0ers
6ffecti#e in remo#ing gaseous pollutants
Earticulates can also be simultaneously remo#ed !an pro#e good for flue gas desulphurization

Dne or more plates are mounted horizontally inside a #ertical column 67haust enters at the bottom and flows upwards passing through the plates iquid enters at top and tra#els across each plate to a down comer and from their to ne7t plate below and ultimately to the tower bottom
iquid to gas ratio followed is 8:? to 2:8 9m$
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Fhese are medium energy scrubbers .2:& to 28 cm pressure drop per plate0

Plate To0ers
Elates are sie#e5 impingement5 bubble cap and #al#e types
,ie#e plates4 +a#e 1>88*B8889m2 openings of 8:$2*2:& cm size and form 18*188) size droplets /mpingement plates4 plate openings ha#e impaction targets abo#e to increase the gas*liquid contact Bubble cap plates4 around each hole a riser is pro#ided o#er the riser a cap with se#eral slots is pro#ided =al#e plates4 ha#e liftable caps abo#e the openings and plates attached to legs limit the capsG #ertical mo#ement

,maller openings can increase the particle collection efficiency but can get plugged !ost wise sie#e plates are cheapest5 impingement plates come ne7t5 and bubble cap plates are the costliest

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Plate To0ers
Gas remo#al efficiencies of ( B>C can be easily achie#ed and for increasing efficiencies following can be done
/ncreasing number of plates Hsing higher liquid to gas ratios /ncreasing pressure drop across the plates

Earticle collection efficiencies are moderate

Decreasing hole size and increasing number of holes increase particle collection efficiencies /ncreasing number of plates beyond 2 or $ do not increase efficiency significantly
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Plate To0ers
,usceptible to plugging and9or scale build*up problems
high solid content in scrubber liquor can be a cause can not be used for e7haust with dust or stic2y materials access to plates for cleaning is important water sprays underside the lower most plate can a#oid wet*dry interface and scaling low p+ wash can dissol#e and remo#e scales

+igher liquid in-ection rates and higher e7haust gas #elocities can cause flooding of plates this in turn increase pressure drop but decreases gas*liquid mi7ing Foo low gas #elocities cause weeping .liquid dripping through holes0 and decrease the gas*liquid contact Eoor scrubbing liquor distribution can be a problem
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Spray To0ers
ow energy .pressure drop is 1:$ to ?:; cm water0 ine7pensi#e de#ices Hsed as pre*scrubbers for remo#ing
larger particles .of size (18*2&)0 highly soluble gases .with &8*>8C efficiency * plate towers and pac2ed towers are superior for gas absorption remo#al0 chemical reagent addition to the liquid .I"nD3 for odor remo#al0 can also increase the efficiency

Hsed to handle flows upto &8 m$9sec

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Spray To0ers
!ounter*current5 co*current and cross*current configurations are used !ross*current configurations .horizontal spray scrubbers0 can ha#e more than one spray sections
@or better results the liquid can flow counter*current and cleanest liquid can be sprayed in the last section

!ounter*current configurations can ha#e multile#el liquid spray nozzles @or similar collection efficiencies co*current configuration is smaller than a counter*current configuration
67haust relati#e #elocity is higher in the counter*current configuration
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Spray To0ers
67haust enters the bottom and mo#es upwards in counter* current flow configuration 67haust gas #elocity is within 8:$ to 1:2m9sec: to pre#ent liquid carry o#er iquid at pressure is 18*388 psig is sprayed through nozzles downwards into the spray tower Eroduces droplets of size &88 to 1888) .#enturis produce 18 to &8) size droplets0
in-ection of liquid at $88 to 3&8 psig pressure creates fog li2e droplets

iquid to gas ratios employed are 8:? to 2:? 9m$

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Spray To0ers
Decreasing liquid droplet size and increasing liquid to gas ratio can increase the absorption remo#al iquid droplets after falling short distance tend to agglomerate into bigger drops or hit walls and comedown affecting efficiency

!ompletely open design ha#e least scale buildup and plugging problems <ozzle plugging or eroding can occur specially with recycled liquid
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$a++led Spray Scrubbers

,imilar to spray towers both in design and operation
/n addition to spray nozzles5 baffles .that allow further atomizing of liquid0 are added to boost treatment

Hsed mostly as pre*cleaners for the remo#al of (18) size particles

<ot specifically used for the remo#al of gases

Eressure drop is 2:& to ?:& cm water iquid to gas ratio is 8:1$ 9m$ iquid inlet pressure is %1& psig "aintenance problems are the least solids buildup on baffles can occur
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Cyclonic Spray Scrubbers

ow to medium energy de#ices .pressure drop is 3 to 2& cm of water0
Hses the features of both a dry cyclone and spray tower for collecting particulate matter "ore efficient than spray towers but less efficient than #enturi scrubbers Earticles (& ) are remo#ed with (B8C efficiency Earticle #elocity is ;8*1>8 m9sec: comparable to #enturis .in spray towers it is 8:; to 1:& m9sec: Furbulence le#el is much lesser than that generated in a #enturi

ess efficient in remo#ing gaseous pollutants and not chosen for gaseous pollutant remo#al

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Cyclonic Spray Scrubbers

/nclude /rrigated cyclones and !yclonic spray scrubbers /rrigated cyclone
67haust enter tangentially near the top into water sprays and swirls downward5 then change direction return upward in a tighter spiral

!yclonic spray scrubber

67haust enters the chamber tangentially near the bottom5 swirl through the chamber mo#es upwards and e7it from top iquid is sprayed from nozzles on a central post and directed toward the chamber walls

,traightening #anes are pro#ided at the top of the chamber !an also act as entrainment separators
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Cyclonic Spray Scrubbers

<ozzle plugging and corrosion or erosion side walls are the maintenance problems
Better install the nozzles in a way for ease of access for maintenance 1brasion resistant materials may be used to protect the cyclone body

iquid to gas ratio employed is 8:$ to 1:$ 9m$ iquid inlet pressure is 2>8 to 2>88 2Ea

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Packed To0er Scrubber

"edium energy scrubbers used for gas absorption
Earticles are also remo#ed5 but submicron particles not efficiently Both liquid phase and gas phase pro#ide the energy needed for the scrubbing

Hsed for handling smaller flows and easy to handle gases

@or larger flows and difficult gases plate towers are preferred

!heaper but weight is more than that of plate tower Eac2ing material supported o#er trays is sprayed with liquid to form liquid film coat 67haust is passed through pac2ing for contact with liquid and absorption remo#al of gaseous pollutants
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Packed To0er Scrubber

1bsorption remo#al is enhanced by
iquid film surface Furbulent contact between the liquid and gas !ontact time ,olubility of the gaseous pollutants

+igher gas #elocity through pac2ing ensures good mi7ing but can cause flooding of pac2ing /ncreasing liquid in-ection increases absorption efficiency but can cause flooding
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Packed To0er Scrubber

!ommon used configurations include counter*current5 co* current and cross*flow !ounter*current flow configuration
iquid is introduced at the top of pac2ing by sprays9weirs 67haust is entered at bottom and flown through upward

!o*current flow configuration

Both e7haust and liquid enter at top and mo#e downward !an operate at higher liquid J gas flow rates without flooding Aemo#al efficiencies are limited @or similar flows and absorption efficiencies5 diameter of the tower is relati#ely smaller and pressure drop is lower
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Packed To0er Scrubber

!ross flow configuration
67haust mo#es horizontally while liquid mo#es #ertically liquid sprays at the face of pac2ing on the inlet side may also be used pac2ing can be slanted in the direction of incoming e7haust for ensuring complete wetting of pac2ing can include more than one sections liquid flow rate can be higher in the front section for particulate washout last section can be left dry to act as entrainment separator considered as better for handling e7hausts with high particulate concentration can be designed to ha#e lower pressure drop

@iber bed scrubber with cross flow scheme

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Packed To0er Scrubber

"aterial used as pac2ing include stoneware5 porcelain5 metal5 high density thermoplastics .polyethylene and polypropylene05 etc:
Dimensions can be of 8:; to 18 cm in size ,maller size offers larger specific surface area but increases pressure drop

,hapes of pac2ing material used

Aaschig rings .& cm0 Fellerette pac2ing .2:& cm0 Fripac2s Eall rings /ntelo7 metal Bari saddle5 etc:
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Packed To0er Scrubber

@actors influencing selection of pac2ing material include nature of contaminants5 geometric mode of contact5 size of the absorber5 and scrubbing ob-ecti#es !ost5 pressure drop5 corrosion resistance5 specific area5 structural strength5 weight5 design fle7ibility5 etc:5 also influence Eac2ing can be either random or stac2ing systematically
Aandom pac2ing pro#ides higher specific surface area but cause higher pressure drop and poor liquid distribution ,tac2ed pac2ing pro#ides better liquid distribution but installation costs are higher
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Packed To0er Scrubber

Eroper design of support trays can ensure uniform distribution of e7haust through the pac2ed bed "etals plates or grids used to support the pac2ing also act as distribution baffles iquid should be distributed o#er the entire the top surface of the pac2ed bed !hanneling of the liquid should be a#oided iquid tend to flow towards tower walls and result in short circuiting
Aequire redirecting from the tower walls bac2 to the center of the pac2ed column by liquid redistributors placed at inter#als of %$ m or at & tower diameters from the top
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Packed To0er Scrubber

iquid distribution is by weirs5 tubes or spray nozzles Distribution Weirs4
Do not plug and can handle dirty liquids but require le#eling !an be easily inspected and maintained

Eerforated tubes4
!an be buried within the pac2ing allows the pac2ing abo#e the perforated tube to act as entrainment separator 1#oids liquid blowing against the side walls of the tower Fubes .and perforations0 can clog and 2nowing it is difficult

,pray nozzles4
<ozzle clogging and erosion can be a problem Hse of fewer relati#ely large nozzles can a#oid the clogging !an be easily inspected Eressure drop is the highest among the three
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Packed To0er Scrubber

Buildup of solids in the pac2ing is a serious problem
Earticulate matter tend to get remo#ed and accumulate in the pac2ing * pre*cleaning spray can reduce the solids buildup Buildup could also result from chemical reactions between the liquid and absorbed gases iquid draining through the pac2ing carry the collected particles and plug the #oid spaces

Fower internals are not easily accessible and cleaning requires shutting the system and remo#ing5 cleaning and reinstalling the pac2ing
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Packed To0er Scrubber

"aintaining proper liquid and e7haust flows is needed * increasing any of the two can result in flooding
@looded pac2ing result in higher pressure drop5 pulsating air flow and dramatically reduced efficiencies Dptimal operating flow rates should be ;8*?&C of the flooding flow

ower gas flow rates can result in gas channeling iquid to gas ratio employed is 8:1$ to 2:8 9m$ and liquid inlet pressure is &*1& psig Eressure drop is 1:? to & cm water per foot or 2 to >:& cm of water per meter of installed pac2ing and & to 22 cm of water across the pac2ed tower
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1obile $ed Scrubbers

,imilar to pac2ed towers but pac2ing is in constant motion
Gas stream powers motion of the pac2ing iquid is sprayed o#er the pac2ing Bottom sprays are used for saturating the gas .also remo#es large particles0 6ntrainment separators are required

Ereferred when high collection efficiency of particulates and gaseous pollutants is required Ero#ides effecti#e absorption li2e pac2ed and plate towers but without plugging problems Because of high gas #elocities these are much more compact than pac2er towers and plate towers but these are not as energy efficient as the latter 3?

1obile $ed Scrubbers

Based on the degree of mo#ement of the pac2ing mobile bed scrubbers are classified as
@looded bed scrubbers @luidized bed scrubbers

Eac2ing used in the scrubbers

,pheres of plastics5 glass or marble in flooded beds +ollow polypropylene9polyethylene balls in fluidized beds

@looded bed scrubbers4

Eac2ing gently mo#es and rotates Eac2ing of 18 to 28 depth is used Bubbles formed in the bed create a layer of froth o#er the bed twice the depth of pac2ing
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1obile $ed Scrubbers

@luidized bed scrubbers .also 2nown as turbulent contact absorbers04
Eac2ing is suspended or fluidized within the bed @or this e7haust gas #elocity of 1:> to 3:> m9sec: is used pac2ing of 8:$ to 8:; m depth is used and froth zone is about 8:; m thic2 o#er the pac2ing "ore than one fluidized pac2ing sections .upto ;0 may be used for efficient gas absorption
/f gas absorption is not needed then a single pac2ed section is sufficient
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1obile $ed Scrubbers

Earticulates can be collected
1t inlet below the bed by bottom sprays 1t the pac2ing by impingement on the wetted surface /n the froth layer o#er the pac2ing

"aintenance problems
Elugging and scale buildup can occur specially at the scrubber inlet and on the pac2ing support grid <ozzle maintenance is of concern in lime or limestone scrubbing systems Deterioration of spheres of pac2ing can occur from high temperature and constant rubbing against each other
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1obile $ed Scrubbers

Eressure drop in mobile bed may range from & to 1& cm water per section iquid to gas ratio is 2:? to > 9m$ for gases and 8:3 to 8:? 9m$ for particulates remo#al

/ncreasing liquid*to*gas ratio5 increasing the depth of pac2ing and increasing the number of pac2ing stages enhance adsorption
Aemo#al efficiencies are BBC for gases @or ,D2 remo#al from flue gases > 9m$ ratio is used

Earticles (2 to $) are remo#ed

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1echanically Aided Scrubbers

"otors are used to supply the energy needed for scrubbing "ore compact but ha#e higher o#erall power requirement !apable of high particle collection efficiencies and can remo#e particles of (1) size
Generally not used for gas absorption

Dperate at low liquid to gas ratio

8:8? to 8:2 9m$ for centrifugal fan scrubbers 8:& to 8:? 9m$ for spray rotor scrubbers

Because of mo#ing parts maintenance problems are high

"o#ing parts are susceptible to corrosion and fouling Aotating parts are sub-ect to #ibrations induced fatigue or wear cause them to become unbalanced

<ot used with corrosi#e or stic2y materials

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1echanically Aided Scrubbers

!entrifugal fan scrubbers
,er#e as both air mo#ers and particle collection de#ices Water is sprayed .at 28*;8 psig pressure0 on blades to form droplets and to impart centrifugal motion to droplets Aotating blades force both liquid and particles off the blades towards the walls of the casing 67tra power consumption equi#alent to 18:2 to 1&:2 cm water occurs from use as particulate collection de#ices

/nduced spray scrubbers

=ertical whirling rotors submerged in a liquid pool are used to produce fine droplet sprays 67haust is forced to mo#e through the spray Eressure drop across the de#ice is 18*28 cm water
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Dry Sorbent In.ection Scrubber

Hsed to control acid gas .,D25 +!l5 +@5 etc:0 emission +a#e ad#anteges o#er the wet scrubbers which can be alternati#e
Aelease of steam plume is a#oided Aequirement of a system of piping and pumps for the collection5 treatment and recirculation of scrubbing liquid associated with wet scrubbers is a#oided

Eowdered sorbent is in-ected into flue gas at

@urnace of the boiler Duct wor2 or reaction chamber prior to the air pollution control de#ice Aeaction chamber increases residence time of acid gases to react with the sorbent &;

Dry Sorbent In.ection Scrubber

/ncludes two main sections4 De#ice to introduce the sorbent consists of
a dry sorbent storage tan2 a weight feeder to meter the sorbent a blower and transfer line an in-ection de#ice .#enturi0 ,orbent is blown through pneumatic line to the in-ection area /n-ection is done countercurrent to the flue gas to create turbulence and promote mi7ing

Earticulate matter control de#ice to remo#e the reaction products5 e7cess sorbent and other ,E" of the e7haust
@abric filters or 6lectrostatic precipitators are used
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Dry Sorbent In.ection Scrubber

/n-ection at ele#ated temperature may be needed for the decomposition reaction of the sorbent
!a!D$ decomposition into !aD

6fficiency is &8C for ,D2 and B8C for +!l in simple systems can be increased by
!ooling and9or humidifying the flue gas Aecycling portion of the collected particulate matter .has unreacted sorbent0 Dperating at higher stoichiometric ratios of sorbent /ntroducing an e7pansion9reaction chamber can increase residence time and efficiency
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Spray dryer systems

Hsed to control acid gas .,D25 +!l5 +@5 etc:0 emission +a#e ad#antages o#er the wet scrubbers which can be alternati#e Hse lesser quantities of liquid hot flue gases e#aporate the moisture and a#oid release of steam plume Do not require the system of piping and pumps for the collection5 treatment and recirculation of scrubbing liquid "i7ing of acid gases with al2aline sorbent is more effecti#e than in dry sorbent in-ectors and can achie#e higher remo#al efficiencies
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Spray dryer systems

Fypical spray drying includes
ime storage and slac2ing system ime ma2ing and feeding tan2s

1tomizer ,pray dryer chamber .absorption tower9reaction chamber0 Earticulate control de#ice Earticulate recycle system .optional0

67haust is introduced into absorbing tower .reaction or drying chamber0 for contacting with finely atomized al2aline slurry
Fhen passed through a fabric filter or an electrostatic precipitator for the particulates remo#al !ollected solids can be recycled and used in slurry ma2ing
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Spray dryer systems

Eerformance can be affected by
@lue gas flow rate and temperature ,toichiometric ratio of the al2aline sorbent Eroperties of the al2ali used

@or better performance

Gas residence time in the spray dryer should be 18*1& sec: ,pray dryer outlet temperature should be abo#e and close to dew point

1mount of water to be used depends on incoming flue gas temperature and moisture content 1l2aline slurry loading rate depends on acid gas le#el in the e7haust and remo#al efficiency desired Hse of 1:& to 2:& times stoichiometric ratio can achie#e ?&* ;$ >8C ,D2 remo#al or B&C +!l remo#al

Spray dryer systems

Aotary atomizers .atomizing wheels0 and duel fluid nozzles5 are used to in-ect the al2aline sorbent slurry Aotary atomizers .atomizer wheel0
> to 1; inches size wheels of corrosion and abrasion resistant materials +a#e higher capacity and simpler piping system and single atomizer is used 1tomation energy is supplied #ia a motor coupled to the atomizing wheel Aotational speed is ?888 to 28888 rpm and produce 2&*1&8) size droplets

Duel fluid pneumatic nozzles

"ultiple nozzles are used +igh #elocity and high pressure air is used 6asier to maintain each nozzle can be isolated 6nergy is supplied primarily as high pressure air

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Spray dryer systems

,pray dryer chamber Gas and liquid flow scheme may be cocurrent or counter current or mi7ed
!ocuurent is most commonly used !ounter current dryers ha#e higher drying capacity Erecise control of e7it gas temperature is possible in cocurrent dryers

Fypical dryer diameter is 2&*$8 ft:

Design of the dryer chamber is affected by the atomizing method used

ength to diameter ratio for chambers with rotary atomizers is 8:>41 droplets should not deposit on walls
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Spray dryer systems

Earticulate matter collection
6ither fabric filters or 6,E are used
@abric filters gi#e better acid gas remo#al than 6,E

Eotential heat loss in the particle collection system should minimum

Fhe particulate matter being hygroscopic can cause corrosion problems or plugging /nsulation5 hopper heaters and reducing air in*lea2s can pre#ent operational problems
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Dry scrubbing systems

67cept for atomizers5 these systems are relati#ely simple de#ices and ha#e fewer mo#ing parts Elugging in solid or slurry transport systems is the primary maintenance problem with these systems
Dead areas of solid9slurry piping5 #al#es and atomizers are more prone to plugging @le7ible piping is less susceptible to plugging F -oints J quic2 connectors allow quic2 flushing J deplugging Hse of screens ahead of atomizers J #al#es minimize plugging * screens require frequent cleaning .by acidK0 1tomizers may need frequent flushing with water

Draining and flushing of lines and storage tan2s during e7tended downtimes is also helpful ow quality lime and9or water can result in scaling5 plugging ;> and reduce acid gas remo#al efficiencies