Group no.

5 *Hannako Faith Ngohayon Emmanuel John Ollica Amabelle Lou Panganiban Darryl Van Pensotes Arielle Grace Perez Alyssa Pingol

2CPh December 5, 2013 December 12, 2013

Experiment #1 The Vernier and Micrometer Calipers ABSTRACT The objective of the experiment is to exhibit mathematical and logical skills by ensuring accurate computations using the vernier and micrometer caliper and applying strict rules on significant figures. The materials used in this experiment are: copper cube, glass marble, iron washer, vernier caliper, and micrometer caliper. The solids masses were measured using the triple beam balance while the volumes were computed given the varying formulas assigned for each type of solid material. The density was then calculated using the direct measurement of mass and the acquired volume. Finally, the standard and experimental densities were compared and the percentage error is calculated. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1. Differentiate Vernier and Micrometer scales The Vernier caliper scale has two main scales, the main scale and the secondary scale. Each scale is divided into 10 equal divisions and therefore has a least count of 0.1 mm each. The main scale reading is taken by looking where the mark, which is just on the left of 0, coincides on the Vernier scale, whereas the secondary reading is taken by looking at that mark on the Vernier scale which coincides or comes extremely close to a mark on the main scale. It has a capacity of 155 mm, an accuracy of 0.05 mm and measurements are written in two decimal points in millimeters and three decimal points in centimeters. On the other hand, a micrometer scale has an accuracy of 0.01 mm and has a capacity of 25.00 mm. Measurements are written in three decimal points in millimeters. It also uses two scales, a main and a secondary scale. The secondary scale is provided on the thimble (near the handle). This means that the reading on the secondary scale measures the distance moved by the thimble per rotation. The scale in the sleeve determines the measurement before the decimal point and the measurement in the thimble determines the number after the decimal point.

2. Draw the Figure for the micrometer readings below i. 3.685mm ii. 1.596

3. State some of the errors that one might make in measuring length using both the Vernier and Micrometer calipers. In measuring using delicate devices there are several factors that can cause error in determining measurements of objects. Errors can result from physical damage to the device, or incorrect testing and setting, of larger micrometers in particular. Errors can also be experienced by temperature variations. Using a large micrometer can mean considerable error just from the warmth of the hand. Measuring hot items also produces errors. Wear is yet another possible source of errors. Inaccurate interpretation of a measurement is possible, with either instrument. Parallax and human errors can creep in. The most common source of error in Vernier Calipers and Micrometers is Zero Error. When the jaws are closed, the vernier zero mark must coincide with the zero mark on its fixed main scale. If not, one must note the reading. This reading is called Zero Error. The zero error is of two types: the positive zero error and the negative zero error. Positive zero error occurs when the zero on the vernier scale is to the right of the main scale. Therefore, the zero correction should be subtracted from the reading, which is measured. On the other hand, Negative zero error occurs when the zero on the vernier scale is to the left of the main scale; thus, the zero correction should be added from the reading that is measured. 4. Determine the percentage error for an observed value of 1.112x10-5 if the standard value is 1.117x10-5 | | | | |