John Locke: men take care to avoid other mens infringements on their liberties but, in reality, such infringements

are negligible in comparison to the infringement of a monarch. Civil society- men united into a commonwealth with established law and judiciary measures o State of Nature remains when men take up being both judges and executioners Absolute Monarchy: man as both legislature and executive o Restricts personal liberties and freedom o Revokes the right to appeal justly o Incompetent pure blood- men unfit for rule as men will be unfit as monarchs ______________________________________________________________________________ Thomas Hobbes: supported monarchy for protection of peoples rights since men are inherently evil Sovereign/Monarchy o Necessary for the protection of the people against one another, securing liberties, and providing defense against common enemies o Obedience May disobey if natural laws violated (kill oneself) Must obey if the Sovereign is threatened to an end (war) Unless the majority of men join against such action o Ends when monarch spreads unjustly power to others or when protection is no longer provided Liberties o Dependent upon the silence of the law o 5th amendment- prevents self-incrimination ______________________________________________________________________________ John Stuart Mill: a libertarian supporting freedom of thought and action leads to happiness of mankind Utilitarianistic Society- ethics/morals govern society o Freedom from social oppression Democracy raised the quality of life Free from others regulating private life, opinions, and preferences o Punishment/Prevention Universal wrongs murder Risk to the public becomes judged upon morality rather than liberty Whether or not it is just to society rather than allowed by society If injurious solely to oneself, the action is allotted in order to benefit and further human freedom o Public/Government Interference Public interference of the majority may be wrong rather than right Governmental encroachment upon personal pleasures unjust: mind your own business Unless the encroachment is favored by the majority ______________________________________________________________________________

Charles De Montesquieu: supported a central government with branches of power, legislative and executive, to secure liberty Martial Law o Necessary in cases of secret conspiracy against the state o Legislative suspends liberties briefly to preserve liberties forever Separation of Powers when legislative power is more corrupt than executive power, the government perishes; no liberty within a single person/body of power o Judicial People drawn from the country to serve as an impartial tribunal as long as needed (Modern-day jury) Assigned judges must of the same condition of the accused (impartiality) o Legislative Members drawn from each town as representatives of those towns All citizens can vote except those who are indigent/ lack the ability Consists of a body of nobles and a body of the peoples representatives Each body delegates separate in order for the nobles to check the people and the people to check the nobles via vetoes Members of all bodies subjected to elections to eliminate corruption Unable to check executive power or possess judicial power Unless in the case of nobles: accused nobles called before the noble legislative body Unless law prompts excessive punishment Unless atrocious crime refused by common representatives and must be dealt with by noble legislative body o Executive Monarch provides necessary, immediate action Regulates time, duration of legislative assemblies (check and balances) Military Power o Yearly public funds (taxes) enacted by the legislative o Directly dependent on the executive power If dependent on legislative, martial law becomes eminent ______________________________________________________________________________ Jean-Jacques Rousseau: opponent of authority; proclaimed that men entering into a society lose all freedoms; and believed that the strong manipulate the weak in civil societies General Will will of the people as a whole o People chose Chiefs and Princes to defend their freedoms not to enslave them o People cannot strip themselves of natural rights (life) Controversy of Freedom o Barbarous men reject government/society for individual freedom (wild horses know freedom or happiness) However, preserving individual freedoms is not worth drastic sacrifices o Civilized men bear the loss of freedom for protection (tamed horses dont know freedom or happiness) o As long as people depend upon society for protection, society flourishes; however, after the people no longer depend upon society for protection, they become independent This paternal power holds civil society together

_____________________________________________________________________________ Edmund Burke: national emergencies unrightfully enable the government to encroach upon individuals liberties Suspension of Habeas Corpus requires an arrested person to be brought before a judge/court o To resolve a national emergency, democratic parties destroy their enemies but also destroy their liberties Liberties o Only liberties of the majority remain safe from scrutiny Civil War o By revoking civil liberties for some during war, the legislative spirit and law becomes corrupt American War perverted Britains laws o War suspends the moral obligation of laws to benefit the people As a result, simply suspended laws of good morals are in danger of termination if prolonged o Human flaws divide people into fractions making a civil war inevitable Civil war corrupts morals, justice, and attitudes towards others _____________________________________________________________________________ Niccolo Machiavelli: populaces of the people more suitable to govern than that of a single body Superiority of People Populaces (republics) o Populaces of the people provide better stability, order, and judgment than a prince Since populaces of the people respect the law while a prince does not Avoids corruption since populaces provide majority judgment whereas a prince can be easily persuaded to an infamous man (election of judges) o Provide just hearings to an action which a bad prince condemns with death Word vs. Sword (word is superior) o Punishment by the masses acts for the common good; punishment by a prince acts for his own good ______________________________________________________________________________ Friedrich Nietzsche: illustrated the inevitable force of democracy Democracy o Herd Animal Morality People base morality solely off of their democratic laws Democratic movement synonymous with Christian movement Strives to unite everyone under one body/government o Degeneration of Man Democracy seeks to degenerate and animalize men into herd animals of equal rights and claims Lacking a mind of their own, lacking individuality, people follow the rest of the democratic herd (government) Socialists o Desire an autonomous herd acting of its own accord o If everybody is equal, rights are not needed anymore