We now have a nice way to state Galileo's principle of inertia.

An object upon which no external influence acts moves with constant velocity or equivalently, has zero acceleration. Now we step it up. What happens when an external influence acts? And Newton introduces a brilliant concept here, which is, the external influence is quantified by something called a force. What is a force? It's a tricky concept. A force is that which causes acceleration. The idea that Newton introduces is that, you can imagine applying the same force to two different objects. And we all have that intuitive idea. I can give an identical push to a tennis ball, and to a refrigerator. And we bo, all have the intuitive idea, that we'll get more of a motion out of the ref, tennis ball, than we will of the refrigerator. Because the refrigerator is heavier. Or, technically, the refriger has a, rater, has a larger mass. And so Newton quantifies this intuition and the idea that there is such a thing as a force, the, something that measures the amount of external influence being applied to an object. And the object's acceleration is related to this force by a property of the object itself, known as its mass, and the mass is roughly the amount of stuff in the object, all counted, weighted appropriately, it's measured in kilograms, and it, roughly, an object that is massive is an object that is heavier. We'll make that precise in a second. And force, like acceleration, has a direction. You can push something to the left or push it to the right. And so we have this new physical concept of force. We need to understand what units we measure force in, and that follows directly from this equation. force of one unit is a force that causes mass

of one kilo to accelerate at one meter per second squared. So the unit of force is this unit, kilogram time meter per second squared, and it is dignified, of course, with the name Newton, and denoted by an N, so that would be a force of 1 N. Before we go on to clarify some details here, let's go on to Newton's third law. This was Newton's second law, and Newton's third law explains why there has to be an external agent applying the force. And this is crucial. Newton tells us that universally, when an object A is applying a force to B, and the force is given by F, which means B is being accelerated. Something is applying the force. Go find the thing that is applying the force. Then, B automatically it, it reacts on A, we call it, and that means B applies to A in force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, we write it mathematically as negative F. Negative, a vector, means a vector of the same size pointing in the opposite direction. What this means is that when you push on the refrigerator, the refrigerator pushes back on you. This is not an action by the refrigerator, this is not some act of will, it's Newton's third law in action. Now, let's do an example of this. it was known already to Galileo that if we let loose some object, we all know this. If I let something go, this ball right here, then an external force will act on it. How do I know? Because the ball has an initial velocity of zero, and clearly it does not maintain the initial velocity of zero. It begins to move downward, so it has a downward-pointing acceleration. And in fact, this acceleration was measured by Galileo and people after him. And it is, has the interesting property that it is uniform for all objects. So, any object in the vicinity of Earth that accelerates down, the velocity, the acceleration is called the acceleration of gravity and in

our fancy units, it's about 9.8 meters per second squared. This is my son's ten kilo shot put ball. And when I hold this, I'm preventing it from falling down with the standard acceleration of gravity by applying the force directed upwards to the ball. Newton's third law, then, tells us that if I'm applying the force to the ball, point directed upwards, Then the ball is clearly applying the force to my hand, directed down, and believe me, I can feel it. Of course gravity is going to play an important role in what goes on. It's also a force that acts all around us, so let's quantify what we said. The weight of an object is defined to be the force gravity applies to it. We know that objects on, on Earth fall with an acceleration that I told you, 9.8 metres per second squared. So, the force of gravity on any object is directed always down. It's given by the mass of the object times this constant, which is why we confuse mass with weight. But separate the two. M is a property of the object. G is a property of Earth. We often say that I weigh 59 kilos. A more correct statement is that my mass is 59 kilos. My weight on Earth, the force with which Earth, gravity pulls me down, is the product, M times G of my mass times the acceleration of gravity on Earth. That is 59 kilos times 9.8 metres per second squared, or about 580 kilos times metres per second squared. That is the unit we call the Newton. My weight on Earth is about 580 Newtons.