Motivational Theory and Techniques

Motivation Research Highlights (Brophy)

1. Supportive, appropriate challenge, meaningful, moderation/optimal. 2. Teach goal setting and self-reinforcement. 3. Offer rewards for good/improved performance. 4. ovelt!, variet!, choice, adapta"le to interests. #. $ameli%e, fun, fantas!, curiosit!, suspense, active. &. 'igher levels, divergence, dissonance, interact with peers. (. )llow to create finished products. *. +rovide immediate feed"ac%, advance organi,ers. -. Show intensit!, enthusiasm, interest, minimi,e an.iet!. 1/. 0a%e content personal, concrete, familiar.

Other Classroom Motivation Tips 1)le.ander, class notes,

+intrinch 2 Schun%, 1--&3 4eeve, 1--&3 Stipe%, 1--*56
1. 7nclude positive "efore negative comments. 2. 8ish students 9good effort9 not 9good luc%9. 3. $ive fle.i"ilit! in assignments and due dates. 4. :ommunicate respect via tas%s select and control. #. ;esign interactive and interesting activities. &. <se coop learning, de"ates, group discussions. (. 0inimi,e social comparisons and pu"lic evaluations. *. <se relevant, authentic learning tas%s. -. <se optimal difficult! and novelt!. 1/. <se challenge, curiosit!, control, and fantas!. 11. $ive challenging "ut achieva"le tas%s. 12. :reate short term or pro.imal goals and var! these goals. 13. $ive students different wa!s to demo what the! %now. 14. =ncourage students to give and get help. 1#. )ttri" failure to low effort or ineffective strateg!. 1)ttri" success to effort or competence5 1&. $ive poor performing student the role of e.pert.

150 Ways to Motivate in the Classroom (Raffini 1!!")

1. 7ce >rea%ers 1Treasured o"?ects, "irthda! circles, treasure hunts, middle name game, accomplishment hunts, similarit! wheels, who@s li%e me, coat of arms, self-disclosure intros, e.pectations charts, scram"led sa!ings5 2. $oal :ards, $oal ote"oo%s 1ST and AT with o"?ectives and ideas how to achieve5 3. Bloating ), =scape :lauses, Colunteer )ssignments, etc. 1to "e used on an! assignment within 2# hours5 4. Self 4eport :ards, Self =valuation #. ;iscussion Duestions, 7ssues, +ro"lems, Solutions 1+erhaps answer Euestions of the other teams, tal%ing chips5 &. Term :rossword +u,,les or Term 0atching, :ompetitions, ;ilemmas (. Success :ontracts and :hoice :alenders 1$uarantee an ) or > if fulfill contract provisions5 *. +ositive Statements, Self 4einforcements 1>ur! the 97 can@ts9 and Save the 97 :ans95 -. :ele"rations, +raises, )c%nowledgments, Than% Fous, +ut-<ps 10ulticultural da!s, trips, class awards, helpers, end of term5 1/. :lass :ommunit! >uilding 18e" Site and ;igiti,ed 8e" class photo, photo al"um, class pro?ect, teeshirts, field trips5 11. ;emocratic Coting, Student 7nterest Surve!s, :lass Opinion +olls 12. 4andom )cts of Gindness, Service Aearning/Teaching, Colunteerism 13. :hange 4oles or Status 14andom roles, assume e.pert roles, switch roles for a da!5

1001 Ways to #nergi$e #mployees 1>o"

elson, 1--&5

1. >an% of >oston--4 informational da!s to wor% on special pro?ects. 2. 'onda-places individuals who %now nothing a"out tech in design teams. 3. 'ewlett-+ac%ard-ta%es out of routine "! putting new "us plans on trial. 4. ;elta Aand Surve!-emplo!ees vote once/!ear on dress code, "onuses, etc. #. Tandem, :omputers-promotions "ased on technical O4 managerial merit. &. Scitor :orp-no ma. num"er of sic% da!s 1ave. is # da!s/!ear-low5. (. )do"e S!stems-set own hours 2 eligi"le for stoc% options 2 sa""aticals. *. 0atsushita-created research la" of 2/ scientists free to e.plore an! pro?. -. ;an :orp.-emplo!ees can spend H#///pro?ect to improve efficiencies. 1/. 8orthington 7ndustries-ma?orit! of emplo!ees must approve new hires. 11. Iero.-share ideas no matter ran%, time cloc%s out 2 teams are in 1trust5. 12. 'i-Tech 'ose-lumps all vacation, sic%, 2 holida!s in a single account. 13. +itne!->owes-consider displaced persons "4 turning to outside mar%et. 14. Centura-pushes to ta%e time off outdoors as long as wor% is done. 1#. Aands@ =nd-encourages to e.press interest in an! dept interested in. 1&. 0icrosoft-encourages fun/pla!fulness 1e.g., installing sod, sprin%lers, lawn mowers in an office5. 1(. 8almart-managers wear ?eans once/wee% to help line wor%ers/staff 1*. ;u%e +ower :o.--can post electronic message to change/swap ?o"s. 1-. Saturn--emplo!ees can send anon!mous messages to upper management. 2/. 8hole Boods-ever!one can access sales, profit margins, 2 salaries. 21. ;iesel Tech :orp-disa"led products so emplo!ees can see how fit. 22. Bed=.--internal newsletter with columns devoted to competitor info. 23. Aevi Strauss-emplo!ees rate each other on teamwor%, trust, communication. 24. :omputer Specialist--clients rate wor%ers 2 emplo!ees rate own perf. 2#. Dueen 0ar! 4esort--"rainstorms 2 votes once/month how to imp ?o"s. 2&. )dvanced 0icro ;evices-managers have Euarterl! "rea%fast with "oss. 2(. 0otorola--has Euarterl! emplo!ee town meetings with rap sessions. 2*. S.:. Johnson 8a.-flew all emplo!ees of foreign "u!-outs to the <.S. 2-. :om-:orp--installed 9screwup "o.es9 to tell manage what doing wrong. 3/. 8ired 0aga,ine-two 9living room9 mtg areas-sofas, stereos, :;s, etc. 3 1. 0icrosoft--pla! "as%et"all, fris"ee, golf, etc. and "e casual at wor%. 32. Sun 0icro--designed forum spaces 2 sun rooms for spontaneous conversations. 33. Aands =nd--H- mil for activ ctr-pool, trac%, photo, g!rn, tennis, picnic ta"les, whirlpool, etc. 34. Southwest )ir-1/4 of profit sharing funds must go to compan! stoc%. 3#. :omputer 0edia Tech-encour volunteer in soup %itchens, elderl! homes, etc. 3&. Iero.-social service leave program 11 month to a !ear5 with pa!. 3(. >en Jerr!@s 'omemade-set aside 1K of profits for peace programs. 3*. Salem Sportswear-an!one with a tie "e!ond a certain pt is fined H2. 3-. Owens-:orning Bi"erglass-open space mtg rms, no agenda, no plans. 4/. issan-uses 7nvolvement Through Teamwor% 17TT5 to discuss pro"s. 41. Siemans 7nfo S!s-created team of 23 !oung, talented emplo!ees under 4/ to advise management. 42. 'ewlett-+ac%ard-has 24 hour la"s for res@ers 2 encourage to spend 1/K on personal pro?ects. 43. )T2T-pro?ect team wee%l! outings to pla! darts 2 shoot pool. 44. <nited )irlines-allowed wor%ers to swap assignments 1reduced sic% time5. 4#. Odetics-wac%! stuff, telephone "ooth stuffing contests, "u""le gum "lowing, @#/s da!, !oga. 4&. 'allmar% $reeting :ards-creativit! ctr with cla!, paint, etc. to thin% up ideas. 4(. :hiat ;a! 1ad agenc!5-hangs punching "ags of e.ecs in "rea% rooms. 4*. )lagaso-+res 0i%e 8arren distri" 9'e! 0i%e9 cards 2 posters in firm. 4-. :ooper Tires-for ownership, operators can stamp names inside tires produced. #/. Southwest )ir--:=O %issed an emplo!ee who turned down a ?o" offer 1"oth males5.

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&'T)#(T MOT*+%T*O(
Jere >roph!@s review of research n 1-*( found nine varia"les that teachers can manipulate in order to increase student motivation. 1. Student 7nterest - 0otivation can "e increased "! relating the su"?ect to what interests the student outside of school. =.amples are videos, music, games and allowing students to select class activities. 2. Student eeds - Students are motivated when the activities the! are involved in meet some of their "asic needs. )n e.ample is allowing high school students to wor% in groups fulfilling the need for acceptance and "elonging. ovelt! and Cariet! - 0otivation is increased when activities are varied and interesting. 4esearch shows that it is "etter to give two 1# minute lectures with a # minute activit! "etween them than to give a 3/ minute activit! afterwards. Success - 8hen a student successfull! completes a somewhat challenging tas%, motivation is increased. Teachers can ensure success "! ma%ing goals and o"?ectives clear, teaching in small steps, and chec%ing to see if the students understand each step. Student attri"utions for Success and Bailure - Teachers must show students that failure is a result of lac% of effort or an ineffective strateg!, not a"ilit!. Students must "e shown that success is the result of "oth a"ilit! and effort. Tension - Tension is a feeling of concern a student has when he or she %nows the! will "e reEuired to demonstrate learning. Teachers can raise the tension-level "! moving around the room, calling on volunteers, and giving Eui,,es. Beeling tone - Beeling tone is the climate in the classroom. Beeling tone can "e made positive "! treating students in a courteous manner, e.pressing sincere interest in the students and getting to %now the students. Beed"ac% - Student motivation is increased when feed"ac% is given concerning their performance. Beed"ac% should "e specific and given soon after the performance. =ncouragement - Teachers often point out all of the negative aspects of a student@s wor%. =ncouragement emphasi,es positive aspects and communicates positive e.pectations for future "ehaviors.

Highlights of Research on &trategies for Motivating &t,-ents to .earn

4esearch on student motivation to learn indicates promising principles suita"le for application in classrooms, summari,ed here for Euic% reference. #ssential /recon-itions 1. Supportive environment 2. )ppropriate level of challenge/difficult! 0eaningful learning o"?ectives 0oderation/optimal use Motivating 0y Maintaining &,ccess #1pectations +rogram for success Teach goal setting, performance appraisal, and self-reinforcement 'elp students to recogni,e lin%ages "etween effort and outcome +rovide remedial sociali,ation Motivating 0y &,pplying #1trinsic *ncentives Offer rewards for good 1or improved5 performance Structure appropriate competition :all attention to the instrumental value of academic activities Motivating 0y Capitali$ing on &t,-ents2 *ntrinsic Motivation )dapt tas%s to students@ interests 7nclude novelt!/variet! elements )llow opportunities to ma%e choices or autonomous decisions +rovide opportunities for students to respond activel! +rovide immediate feed"ac% to student responses )llow students to create finished products 7nclude fantas! or simulation elements 7ncorporate game-li%e features 7nclude higher-level o"?ectives and divergent Euestions +rovide opportunities to interact with peers &tim,lating &t,-ent Motivation to .earn 0odel interest in learning and motivation to learn :ommunicate desira"le e.pectations and attri"utions a"out students@ motivation to learn 0inimi,e students@ performance an.iet! during learning activities +ro?ect intensit! +ro?ect enthusiasm 7nduce tas% interest or appreciation 7nduce curiosit! or suspense 7nduce dissonance or cognitive conflict 0a%e a"stract content more personal, concrete, or familiar 7nduce students to generate their own motivation to learn State learning o"?ectives and provide advance organi,ers 0odel tas%-related thin%ing and pro"lem solving N Jere >roph!