Beet Root

Booklet No.177 Vegetable Production: VPS - 34

Contents Preface I. Introduction II. Soil III. Climate IV. Varieties V. Planting Requirements VI. Manures and Fertilizers VII. Irrigation VIII. Intercultural Operations IX. Insect Pests X. Diseases XI. P !siological Disorders XII. "ar#esting and $ield XIII. Storage and Mar%eting XIV. &ses and Composition XV. Seed Production XVI. 'conomics of Culti#ation. Preface (eetroot is a popular salad crop of India. It is a ric source of #itamins) minerals and iron. It can *e gro+n under a +ide range of soil and climatic conditions e,cept ig l! acidic sails. - is *oo%let descri*es t e scientific culti#ation of *eetroot including impro#ed #arieties) nutritional aspects) irrigation requirement) plant protection measures) seed production) etc. r. !. ". C#and$% &gricultural ' (n)iron*ental (ducation +. +ntroduction Popularl! %no+n as garden *eet) *eetroot is a common root #egeta*le gro+n in ome gardens as +ell as mar%et gardens mainl! for its fles ! enlarged roots. - e garden *eet is different from t e sugar *eet + ere t e emp asis is laid more on t e sugar content of t e roots) + ereas t e garden *eet is used for salad and coo%ed #egeta*le purposes. In fact) garden *eet is a useful #egeta*le in man! +a!s. - e s+ollen roots are eaten *oiled or as a salad. - e! are also used for preparing pic%les. - e tender lea#es and t e !oung *eet plants are used as greens. (otanicall!) t e garden *eet .Beta vulgaris/ is a mem*er of t e famil! Chenopodiaceae. 0i%e radis and turnip) garden *eet produces root and a rosette of lea#es first !ear) and flo+er and seeds second !ear. - e flo+er stal% gro+s to a eig t of a*out 1.2 metre. Since it is a temperate crop) it is normall! gro+n for edi*le roots in t e plains and for seeds in t e ills. 3arden *eet is pro*a*l! a nati#e of 'urope *ut some +or%ers *elie#e t at it mig t a#e originated in Mediterranean region or 4sia. In 3erman!) it +as first descri*ed in 1556 + en it +as referred to as Roman *eet. Pro*a*l! *eet root +as introduced to India in ancient times) *ut + ile t e plains of t e 3anges suited) it did not spread to fart er east. "o+e#er) no+ it is gro+n in

almost all t e states of India *ut not so intensi#el! as ot er root crops suc as carrot) turnip and radis . ++. Soil 3arden *eets are produced on a +ide #ariet! of soils *ut deep) +ell7drained loams and sand! loams are considered t e *est. "ea#! soils are not satisfactor! for *eets *ecause t e roots are li%el! to *e uns!mmetrical in s ape + en gro+n on suc soils. Moreo#er) since suc soils *ecome ard and form a crust after rains or irrigations) t e seedlings ma! not come out on germination) resulting in poor stand of crop. (eet is sensiti#e to soil acidit! and its !ield decreases considera*l! as t e soil p" goes *elo+ 5.8. 4 soil p" 9 to 6 is considered t e *est for *eet. 4lt oug *eet can *e gro+n successfull! on al%aline soils) sca* disease is often more serious on al%aline or neutral soils. If *eet is gro+n on al%aline soils) manganese sulp ate s ould *e added and on soils +it a p" as lo+ as :.9) copper sulp ate s ould *e included in t e fertilizer sc edule. +++. Cli*ate 3arden *eet is a rat er ard! crop and can tolerate some freezing to some e,tent. It gro+s *est in +inter in plains of India. It gro+s +ell in +arm +eat er) *ut attains *est colour) te,ture and qualit! in cool +eat er conditions. ',cessi#e ot +eat er) o+e#er) causes zoning) t e condition + ic is c aracterized *! t e appearance of alternating lig t and dar% red concentric circles in t e root. It as *een reported t at roots de#eloped at a relati#el! ig temperature a#e poor colour) + ile t ose planted in cooler mont s a#e e,cellent colour and qualit!. (eet plants are #er! sensiti#e to lo+ temperature. If t e! are e,posed to relati#el! lo+ temperature of :.571;; C for 15 da!s or more) *olting is li%el! to occur *efore t e roots reac t e mar%eta*le size. (eet requires a*undant suns ine for de#elopment of storage roots. +V. Varieties - e *eet #arieties recommended for culti#ation in India are descri*ed *elo+. 1. etroit ark Red Roots are perfectl! sound +it smoot ) uniform and deep red s%in. Fles is dar% *lood red +it lig t red zoning) top medium to tall) large *rig t green lea#es +it maroon s ades. It is a ea#! cropper. ,. Cri*son -lobe - e roots are glo*ular to flattened glo*e) medium red +it little s oulders. - e fles is medium dar% red +it indistinct zones. - e top is medium to tall +it large) *rig t green lea#es a#ing maroon s ade. It is ea#! !ielder. 3. Crosb$ (g$.tian Roots are flat glo*e +it a small tap root and a smoot e,terior. - e internal colour is dar% purplis red +it some indistinct zoning. - e top is medium tall) green +it red #eins. - is #ariet! reac es maturit! in 55 79; da!s after so+ing. < ite zoning is present + en it is gro+n in +arm +eat er. 4. (arl$ /onder

- e roots are flattened glo*e a#ing rounded s oulders +it a smoot and dar% red s%in. - e interior is dar% red +it some lig ter red zoning. - e top is ea#! green +it red #eins. - is #ariet! ta%es a*out 5579; da!s to reac ar#est maturit!. V. Planting Re0uire*ents 0i%e ot er root crops) *eet also requires a +ell pul#erized soil for its successful culti#ation. - e field is ploug ed once *! soil turning ploug and t en :75 ploug ings are done *! desi ploug . 'ac ploug ing is follo+ed *! plan%ing to crus t e clods. 3arden *eet is primaril! a cool season crop *ut gro+s +ell in +arm +eat er and ence can *e gro+n during +inter all o#er t e plains. - e time of so+ing of garden *eet is slig tl! later t an t at of carrot or turnip. 4s a matter of fact) all t ese root crops are so+n at t e same time during t e +inter. 3enerall!) so+ing of *eet can *e done an! time during 4ugust to =o#em*er. In some parts li%e (angalore) it is so+n during >une7>ul! also. On t e ills) so+ing) time is from t e end of Fe*ruar! to t e end of Ma!. 4s ot er root crops) it is also preferred to *e so+n on ridges *! %eeping t e ro+ to ro+ distance ?; to :; cm and plant to plant a*out 15 725 centimeter. It requires a*out 1; 71: %g of seed to so+ one ectare .of area. - e seed is so+n 2 7? cm deep in t e soil and irrigated immediatel! after so+ing in lig t soils. 4t some places t e seeds are soa%ed for a*out 12 ours *efore so+ing to facilitate *etter germination in t e field. - e seedlings come up in t e *unc es since eac seed so+n is reall! a fruit containing 279 seeds. Onl! one plant s ould *e allo+ed to gro+ in eac clump. V+. 1anures and 2ertili3ers It as *een reported t at one tonne of *eetroot remo#es 2 %g of nitrogen) :.5 %g of p osp orus and :.5 %g of potas . &suall! 9;76; %g of nitrogen) 1;;712; %g of potas per ectare are applied to t e soil at t e time of field preparation. In addition) 1;715 tonnes of farm!ard manure ma! *e mi,ed up t oroug l! in t e soil at t e time of field preparation. - e *eet crop is also suscepti*le to *oron deficienc! causing internal *rea% do+n of t e roots. "ence *ora, or *oric acid ma! *e applied in *oron deficient soils. V++. +rrigation 4 constant +ater suppl! eit er in t e form of rainfall or irrigation is essential for seed germination and ig !ield of good qualit! roots. Deficienc! of +ater ma! lead to t e reduction in root size. - e +ater requirement of *eet as *een found to *e a*out ?;; mm. - is amount s ould *e applied in 579 irrigations. "o+e#er) + en t ere are +inter rains) onl! ?7: irrigations are sufficient for t is crop. V+++. +ntercultural 4.erations <eeds drasticall! decrease *eet !ield and) t erefore) t e! s ould *e controlled. "and +eeding is usuall! practiced in India) + ereas in ad#anced countries mec anical culti#ation is commonl! emplo!ed to control +eeds *et+een ro+s) and er*icides are used +it in t e ro+s. Clean and s allo+ oeing are frequentl! done to c ec% t e +eeds. Deep culti#ation in standing crop s ould *e a#oided as it ma! damage t e crop. One or t+o eart ing are also required. Care s ould also *e ta%en to see t at !oung seedlings are pro#ided proper spacing *et+een t e ro+s *! t inning t e e,cess seedlings.

+5. +nsect Pests 3arden *eet is attac%ed *! a num*er of pests of + ic *eet leaf miner) +e*+orms) semi loopers and ap ids are most important. - ese pests are descri*ed ere along +it suita*le control measures. 1. Beet leaf *iner - e lar#a is a + ite maggot) a*out 8 mm in lengt . It feeds on t e tissues *et+een t e upper and lo+er la!ers of t e leaf) t us causing serious in@ur! to t e leaf *! ma%ing it unfit for manufacture of food. Consequentl!) t e plant gro+t is c ec%ed. Control Control measures of *eet leaf minor include t e destruction of fallen lea#es and ot er plant refuse after ar#esting of roots. 4pplication of 5;A +etta*le po+der of DD- at t e rate of ;.5 %g in 65 to 1;; litres of +ater +ill *e effecti#e against t is pest. Parat ion or an! ot er s!stemic insecticides can also *e used. ,. /eb6or*s - e adults of t is insect la! eggs on t e lea#es and t e lar#ae attac% t e foliage eit er *! spinning small +e*s among t e tender lea#es or feeding on t e underside. Control - e pest can *e controlled *! spra!ing t e crop +it Rogor B 1.; mlClitre of +ater. 3. Se*iloo.ers - e green caterpillars feed on t e foliage and damage it #er! *adl!. Control Dusting t e crop +it 5A Malat ion or :A 'ndosulfon or 2A "indane ma! control t e semiloopers. S!stemic insecticides are also effecti#e against t is pest. 4. &.#ids 4p ids are green tin! insects + ic attac% a large num*er of crops. - e! persist on t e alternate osts t roug out t e !ear. - e cloud! and umid conditions are fa#oura*le for t eir quic% multiplication. In case of ea#! infestation) t e plants are completel! de#italized) s oots and lea#es curl up) *ecome !ello+ and finall! die. Control Malat ion 5;A in t e ratio of 1D2;; is quite effecti#e against t is pest. 5. iseases

- e garden disease is affected *! comparati#el! fe+ diseases. - e most serious diseases are leaf spots) do+n! milde+ and #iral diseases. - e! are descri*ed ere along +it suita*le control measures. 1. 7eaf s.ot - is a #er! +ide spread disease of garden *eets. It is caused *! t e fungus Cercospora beticola. In t e plains of India) t e disease appears in Fe*ruar!7Marc + en t e temperature starts rising. In t e ills) on seed crop) t e disease occurs in 4ugust and Septem*er. 0o+er

lea#es near t e ground are attac%ed first. - e spots are small) circular and as coloured in t e centre +it deep #iolet or reddis purple *orders. < en a num*er of t ese spots coalesce) t e lea#es +rin%le and ultimatel! dr! a+a! and fall do+n. "o+e#er) ne+ lea#es continue de#eloping at t e top gi#ing an erect appearance to t e plant. - e central dr! portion of t e spots *ecome so paper! t at it falls a+a! lea#ing irregular oles on t e lea#es. Control Deep ploug ing to *ur! t e crop refuse deep in soil) a t ree !ear crop rotation) proper irrigation and fertilizer application are t e cultural practices recommended to control t is disease. C emical control measures include spra!ing of ;.?A (lito, .copper o,!c loride/ t ree times at an inter#al of 15 da!s. Dit ane M7:5 B 2.5%gE a at an inter#al of l;715da!s +ill also *e effecti#e against t is disease. ,. o6n$ *ilde6 Do+n! milde+ sometimes *ecome a serious disease of garden *eet + ic ma! occur at an! stage of its gro+t . - e disease is mostl! pre#alent during t e cooler mont s. 4ll parts a*o#e ground ma! *e affected. On t e lea#es) spots of #arious sizes up to : cm in diameter appear. - e affected portions *ecome lig ter green on t e upper surface) + ile on t e under surface t e milde+ .fungal gro+t / is noticed. - e lesions on t e older lea#es are usuall! isolated and irregular. In dr! +eat er) t e margins of lea#es ma! a#e a pale red pigmentation. - e infected lea#es ma! *ecome small and t ic%er t an normal) and are often curled do+n+ard at t e edges. ',cessi#e production of ne+ lea#es follo+s and in#asion *! ot er organisms ma! result in root deca!. Flo+ers and s oots on infected plants *ecome stunted and distorted. - e inflorescence get a compact appearance or +itc eFs *room appearance. - e seed *alls #ar! from normal appearance to #arious degrees of s ri#eling. Control Control measures include field sanitation) crop rotation and seed treatment +it fungicides. Spra!ing ;.?A Dit ane G768 t rice at an inter#al of 15 da!s is also suggested as an effecti#e control measure. 3. Sclerotiu* root rot Sclerotium root is one of t e most serious diseases of *eetroot. It can *e a serious disease an! + ere if t e maturit! period of t e crop coincides +it ot +eat er. - e fungus causing t is disease as *een %no+n in India since long. It is a pol!p agous fungus +it a #er! +ide ost range among economic field crops. In nort ern India t e s!mptoms appear in t e latter part of Fe*ruar! till Marc 74pril + en t e +eat er +arms up. In earl! stages of infection) s!mptoms are not #isi*le on t e parts of t e plants. 0ater) + en enoug damage as *een done to t e roots) t e lea#es s o+ !ello+ing and +ilting. Suc plants can *e easil! pulled out. - e fles ! roots are found completel! or partiall! deca!ed. - e most conspicuous sign of t e disease is presence of + ite strands of fungus m!clium on t e deca!ing parts of t e root. - e fungal gro+t and sclerotia can *e present in t e soil around suc roots. Control 4ll t e crop refuse s ould *e destro!ed. It as *een found t at application of 19; %g nitrogen per ectare t roug calcium ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulp ate considera*l! reduces incidence of t is disease.

4pplication of (rassicol .15 %g per ?;;; litres of +ater/ as soil drenc around t e roots is ig l! effecti#e against t is disease. (a#istin B 1; g per %g seed is also effecti#e. 4. Viral diseases (eets are affected *! a num*er of #iral diseases li%e mosaic) curl! top and !ello+s. In t e case of mosaic) conspicuous mottling +it zonatic ring spots is common. - ese ma! *ecome necrotic +it age. < en t ese ring spots de#elop) t eir centers are usuall! green. Virus infected plants remain stunted and ma! loose some lea#es. - e disease is normall! transmitted and spread *! ap id. In t e case of curl! top) t e lea#es are under7sized and curled and t e #eins are transparent. It is transmitted *! *eet leaf oppers. In t e case of !ello+s) older lea#es of infected plants *ecome c lorotic) noticea*l! t ic%ened) leat er! and *rittle. - e foliage *ecomes a*normall! red or !ello+ and often dies. It is transmitted mainl! t roug ap ids. Control Control of #iral diseases includes isolation from related plants + ic ma! act as secondar! osts. Control of disease spreading insect pests and destruction of infected plants also present t e spread of t ese diseases. 5+. P#$siological isorders

(eetroot also suffer from p !siological disorders. Out of t ese) internal *lac% spot or *ro+n eart pro*lem is sometimes quite serious. - is is descri*ed ere. 1. +nternal black s.ot or bro6n #eart (oron deficienc! ma! cause a p !siological disorder in garden *eets + ic is %no+n as internal *lac% spot or *ro+n eart. (oron deficient plants usuall! remain d+arf or stunted. - e affected lea#es are smaller t an normal ones. - e !oung unfolding lea#es fail to de#elop normall! and e#entuall! turn *ro+n or *lac% or die. - e lea#es ma! assume a #ariegated appearance due to de#elopment of mi,ture of !ello+ and purplis red *lotc es o#er parts or + ole) + ile t e stal% of suc lea#es s o+ longitudinal splitting. Frequentl!) t e affected plants a#e t+isted lea#es and e, i*ited a slig t s ortening and distorting of its leaf7 stal% in t e centre of its cro+n. - e gro+ing point ma! die and deca!. - e roots do not gro+ to full size and under conditions of se#ere *oron deficienc!) t e! remain #er! small and distorted. - e! ma! also a#e a roug ) un ealt !) and gra!is appearance instead of *eing clean and smoot . - eir surfaces are often +rin%led and crac%ed. <it in t e fles ! roots ard or cor%! spots are found scattered t roug out t e roots *ut more numerous on t e lig t coloured zones or cam*ium la!ers. Control - e disorder can *e effecti#el! controlled *! application of *oron to t e soil B 5 to 15 %g per ectare. 5++. 8ar)esting and 9ield (eets are ar#ested as t e! attain a diameter of ?75 cm. - e! are usuall! pulled *! ands) t e tops are remo#ed and after +as ing t e roots are graded according to size. In ad#anced countries) t e mature roots are mec anicall! ar#ested) detopped) +as ed) graded and finall! pac%ed in pol!t ene *ags. Remo#al of tops and pac%ing in pol!t ene *ags lengt ens t e s elf7life of *eets *! reducing +ater loss during transit and storage. Small sized *unc ed *eets are also in great demand in some countries. "ence) after ar#esting *! and t e dead and in@ured lea#es are remo#ed and t en tied in *unc es of :79 *eets +it t eir tops on. O#ersized *eets are not in demand) *ecause t e! are toug and +ood! and crac%s appear on t e surface.

- e a#erage !ield of t e *eet #aries from 25; quintals to ?;; quintals per ectare. 5+++. Storage and 1arketing 3arden *eet can *e store: for ? 7: da!s under ordinar! conditions. - e! can *e stored for a longer period under cold storage conditions at Oo C temperature +it H;A relati#e umidit!. For mar%eting) properl! +as ed) cleaned and graded *eets are pac%ed eit er in pol!t ene *ags or +ooden *as%ets .inner portion la!er +it pol!t ene s eets/ and sent to t e mar%ets. 5+V. :ses and Co*.osition (eetroot is ric in protein) car*o !drate) calcium) p osp orus and #itamin C. - e food #alue of t e *eetroot as *een s o+n in ta*le 71. -a*le. 1. Composition of *eetroot .per 1;; g of edi*le portion/ Sl.=o 1 2 ? : 5 9 6 8 H 1; 11 12 =utrients Moisture Car*o !drates Protein Fat Minerals - iamine Ri*ofla#in Vitamin C Calcium P osp orus Iron Potassium Iuantit! 86.6 g 8.8 g 1.6 g ;.1 g ;.8 g ;.;: mg ;.;H mg 88 mg 2;; mg 55 mg 1.; mg :? mg

- e *eet greens are also ric in iron and #itamins .Fe ?.1mgJ #itamin 4 721;; I& ) t iamin 11; mg and ascor*ic acid 5; mg per 1;; g of edi*le portion/. - e use of *eet pro*a*l! dates *ac% to t e pre7 istoric time + en t e lea#es +ere used as pot7 er*s. It is *elie#ed t at *eet +as first domesticated as a leaf! #egeta*le t an as root and finall! as a source of sugar. - e Romans used *eet as feeds for man and animals. Romans called it (eta and too% it from Ital! to =ort ern 'urope. (! t e 19t centur!) it +as +idel! used for feeding animals) particularl! during +inter. -oda!) it is usuall! coo%ed as #egeta*le .li%e turnip/ and is commonl! used +it radis or carrot in salads. Sometimes it is used for t e preparation of pic%les and c atne!s. Its @uice is also e,tracted and ta%en along +it carrot @uice. 5V. Seed Production &nli%e ot er root crops) garden *eets do not a#e an! tropical t!pe. 4ll culti#ars of *eet are temperate t!pe and ence t eir seeds can onl! *e produced in t e ills of India + ere temperate climate pre#ails. 0i%e temperate carrot) *eet requires e,posure to lo+ temperature of :.: to 6.6 ; C for 978 +ee%s for initiation of flo+er stal%s. Suc temperatures are a#aila*le in t e ills during +inter mont s.

In Kullu #alle!) t e so+ing of *eet is done from mid >ul! to t e end of >ul!. 0ate culti#ars) o+e#er) can *e so+n from t e end of >une to mid >ul!. 4*out 9.5 to 6.5 %g seed is sufficient to raise seedlings in one ectare of land + ic are sufficient to plant 1; 7 12.5 ectares of seed crop. It as *een reported t at t e usual met od of seed production in Kullu #alle! is root to root s!stem. In t is met od) during =o#em*er7Decem*er) +ell de#eloped roots are dug out. 4fter selection t e tap root and tops of t e roots are trimmed ta%ing care not to in@ure t e cro+n and planted in a +ell prepared field. Immediatel! after replanting t e crop is irrigated. In cases of *eet) planting of + ole roots is recommended. Depending upon t e culti#ars) a spacing of 9; X 9; cm or 9; X :5 cm is follo+ed for raising commercial seed crop. Follo+ing additional steps are ta%en in seed crop production. 1. Selection and rouging Selection of true to t!pe plants and discarding all off7t!pe plants are important operations in t e production of qualit! seeds. Selection and rouging are done in se#eral stages. 4ll plants s o+ing differences in leaf colour are discarded. < en t e roots reac maturit!) t e! are lifted from t e field and e,amined for t e e,ternal root c aracters suc as size) s ape and colour of t e roots. 4fter ascertaining t e leaf and s%in colour and also s ape and size of t e roots) t e roots are separated to @udge t eir interior qualit!. &suall! roots a#ing uniform and ric fles colour +it indistinct rings are selected. 4ll malformed for%ed diseased and off7t!pe roots are discarded. ,. 2lo6ering and seed setting Seed 7stal% elongation in *eet starts in earl! part of 4pril in Kullu #alle!) and t e crop is in full *loom from mid Ma! to mid >une. 4s stated alread!) t at t e *eet inflorescence is a large panicle and seed maturit! *egins at t e *ase of t e panicle. 3. +solation (eet is a +ind pollinated crop. - e recommended isolation distance for certified seed production is 1;;; meters and for nucleus or *reeder seed production it is 19;; meters. 4. 8ar)esting - e crop ripens in >ul! in Kullu #alle!. "o+e#er) + en t e summer is ot and dr!) ar#esting ma! start as earl! as t e last +ee% of >une. (ut usuall! it is done from t e first +ee% of >ul! to t e end of >ul!. Rains during ripening of seeds ma! affect t e seed maturit! and qualit! .#ia*ilit!/ of seed crops. - e maturit! and ripening of t e *eet seed starts from t e *ase of t e inflorescence. 3enerall!) + en 6;78;A seed *alls on a plant get ardened and t ose at t e *ase of t e inflorescence turn *ro+n) t e crop is ar#ested. If dela!ed) t ere is possi*ilit! for s attering of seeds during ar#esting. 4fter ar#esting) t e crop is t en stac%ed for curing and t en dried under sun. - res ing) cleaning and grading of *eet seed crop are done as in t e case of ot er root #egeta*les. ;. Seed $ield - e a#erage !ield of t e seed of t e culti#ar FCrimson 3lo*eF as *een reported to *e a*out 8;; %g per ectare. 5V+. (cono*ics of Culti)ation People gro+ garden *eet mostl! on small scale and t e! do not maintain an! farm records. < en *eets are gro+n at large scale) proper records of income and e,penditure s ould *e maintained to find out t e economics of its culti#ation. 3i#en *elo+ is a format for determining

t e cost7*enefit of *eet culti#ation. From t is format) a farmer can c oose + ate#er is applica*le to im. &. 2i<ed cost 1. Cost of t e land Rs 2. Cost of farm *uilding) storage structure) etc. Rs ?. Cost of fencing t e field Rs :. Cost of clearing) le#elling) and *unding of t e land Rs 5. Cost of farm implements Rs 9. Cost of permanent irrigation s!stem Rs 6. Cost of ot er permanent and semi7permanent structures Rs B. Recurring cost 1. Cost of land preparation Rs 2. Cost of seed material Rs ?. Cost of manures and fertilizers Rs :. Cost of insecticides and pesticides Rs 5. Cost of farm po+er Rs 9. -ransportation c anges on different articles Rs 6. Cost of farm la*our .paid and unpaid/ a. 0and preparation Rs *. So+ing Rs c. Irrigation Rs d. <eeding Rs e. - innmg f. 4pplication of manures and fertilizcrs Rs g. 4pplication of insecticides and pesticides Rs . Ot er intercultural operations suc as mulc ing) pruning) roguing) etc. Rs i. FSuper#ision Rs @. "ar#esting Rs %. Cleaning and *unc ing Rs l. Processing and pac%ing Rs m. Storing and mar%eting Rs n. 4n! ot er la*our in#ol#ement Rs 8. Interest on fi,ed costs Rs .B 1;A/ H. Rent or re#enue paid for land Rs 1;. Depreciation Rs. a. Farm structure Rs *. Farm mac iner! Rs 11. Repairs and maintenance c arges Rs -otal recurring costs Rs C. +nco*e 1. Income front *eet roots Rs 2. Income from *eet foliage Rs ?. Income from *eet seeds Rs -otal income Rs =et profit L -otal income 7-otal recurring costs Purc ase #alue 7>un% #alue Depreciation L 77777777777777777777777777777777777777

0ife span Remar%D >un% #alue is calculated onl! on t ose articles t at are salea*le after t eir life span. 0ife span of *uilding and mac iner! is 15 and 1; !ears) respecti#el!. AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA