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Patterns of Physical Geography

Comparing Data
Use the Unit Atlas to add to your knowledge of Africa. As you look at the maps and charts, notice geographic patterns and specific details about the region. After studying the graphs and physical map on these two pages, jot down in your notebook the answers to the questions below.
Making Comparisons
1. Compare Africas size and population to that of the United States. How much larger in terms of population and size is Africa compared to the United States? 2. Compare Africas longest river, the Nile, to the Mississippi. How much difference is there in the lengths? 3. How much bigger is the Sahara than the largest desert in the United States? What is the difference in size between the Sahara and the continental United States? Landmass
Africa 11,677,240 sq mi Continental United States 3,165,630 sq mi

Population

Africa 800,245,000 United States 281,422,000 0 100 200

Rivers
Niger 2,600 miles Congo 2,900 miles Mississippi 2,357 miles Nile 4,160 miles 0 1000

300 400 500 600 Population (in millions)

700

800

900

U.S. Longest Worlds Longest

2000 3000 Length (in miles)

4000

5000

Deserts
Worlds Largest U.S. Largest

Sahara Africa 3,500,000 sq. miles

Mojave United States 25,000 square miles

Namib Africa 102,248 square miles

Kalahari Africa about 100,000 square miles

For updated statistics on Africa . . .

DATA UPDATE
CL ASSZONE .COM

402 UNIT 6

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UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY

Africa: Physical
HUNGARY
CROATIA

FRANCE

SWITZ.

ROMANIA YUGO. BULGARIA 40N

SPAIN PORTUGAL

ITALY
ALB.

GREECE

TURKEY

Strait of Gibraltar
Madeira Is. (Port.) MOROCCO Canary Islands ALGERIA
WESTERN SAHARA (MOROCCO)

S TLA

MOU

NT AIN S
TUNISIA

Mediterra
Gulf of Sidra

nean

Sea

Suez ISRAEL Canal

I I I

CYPRUS LEBANON

SYRIA

IRAN IRAQ 30N

KUWAIT

JORDAN

GA R AG INS AH NTA U MO

LIBYA

EGYPT

SAUDI ARABIA

Re

QATAR U.A.E.

Ni

LI
BY

le

R.

Tropic of Cancer

AN

Cape Verde

S
MAURITANIA
Senega

A
MALI

A
NIGER

R
Tibesti Mountains

L. Nasser

Se a

Nubian Desert

20N

DESE

CAPE VERDE GAMBIA GUINEABISSAU

RT

ger Ni

SENEGAL

e N il e

hit

TOGO BENIN

SIERRA LEONE LIBERIA

CTE DIVOIRE

GHANA

enu

. e R

E A T R T VALLE IF Y

Gulf of Guinea
EQUATORIAL GUINEA SO TOM AND PRNCIPE

Ubangi R.

GR

W S

L. Nyasa COMOROS MALAWI

10S

ANGOLA ZAMBIA St. Helena Victoria Falls

za m

biq

ZIMBABWE NAMIBIA

MOZAMBIQUE

ue

Ch

an

Zambezi R.

el

MAURITIUS MADAGASCAR Runion

Tropic of Capricorn

opo R. mp Li

13,100 ft. (4,000 m.) 6,600 ft. (2,000 m.) 1,600 ft. (500 m.) 650 ft. (200 m.) (0 m.) 0 ft. Below sea level Mountain peak

Elevation

KALAHARI DESERT
rg

Orange

SOUTH AFRICA Karroo Cape of Good Hope

ke

ns

be

R. LESOTHO
ra

SWAZILAND

Mo

BOTSWANA

30S

INDIAN OCEAN

400

800 miles

40S

0 400 800 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection

30W

20W

10W

10E

20E

30E

40E

50E

60E

403

AFRICA

. lR
GUINEA Equator
N

S
R.

H
L. Chad

E
CHAD

ERITREA YEMEN L. Tana

N i le ue Bl

BURKINA FASO NIGERIA

SUDAN

ul DJIBOUTI G

f of

Ade

ETHIOPIAN PLATEAU
ETHIOPIA

10N

Mt. Cameroon 13,451 ft. (4,100 m) CAMEROON

HORN OF AFRICA

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

SOMALIA L. Turkana KENYA Mt. Kenya 17,058 ft. (5,199 m) Mt. Kilimanjaro 19,341 ft. (5,895 m) Pemba Is. Zanzibar Is.

Congo R.

UGANDA

C O N G O B A S I N

GABON

REP. OF CONGO

ATLANTIC OCEAN
ANGOLA

RWANDA DEMOCRATIC BURUNDI Lake REPUBLIC Victoria OF CONGO TANZANIA L. Tanganyika

SEYCHELLES

Katanga Plateau

NA
MI

DE

SERT

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Patterns of Human Geography

Colonialism in Africa, 1913
In the years preceding World War I (19141918), the political map of Africa changed dramatically. European colonial powers had replaced traditional African states and empires. Study the political maps of Africa in 1913 and Africa today to see how the continent changed by the end of the 20th century. Then answer these questions in your notebook.
Making Comparisons
1. What independent nations appear on the map of Africa in 1913 and also appear on the map of Africa today? 2. Which two European powers controlled the most land in Africa in 1913? Which country controlled the least amount? 3. Which countries in Africa today formed French West Africa in 1913? 4. Which three African countries emerged from colonialism with the most territory?
Belgian
10S 40N 30W 20W 10W 0 10E 20E 30E 40E 50E 60E

PORTUGAL
SPANISH MOROCCO

ITALY SPAIN OTTOMAN EMPIRE TUNISIA M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Tripoli Cairo
I I I

N E

MADEIRA IS. (Port.) 30N CANARY IS. (Sp.)

W S

MOROCCO
IFNI Agadir

RIO DE ORO
20N CAPE VERDE IS. (Port.) Dakar GAMBIA

ALGERIA

LIBYA
Tropic of Cancer

EGYPT

ARABIA
Se a

Re d

FRENCH WEST AFRICA

TOGOLAND

PORTUGUESE GUINEA SIERRA LEONE

IAL A FRICA

ANGLOEGYPTIAN SUDAN
Fashoda

ERITREA
Addis Ababa

FRENCH SOMALILAND BRITISH SOMALILAND

LIBERIA

CAMEROONS
FERNANDO PO PRNCIPE (Port.) Equator SAO TOM (Port.) RIO MUNI

TOR

GOLD COAST

NIGERIA
Lagos

ETHIOPIA ITALIAN SOMALILAND

EQ

UA

FR
(Port.)

EN

OCEAN

CH

ATLANTIC

UGANDA BRITISH EAST AFRICA BELGIAN CONGO GERMAN EAST AFRICA

Mombasa ZANZIBAR I. (BR.) COMOROS IS. (FR.)

CABINDA

British French German Italian Portuguese Spanish Independent state ANGOLA

NYASALAND NORTHERN RHODESIA

Tropic of Capricorn WALVIS BAY

SOUTHERN GERMAN RHODESIA SOUTHWEST AFRICA BECHUANALAND M Pretoria Johannesburg

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

0 800 1,600 miles Cape Town 0 800 1,600 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection

SWAZILAND BASUTOLAND

404 UNIT 6

AM BIQ UE Mo zam biq ue Ch an n

el

MADAGASCAR

OZ

INDIAN OCEAN

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UNITED KINGDOM 30W 20W 10W 0

Africa: Political
GERMANY 10E 20E 30E 40E 50E 60E SWITZ. HUNGARY
CROATIA

FRANCE

ROMANIA YUGO. BULGARIA 40N

40N SPAIN PORTUGAL ITALY

ALB.

GREECE

TURKEY

Algiers
Strait of Gibraltar
MADEIRA IS. (Port.)

Rabat
Casablanca

Oran

Tunis

TUNISIA

Mediterra
Tripoli
Gulf of Sidra

nean

CYPRUS

SYRIA

Sea

30N

MOROCCO
CANARY ISLANDS (Spain)

Suez LEBANON Canal ISRAEL

IRAN IRAQ 30N

KUWAIT

Alexandria
I I I

Cairo

JORDAN

ALGERIA
WESTERN SAHARA (MOROCCO)

Giza

LIBYA

EGYPT

SAUDI ARABIA

Re d

QATAR U.A.E.

Ni le

R.

Tropic of Cancer

L. Nasser

Se

20N

CAPE VERDE Praia Dakar

MAURITANIA
Nouakchott
Senega

20N

MALI NIGER CHAD

L. Chad

ger Ni

SENEGAL
Bamako

SUDAN
W

e N il e

Banjul GAMBIA Bissau

GUINEA10N BISSAU

hit

GUINEA
SIERRA LEONE

. lR

Omdurman
N i le ue Bl

ERITREA Asmara
L. Tana DJIBOUTI G u l

BURKINA Niamey FASO Ouagadougou

BENIN
TOGO

Khartoum

R.

f of

Ade

NIGERIA
Abuja
nu Be e R.

NDjamena

Djibouti

Conakry Freetown

10N

CTE DIVOIRE

PortoNovo

Addis Ababa

Monrovia

GHANA

Ibadan Lagos

CAMEROON CENTRAL AFRICAN

REPUBLIC
Douala

ETHIOPIA
L. Turkana

Gulf of Guinea

Yaound

Ubangi R.

Lom LIBERIA Abidjan Accra Malabo Yamoussoukro

EQUATORIAL GUINEA SO TOM AND PRNCIPE

Bangui
Congo R.

SOMALIA
Mogadishu
0

UGANDA
Kampala
RWANDA Lake Victoria

Equator

So Tom

Libreville REPUBLIC GABON OF CONGO Brazzaville

ANGOLA

KENYA
Nairobi

ATLANTIC OCEAN
N

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

Kigali
BURUNDI

Bujumbura

SEYCHELLES Pemba Zanzibar

Kinshasa

TANZANIA
L. Tanganyika

Victoria

Dar es Salaam Luanda

L. Nyasa 10S

10S

W S

Lubumbashi

ZAMBIA

Moroni Lilongwe
COMOROS

ANGOLA
ST. HELENA (U.K.)

MALAWI Lusaka
Victoria Falls

Windhoek
Tropic of Capricorn

opo R. mp Li

Mo

20S

NAMIBIA

za m

ZIMBABWE BOTSWANA
Gaborone Pretoria National capital Other city
30S 0 400 800 miles

biq

MOZAMBIQUE

ue

Harare

Ch

an

Zambezi R.

el

Antananarivo
MAURITIUS

MADAGASCAR

Port Louis
RUNION (Fr.)

Maputo Mbabane

Johannesburg
Orang e

R.

SWAZILAND

Bloemfontein

Maseru
Durban
LESOTHO 30S

SOUTH AFRICA
Cape Town

0 400 800 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection

INDIAN OCEAN
40S

40S

30W

20W

10W

10E

20E

30E

40E

50E

60E

405

AFRICA

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Regional Patterns
Religions of Africa
These two pages contain a graph and two thematic maps. The graph shows the religions of Africa. The maps show other important features of Africa: its diversity of languages and its population distribution. After studying these two pages, jot down in your notebook the answers to the questions below.
Making Comparisons
1. Where are most of the people in Africa living? In what areas of Africa are the fewest people living? 2. What geographic factors may account for these population patterns? 3. What do you notice about the number of languages in Africa? Do they belong to one language group or several?
Lagos Abidjan
Equator
N W S E

Hinduism, Bahaism, nonreligious, and other 1.3% Protestantism 11.3% Ethnic African Religions 12.4% Catholicism 15.3% Other forms of Christianity 19.2% Islam 40.5%
SOURCE: Britannica Book of the Year 2000

Population Distribution of Africa

Algiers Casablanca

Mediterranean

Sea Alexandria

Cairo

30N

Re d Se a
Tropic of Cancer
20N

Khartoum
10N

Addis Ababa

Nairobi

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Kinshasa

Luanda

10S

Metropolitan Areas One dot represents 100,000 people Greater than 10 million
Tropic of Capricorn

20S

2 to 6 million Johannesburg Maputo

30S

Cape Town
0 400 800 miles 0 400 800 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection

INDIAN OCEAN
20E 30E 40E 50E 60E

406 UNIT 6

10E

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Languages of Africa

Strait of Gibraltar

Mediterra

nean

Sea

c
b

A r a b i c
Re d

Se

Tu a r e g Te d a Fulani

i ha ng So

Wolof

al

Fulani

in

Bam

bara

Arabic Hausa Kanuri Nuer

ja
G ul

ke

More

f of

Ade

Fulani Akan Yoruba Igbo

Gulf of Guinea

Amharic
m

Dinka Sango

Oromo

Lingala

Ganda Kikuyu
Mas

Kinyarwanda

ATLANTIC OCEAN
N W S E

Kirundi Kongo

Sw
Luba Bemba Mbundu

biq

ue

Shona

u ak

Ch

!Kung Nama
Afro-Asiatic Austronesian Indo-European Khoisan Niger-Congo Nilo-Saharan

Sotho Zulu Afrikaans English Xhosa

Mo

za m

Luba Language spoken

0 400 800 miles

0 400 800 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection

an

Malagasy

INDIAN OCEAN

el

407

AFRICA

ah

i
li

al

Mende

ai

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Regional Data File

Country Flag Country/ Capital Population
(2000)

Life Expectancy a
(years) (2000)

Birthrate

Infant Mortality

(per 1,000 pop.) (per 1,000 live births) (2000) (2000)

Study the charts on the countries of Africa. In your notebook, answer these questions.
Making Comparisons
1. Which three African countries have the most people? Locate them on the map. Are they also the largest countries in terms of total area? 2. Which three African countries have the fewest people? Locate them on the map. Are they the smallest countries in terms of total area? 3. Look at Angolas life expectancy, infant mortality, and number of doctors. Judging from these statistics, does Angola have good health care?
(continued on page 410)

Algeria Algiers Angola Luanda Benin Porto-Novo Botswana Gaborone Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Burundi Bujumbura Cameroon Yaound Cape Verde Praia Central African Republic, Bangui Chad NDjamena Comoros Moroni

31,471,000 12,878,000 6,396,000 1,576,000 11,946,000 6,054,000 15,422,000 401,000 3,513,000 7,977,000 578,000

69 47 50 44 47 47 55 68 45 48 59 49 48 47 48 65 50 55

29 48 45 32 47 42 37 37 38 50 38 48 40 38 39 26 41 43

44.0 125.0 93.9 57.2 105.3 74.8 77.0 76.9 96.7 109.8 77.3 108.6 108.6 112.2 115.0 52.3 108.0 81.8

Congo, Democratic 51,965,000 Republic of, Kinshasa Congo, Republic of, Brazzaville Cte dlvoire Yamoussoukro 2,831,000 15,980,000 638,000 68,344,000 453,000 4,142,000

Notes: a Life expectancy figures for many African countries are declining significantly, mainly due to poverty, politics, and the spread of AIDS. b Doctors are defined as graduates of a school of medicine in any medical field. c A comparison of the prices of the same items in different countries is used to figure these data. d Includes land and water, when figures are available.
For updated statistics on Africa . . .

Djibouti Djibouti Egypt Cairo Equatorial Guinea Malabo Eritrea Asmara

DATA UPDATE
CL ASSZONE .COM

408 UNIT 6

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Doctors b
(per 100,000 pop.) (19921998)

GDP c
(billions $US) (1999)

Import/Export c
(billions $US) (19971999)

Literacy Rate
(percentage) (19981999)

Televisions
(per 1,000 pop.) (19961998)

Passenger Cars
(per 1,000 pop.) (19961997)

Total Aread
(square miles)

85 8 6 24 3 6 7 17 4 3 7 7 25 9 14 202 25 3

147.6 11.6 8.1 5.7 12.4 4.2 31.5 0.618 5.8 7.6 0.41
(1998)

9.3 / 13.7 3.0 / 5.0 0.566 / 0.396 2.05 / 2.36 0.572 / 0.311 0.108 / 0.056 1.5 / 2.0 0.225 / 0.038 0.17 / 0.195 0.359 / 0.288 0.05 / 0.009 0.46 / 0.53 0.77 / 1.7 2.6 / 3.9 0.44 / 0.26 15.8 / 4.6 0.3 / 0.555 0.44 / 0.053

66 42 38 76 22 46 74 73 44 39 59 59 78 45 62 54 81 52

68 124 91 27 6 10 81 45 5 2 4 43 8 70 73 127 162 14

17 21 6 53 3 2 7 29 3 1 18 7 10 11 31 20 9 2

919,590 481,351 43,483 231,804 105,869 10,759 183,591 1,557 240,534 495,752 719 905,365 132, 047 124,503 8,958 386,900 10,830 47,320

35.7 4.15 25.7 0.55 200.0 0.96 2.9

Africa 409

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Regional Data File

Country Flag Country/ Capital Population
(2000)

Life Expectancy a
(years) (2000)

Birthrate

Infant Mortality

(per 1,000 pop.) (per 1,000 live births) (2000) (2000)

Making Comparisons
(continued)

Ethiopia Addis Ababa Gabon Libreville Gambia Banjul Ghana Accra Guinea Conakry Guinea-Bissau Bissau Kenya Nairobi Lesotho Maseru Liberia Monrovia Libya Tripoli Madagascar Antananarivo Malawi Lilongwe Mali Bamako Mauritania Nouakchott Mauritius Port Louis Morocco Rabat Mozambique Maputo Namibia Windhoek

64,117,000 1,226,000 1,305,000 19,534,000 7,466,000 1,213,000 30,340,000 2,143,000 3,164,000 5,114,000 14,858,000 10,385,000 11,234,000 2,670,000 1,189,000 28,778,000 19,105,000 1,771,000

46 52 45 58 45 45 49 53 50 75 52 39 53 54 70 69 40 46

45 38 43 34 42 42 35 33 50 28 44 41 47 41 17 23 41 36

116.0 87.0 130.0 56.2 98.0 130.0 73.7 84.5 139.1 33.3 96.3 126.8 122.5 92.0 19.4 37.0 133.9 68.3

4. Use the map on page 405 to choose a country in East Africa. How many televisions and cars does it have per 1,000 people? How does that compare to the United States? 5. Make a list of the top three African countries in GDP. Where are these countries located? Do you notice any pattern? 6. Use the map on page 405 to identify two countries in Southern Africa. For each of those countries, calculate per capita GDP by dividing total GDP by population. Which country has the higher per capita GDP?
(continued on page 412)

Notes: a Life expectancy figures for many African countries are declining significantly, mainly due to poverty, politics, and the spread of AIDS. b Doctors are defined as graduates of a school of medicine in any medical field. c A comparison of the prices of the same items in different countries is used to figure these data. d Includes land and water, when figures are available.

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Doctors b
(per 100,000 pop.) (19921998)

GDP c
(billions $US) (1999)

Import/Export c
(billions $US) (19971999)

Literacy Rate
(percentage) (19981999)

Televisions
(per 1,000 pop.) (19961998)

Passenger Cars
(per 1,000 pop.) (19961997)

Total Aread
(square miles)

4 19 4 6 13 17 13 5 2 128 11 2 5 14 85 46 4 30

33.3 7.9 1.4 35.5 9.2 1.1 45.1 4.7

(1998 est.)

1.25 / 0.42 1.2 / 2.4 0.201 / 0.132 2.5 / 1.7 0.56 / 0.695 0.023 / 0.027 3.3 / 2.2 0.7 / 0.235 0.142 / 0.039 7.0 / 6.6 0.793 / 0.6 0.512 / 0.51 0.65 / 0.64 0.444 / 0.425 2.1 / 1.7 9.5 / 7.1 1.44 / 0.3 1.5 / 1.4

36 63 35 69 36 37 81 82 38 78 65 58 38 41 84 47 42 81

5 136 4 115 41 N/A 21 24 27 143 46 2 11 91 228 160 4 32

0.8 21 7 5 2 3 10 3 9 126 4 3 3 7 61 39 4 38

471,776 103,346 4,127 92,100 94,925 13,948 224,960 11,720 43,000 679,358 226,658 47,747 478,764 397,955 790 172,413 302,328 318,000

2.85 39.3 11.5 9.4 8.5 4.9 12.3 108.0 18.7 7.1

Africa 411

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Regional Data File

Country Flag Country/ Capital Population
(2000)

Life Expectancy a
(years) (2000)

Birthrate

Infant Mortality

(per 1,000 pop.) (per 1,000 live births) (2000) (2000)

Making Comparisons
(continued)

Niger Niamey Nigeria Abuja Rwanda Kigali

10,076,000 123,338,000 7,229,000

41 52 39 64 52 71 45 46 55 51 38 53 49 69 42 37 40

54 42 43 43 41 18 47 47 25 33 41 42 42 22 48 42 30

123.1 77.2 120.9 50.8 67.7 8.5 157.1 125.8 45.4 69.5 107.7 98.8 79.7 35.0 81.3 109.0 80.0

7. Calculate the GDP per capita for Sierra Leone, Zambia, and Eritrea by dividing GDP by population. Where do those countries rank in life expectancy? What might be the relationship between a countrys GDP and its life expectancy?

So Tom and Prncipe 160,000 So Tom Senegal Dakar Seychelles Victoria Sierra Leone Freetown Somalia Mogadishu 9,481,000 82,000 5,233,000 7,253,000

South Africa, Pretoria/ 43,421,000 Cape Town/Bloemfontein Sudan Khartoum Swaziland Mbabane Tanzania Dodoma Togo Lom Tunisia Tunis Uganda Kampala Zambia Lusaka Zimbabwe Harare 29,490,000 1,004,000 35,306,000 5,019,000 9,619,000 23,318,000 9,582,000 11,343,000

Sources: ABC-CLIO CIA World Factbook 2000 online Columbia Gazetteer Population Reference Bureau 2000 online Statesmans Yearbook 2001 UN Human Development Report 2000 U.S. Census Bureau online World Almanac 2000 World Health Organization online N/A = not available Notes: a Life expectancy figures for many African countries are declining significantly, mainly due to poverty, politics, and the spread of AIDS. b Doctors are defined as graduates of a school of medicine in any medical field. c A comparison of the prices of the same items in different countries is used to figure these data. d Includes land and water, when figures are available.

United States Washington, D.C.

281,422,000

77

15

7.0

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Doctors b
(per 100,000 pop.) (19921998)

GDP c
(billions $US) (1999)

Import/Export c
(billions $US) (19971999)

Literacy Rate
(percentage) (19981999)

Televisions
(per 1,000 pop.) (19961998)

Passenger Cars
(per 1,000 pop.) (19961997)

Total Aread
(square miles)

4 19 4 47 8 132 7 4 56 9 15 5 8 70 4 7 14

9.6 110.5 5.9 .169 16.6 .59 2.5 4.3 296.1 32.6 4.2 23.3 8.6 52.6 24.2 8.5 26.5

0.266 / 0.269 10.0 / 13.1 0.242 / 0.071 0.02 / 0.005 1.2 / 0.925 0.363 / 0.091 0.166 / 0.041 0.327 / 0.187 26.0 / 28.0 1.26 / 0.58 1.05 / 0.825 1.44 / 0.828 0.45 / 0.4 7.47 / 5.8 1.1 / 0.471 1.15 / 0.9 2.0 / 2.0

15 61 64 73 36 84 31 24 85 56 78 74 55 69 65 76 87

26 67 N/A 227 41 190 26 13 125 141 107 21 20 198 26 137 29

4 5 2 30 12 85 4 2 102 1 29 2 17 28 1 16 3

489,189 356,669 10,169 372 76,124 178 27,699 246,200 471,445 967,494 6,705 364,898 21,853 63,378 91,134 290,585 150,820

251

9,255.0

820.8 / 663.0

97

847

489

3,787,319

Africa 413