Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3.1 FORCES AND TORQUES IN MAGNETIC FIELD SYSTEMS Lorentz Force Law:

F = q (E + v B )

For many charged particle

Fv = (E + v B)
Current density Current

N/m3 A/m2 A

coulombs/m3)

J=v I=JA

Fv = J B
F = IB
N/m

3-1

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Example 3.1: A nonmagnetic motor containing a single-turn coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude B0, as shown in Fig. 3.2. The coil sides are at radius R and the wire carries current I as indicated. Find the -directed torque as a function of rotor position when I=10 A, B0=0.02 T and R=0.05 m. Assume that the rotor is of length l=0.3 m.

3-2

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Very few problems can be solved using Lorentz force, where current-carrying elements and simple structures exist. Most electromechanical-energy-conversion devices contain magnetic material and forces can not be calculated from Lorentz force. Thus, We will use ENERGY METHOD based on conservation of energy.

3-3

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Electrical terminals: e and i Mechanical terminals: ffld and x Losses separated from energy storage mechanism Interaction through magnetic stored energy

3-4

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Time rate of change of Wfld (field energy) equals to the difference of input electrical power and output mechanical power for lossless systems.

d W fld dt
or

= e i f fld

dx dt

d W fld = i d f fld dx
Force can be solved as a function of flux linkage and position x.

3-5

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3.2 ENERGY BALANCE Energy neither created nor destroyed, it only changes the form. Energy balance equation is written for motor action below
Energy input Mechanical Increase in Energy from electric = energy + energy stored + converted sources output in magnetic field to heat

For lossless magnetic-energy-storage system

d Welec = d Wmech + d W fld

d Welec : Differential electrical energy input d Wmech : Differential mechanical energy output d W fld : Differential change in magnetic stored energy

3-6