1-29-10 Functional Anatomy of Immune System and Blood 1.

Define and use in proper context: Lymphoid stem cells: precursor cells in the fetal BM and liver that differentiate into B and T cells T cells: type of lymphocyte responsi le for cell-mediated immunity! "ytoto#ic T cells induce apoptosis in cells e#pressin$ forei$n epitopes! %elper T cells activate macropha$e and cytoto#ic T cells& as 'ell as encoura$in$ B cell maturation into plasma cells! Memory T cells& 'hich can e helper or cytoto#ic& (uic)ly e#pand into effector T*s 'hen encounterin$ their specific anti$en! Tre$s function in immune tolerance y shuttin$ do'n cell-mediated immunity to'ard the end of an immune reaction+ they also suppress autoreactive T cells! B cells: type of lymphocyte responsi le for humoral immunity! ,pon encounterin$ anti$en& the B cell ecomes an A-" and presents the endocytosed anti$ens on M%" II for helper T cells! .ith helper T cell activation& the B cell can in turn differentiate into plasma cells that ma)e anti odies& or memory B cells that are retained for future reinfection! Plasma cells: the differentiation of a B cell into a plasma cell occurs upon stimulation y an activated helper T cell& and this usually occurs in a $erminal center of a lymph node or spleen! .hat occurs is referred to as affinity maturation& 'here somatic hypermutation of varia le re$ions and clonal (positive) selection of hi$her affinity B cells& is conducted! Monocyte/histiocyte/macrophage: Monocytes are circulatin$ leu)ocytes that& 'hen stimulated y inflammation& mi$rate into tissues and differentiate into macropha$es! Macropha$es are pha$ocytes responsi le for innate immunity& thou$h they do stimulate lymphocytes and receive si$nals from helper T*s! %istiocytes are tissue macropha$es /i!e! they are present in tissue even 'ithout inflammation0! Phenotype: o serva le traits Thymus: site of T cell maturation! It contains thymocytes& 'hich under$o eta& positive and ne$ative selection! Lymph node: lymphoid or$an 'here restin$ lymphocytes can encounter anti$en and mature into anti$en-specific effector cells! Bursa of Fa ricius: site specific to B cell development in irds+ in humans& the one marro' serves this function /analo$ous to the thymus for T cells0 !"LT: immune system of the di$estive tract that contains B and T cells! Includes the tonsils& adenoids& -eyer*s -atches& appendi#& and diffuse lymphoid tissues in the esopha$us& stomach& and intestines!

Tonsil: 1A2T tissue located in the laryn# /can see them 'hen you say A%%%0+ help attle ,3T and pharyn$eal infections! "P#: any cell that can display forei$n anti$ens on M%" molecules for reco$nition y T cells! -rofessional A-"s constitutively e#press M%" and include dendritic cells& B cells& and macropha$es! 4on-professional A-"s e#press M%" only 'hen stimulated y IF4-$amma and include fi ro lasts& $lial cells etc! Follicular dendritic cells $for B%: assist in the maturation of B cells y presentin$ intact anti$en to them in the $erminal centers of lymphoid or$ans! This induces class s'itchin$ and proliferation! &nterdigiting dendritic cells $for T%: anti$en processin$ cells in the perifollicular re$ions of lymphoid tissues that present anti$en to maturin$ T cells! &nnate 's "dapti'e &mmunity: innate immunity is non-specific& rapid& and has no memory! Adaptive immunity is specific& ta)es several days to )ic) in /activated y innate components li)e macropha$es0& and has immunolo$ical memory! #ellular 's (umoral &mmunity: see notes on B and T cells a ove &mmunoproliferati'e disease: disorders resultin$ in the a normal proliferation of primary cells of the immune system includin$ B cells /e#cessive I$ production0& T cells& and 45 cells! 6#amples include lymphoproliferative disorders& hyper$amma$lo ulinemia& and paraproteinemia /a)a monoclonal $ammopathy0! "utoimmunity: failure to reco$ni7e self anti$ens as self! It is a failure of the adaptive immune system! Monoclonal 's Polyclonal: monoclonality refers to a population of $enetically identical dau$hter cells derived from a sin$le ancestral cell! -olyclonal 'ould e hetero$enous population! &mmundeficiency: they are either $enetic /primary immunodeficiencies li)e 8i1eor$e Syndrome0 or ac(uired immunodeficiencies /li)e chemo& steroids& a$in$0 )pleen: peripheral lymphoid or$an arran$ed into red pulp /for filtration of r c*s and stora$e of monocytes0 and 'hite pulp /arran$ed into nodules called Malphi$ian corpuscles& 'ithin 'hich there are follicles containin$ B cells and periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths of T cells0 *. List the ma+or su types of T lymphocytes and explain the generic role of each, if -no.n, in the immune process. #ytotoxic T cells9 induce apoptosis in cells e#pressin$ forei$n epitopes!

(elper T cells9 activate macropha$e and cytoto#ic T cells& as 'ell as encoura$in$ B cell maturation into plasma cells! Memory T cells& 'hich can e helper or cytoto#ic& (uic)ly e#pand into effector T*s 'hen encounterin$ their specific anti$en! Tregs9 function in immune tolerance y shuttin$ do'n cell-mediated immunity to'ard the end of an immune reaction+ they also suppress autoreactive T cells! /. Descri e the relation of B lymphocytes and plasma cells, and their general role in the immune response. Plasma cells: the differentiation of a B cell into a plasma cell occurs upon stimulation y an activated helper T cell& and this usually occurs in a $erminal center of a lymph node or spleen! .hat occurs is referred to as affinity maturation& 'here somatic hypermutation of varia le re$ions and clonal (positive) selection of hi$her affinity B cells& is conducted! Memory B cells9 activated B cells that can ma)e specific I$ upon re-encounter 'ith its anti$en B01 cells9 are polyspecific and can react to a host of anti$ens 'ith lo' affinity! They e#press $reater (uantities of I$M versus I$1& and are found mainly in the peritoneal cavity! Marginal 1one B cells9 non-circulatin$ B cells that remain in the mar$inal 7one of the spleen and have important roles in early adaptive immune responses! Follicular B cells9 B cells that primarily reside in follicles of lymph nodes and spleen+ they can circulate! 2. Descri e the role of macrophages $monocytes/histiocytes% in the immune response. -%A1:";T:SIS! Macropha$es are pha$ocytes responsi le for innate immunity! After pha$ocytosis& they present the forei$n anti$ens on M%" II molecules for cytoto#ic T*s! In addition& they stimulate helper T-cell activity via I212 secretion! In turn& helper T cells secrete IF4-$amma to activate macropha$es! %istiocytes are tissue macropha$es! 3. List the ma+or phenotypic $#D% mar-ers and state their diagnostic utility. Firstly& "8 /cluster of differentiation0 mar)ers are a $ood 'ay of differentiatin$ lymphocytes9 "8s found on B cells9 #D14, #D*5, #D*1, #D*/, #D15, #D64 715 is B cell 8B cell is igger9 "8s found on T cells9 #D*, #D/, #D2, #D3, #D:, #D1/ ;15 is T cells 8T cell is tiny9 In addition& "8 mar)ers can help identify the sta$e of differentiation for a lymphocyte! This is especially important 'hen studyin$ lymphomas and leu)emias! Lymphomas and leukemias are named based on lymphocyte development and display the corresponding CD markers!

<. Descri e the cellular content and microanatomy of tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, !"LT and BM. See a ove 6. =elate function to microanatomy of the immune system, specifically for =eacti'e (yperplasias and Lymphadenopathy 'ersus Malignant Lymphomas. =eacti'e hyperplasias are tissue manifestations of the immune response! They include 2ymphadenopathy< /lymph node hyperplasia0 tonsillitis /tonsil=1A2T hyperplasia0 splenome$aly /spleen hyperplasia0 lymphocytosis / lood hyperplasia0 chronic inflammation /misc! sites0 <lymphadenopathy literally means disease of the lymph nodes& so it can e oth non-mali$nant and mali$nant! 4on-mali$nant causes include the aforementioned reactive hyperplasia /from $eneral immune response or identifia le specific infections li)e mono& 6B>& or TB0 and other hyperplasias li)e sarcoidosis and autoimmune diseases Mali$nant causes include lymphomas /%od$)in*s=4on-%od$)in*s<<0 or metastases /carcinomas& melanomas0 <<%od$)in*s is a B cell lymphoma! 4on-%od$)in*s is a T cell lymphoma! ?4T@4o TimeA