MODELAMIENTO DE EVENTO DE EXPLOSIN

INTRODUCCIN Una definicin de explosin es que se trata de una repentina e intensa liberacin de energa acompaada de un fuerte ruido, generacin de humo, altas temperaturas y una onda de presin. Cuando tratamos con una explosin existen tres peligros inmediatos primarios: radiacin trmica, sobrepresin y fragmentos peligrosos. La sobrepresin, tambin llamada onda expansiva, se refiere a la aparicin repentina de una onda de presin despus de una explosin. Esta onda de presin es provocada por la liberacin de energa en la explosin inicial. Estas ondas de presin son instantneas y viajan a la velocidad del sonido. Niveles de sobrepresin: Los niveles de sobrepresin generalmente aceptados son: Potencia >8 psi >3.5 >1 Efecto Destruccin de edificios Lesiones graves Rompe el vidrio

Nosotros modelaremos para la Estacin de servicio ubicada en Dr. R. Michel No. 3029, entre las calles Parras y Gonzlez Gallo, Colonia Alamo Industrial, Municipio de Tlaquepaque Jalisco, con el software ALOHA, el cual es una herramienta de uso libre elaborado por U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY y la NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, diferentes escenarios para un evento de explosin donde se toma en cuenta diferentes causas del evento de explosin:

Fuente Directa

Escenarios de Incendio Flash fire

Escenarios de Explosin Explosin de una nube de vapor Explosin de una nube de vapor Explosin de una nube de vapor

Charco Evaporacin tanque No incendiado Incendiado Flash fire Jet fire Pool Fire Flash fire

Los resultados obtenidos se muestran a continuacin: SITE DATA: Location: TLAQUEPAQUE, MEXICO Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.50 (unsheltered double storied) Time: November 25, 2010 1111 hours DST (using computer's clock)

CHEMICAL DATA: Chemical Name: N-OCTANE TEEL-1: 300 ppm TEEL-2: 385 ppm IDLH: 1000 ppm LEL: 8000 ppm Molecular Weight: 114.23 g/mol TEEL-3: 1000 ppm UEL: 65000 ppm

Ambient Boiling Point: 119.0 C Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.012 atm Ambient Saturation Concentration: 14,017 ppm or 1.40%

ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA) Wind: 6 meters/second from NW at 10 meters Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 7 tenths

Air Temperature: 17 C No Inversion Height

Stability Class: D Relative Humidity: 67%

SOURCE STRENGTH: Direct Source: 500 liters Source State: Liquid Source Temperature: 25 C Release Duration: 1 minute Release Rate: 5.86 kilograms/sec Total Amount Released: 351 kilograms Source Height: 0

THREAT ZONE: Threat Modeled: Flammable Area of Vapor Cloud Model Run: Heavy Gas Red : 47 meters --- (4,800 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. Yellow: 146 meters --- (800 ppm = 10% LEL)

m e ter s 5 0

3 0

1 0 0 1 0

3 0

5 0

2 0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0 m e ter s

1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

> =4 ,8 0 0p p m=6 0 % L E L=F la m eP o c k e ts(n o td ra w n ) > =8 00p p m =1 0 % L E L C o n fid e n c eL in e s

Como se puede apreciar para una fuga directa de 500 litros/minuto de gasolina no existe en estas condiciones atmosfricas peligro de incendio puesto que la concentracin en el aire es slo 10 % del LEL En el mismo escenario, pero liberando 600 litros en un minuto de combustible:

m e ter s 7 5

2 5 0 2 5

7 5

5 0

5 0 m e ter s

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

> =4 ,8 0 0p p m=6 0 % L E L=F la m eP o c k e ts > =8 00p p m =1 0 % L E L C o n fid e n c eL in e s

Aparece ya un peligro de incendio puesto que ALOHA considera que un 60 % del LEL puede ser suficiente para iniciar un incendio.

Para este mismo escenario si la fuga se da en un especio confinado, puede ocurrir una explosin con los siguientes resultados: THREAT ZONE: Threat Modeled: Overpressure (blast force) from vapor cloud explosion Type of Ignition: ignited by spark or flame

Level of Congestion: congested Model Run: Heavy Gas Red : LOC was never exceeded --- (8.0 psi = destruction of buildings) Orange: 41 meters --- (3.5 psi = serious injury likely) Yellow: 66 meters --- (1.0 psi = shatters glass)

m e ter s 7 5

2 5 0 2 5

7 5

5 0

0 > =8 .0p s i =d e s tr u c tio no fb u ild in g s > =3 .5p s i =se r io u sin ju rylik e ly > =1 .0p s i =sh a tte rsg la s s C o n fid e n c eL in e s

5 0 m e ter s

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

Si la fuga se presenta en espacios no confinados, no puede ocurrir una explosin:

Threat Modeled: Overpressure (blast force) from vapor cloud explosion Type of Ignition: ignited by spark or flame Level of Congestion: uncongested Model Run: Heavy Gas Red : LOC was never exceeded --- (8.0 psi = destruction of buildings) Orange: LOC was never exceeded --- (3.5 psi = serious injury likely) Yellow: LOC was never exceeded --- (1.0 psi = shatters glass)

En el mismo escenario CONFINADO se considera la explosin de 2500 litros de combustible:

m e ter s 1 5 0

5 0 0 5 0

1 5 0

1 0 0

0 > =8 .0p s i =d e s tr u c tio no fb u ild in g s > =3 .5p s i =se r io u sin ju rylik e ly > =1 .0p s i =sh a tte rsg la s s C o n fid e n c eL in e s

1 0 0 m e ter s

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

Si la fuga se presenta en espacios no confinados, no puede ocurrir una explosin, aun si el derrame llegara ser de 2500 litros en un minuto SOURCE STRENGTH: Direct Source: 2500 liters Source State: Liquid Source Temperature: 25 C Release Duration: 1 minute Release Rate: 29.3 kilograms/sec Total Amount Released: 1,757 kilograms Source Height: 0

THREAT ZONE: Threat Modeled: Overpressure (blast force) from vapor cloud explosion Type of Ignition: ignited by spark or flame Level of Congestion: uncongested Model Run: Heavy Gas Red : LOC was never exceeded --- (8.0 psi = destruction of buildings) Orange: LOC was never exceeded --- (3.5 psi = serious injury likely) Yellow: LOC was never exceeded --- (1.0 psi = shatters glass)

Escenario 2: Charco de combustible (20m2 x 0.02 metros) = 400 litros SITE DATA: Location: TLAQUEPAQUE, MEXICO Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.50 (unsheltered double storied) Time: November 25, 2010 1111 hours DST (using computer's clock)

CHEMICAL DATA: Chemical Name: N-OCTANE TEEL-1: 300 ppm IDLH: 1000 ppm TEEL-2: 385 ppm LEL: 8000 ppm Molecular Weight: 114.23 g/mol TEEL-3: 1000 ppm UEL: 65000 ppm

Ambient Boiling Point: 119.0 C Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.012 atm Ambient Saturation Concentration: 14,017 ppm or 1.40%

ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA) Wind: 6 meters/second from NW at 10 meters Ground Roughness: urban or forest Air Temperature: 17 C No Inversion Height Cloud Cover: 7 tenths

Stability Class: D Relative Humidity: 67%

SOURCE STRENGTH: Evaporating Puddle (Note: chemical is flammable) Puddle Area: 20 square meters Ground Type: Concrete Puddle Volume: 400 liters Ground Temperature: 25 C

Initial Puddle Temperature: Ground temperature Release Duration: ALOHA limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 881 grams/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 48.6 kilograms

Area no congestionada. No ocurre explosin

Threat Modeled: Overpressure (blast force) from vapor cloud explosion Type of Ignition: ignited by spark or flame Level of Congestion: uncongested Model Run: Gaussian No explosion: no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time

Area congestionada. No ocurre explosin

Threat Modeled: Overpressure (blast force) from vapor cloud explosion Type of Ignition: ignited by spark or flame Level of Congestion: congested Model Run: Gaussian No explosion: no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time

Si la temperatura del piso est a 37 C y es un rea congestionada. No ocurre explosin.

Threat Modeled: Overpressure (blast force) from vapor cloud explosion Type of Ignition: ignited by spark or flame Level of Congestion: congested Model Run: Gaussian No explosion: no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time

Escenario 3: Tanque lleno al 90 % con fuga en el fondo de 2 SOURCE STRENGTH: Leak from hole in horizontal cylindrical tank Flammable chemical escaping from tank (not burning) Tank Diameter: 3.25 meters Tank Volume: 100000 liters Tank contains liquid Internal Temperature: 25 C Tank Length: 12.06 meters

Chemical Mass in Tank: 64800 kilograms Tank is 92% full Circular Opening Diameter: 2 inches Opening is 9.75 centimeters from tank bottom Ground Type: Concrete Ground Temperature: equal to ambient Max Puddle Area: 5 square meters Release Duration: ALOHA limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 238 grams/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 13.9 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 2.5 meters.

THREAT ZONE: Threat Modeled: Overpressure (blast force) from vapor cloud explosion

Type of Ignition: ignited by spark or flame Level of Congestion: congested Model Run: Gaussian No explosion: no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time

Tabla resumen

Fuente Directa

Escenarios de Incendio

Escenarios de Explosin Explosin de una nube de vapor Explosin de una nube de vapor Explosin de una nube de vapor

Ocurre para Gasolina Si

Flash fire Charco Evaporacin tanque No incendiado

Flash fire

No

Flash fire

No