UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE TRUJILLO

FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA ESCUELA DE INGENIERIA MECNICA Curso: Mecnica de Fluidos II.

Docente: Ms.Ing. Luis Julca Verstegui. .

Alumno: Vsquez Arribasplata Gilmer Fidel

Trujillo 2011

PRCTICA DE AULA
Anlisis de la influencia del ngulo de apertura en las prdidas de carga en una vlvula de globo o determinacin del coeficiente de prdidas de la vlvula K. OBJETIVOS: 1. Hallar las prdidas de carga de los conductos L1y L2. 2. Hallar la influencia del ngulo () o ngulo de apertura de la vlvula sobre el coeficiente de prdidas.

DATOS PARA LA SIMULACIN 1. De=Ds=20 mm. 2. Longitud de desarrollo = L1= L2= 3. Material: Fundicin de hierro maleable, e=0,26 mm 4. Q= Caudal volumtrico=0.005 m3 Pe,Ps,P1,P2 son presiones estticas. 5. Fluido: agua (=1000 Kg/m3. CONSIDERACIONES PARA EL FLUJO: Fluido incompresible. Flujo permanente. Sistema Adiabtico y aislado. T=293.15K (dada en la entrada) Flujo sin gravedad.

COMENTARIO SOBRE LA VLVULA. Cuando se ve el ensamblaje de la vlvula en SolidWorks se puede notar que esta est cerrada completamente a partir de los 51. Pero se har una simulacin tomando 60 para observar el comportamiento de la simulacin y los resultados. CLCULOS. Velocidad : Reynolds: Longitud de las tuberas igual a la longitud de desarrollo:

PROCEDIMIENTO PARA OBTENER EL COEFICIENTE DE PRDIDAS. Se tiene que las prdidas totales son iguales a: Se tiene que para 0 las prdidas de las vlvula son cero as que para este ngulo se tiene:

Y se da que en la salida. Luego para cualquier otro ngulo se tendr que:

Y las pedidas totales sern:

Luego despejando K queda: FORMULA (A)

Donde

se determina cuando la vlvula est a 0.

RESULTADOS DE LA SIMULACIN PARA DETERMINAR LA PRESION DE ENTRADA SEGN EL NGULO DE APERTURA DE LA VLVULA.
System Info Product Computer name User name Processors Memory Operating system CAD version CPU speed General Info Model Flow Simulation 2011 0.0. Build: 1440 GLMERVASQUEZA Glmer Vasquez A Intel(R) Core(TM) i5 CPU M 430 @ 2.27GHz 3894 MB / 8388607 MB Service Pack 1 (Build 7601) SolidWorks 2011 SP0.0 2267 MHz

Project name Project path

Units system Analysis type Exclude cavities without flow conditions Coordinate system Reference axis

C:\Users\Glmer Vasquez A\Desktop\MAS DOCUMENTOS\VII\MECNICA DE FLUIDOS II\LABORATORIO CFD\II\FloWorks\ball valve.sldasm Analisis de valvula globo # C:\Users\Glmer Vasquez A\Desktop\MAS DOCUMENTOS\VII\MECNICA DE FLUIDOS II\LABORATORIO CFD\II\FloWorks\6 SI (m-kg-s) Internal On Global coordinate system X

Initial Mesh Settings Automatic initial mesh: On Result resolution level: 5 Advanced narrow channel refinement: Off Refinement in solid region: Off Geometry Resolution Evaluation of minimum gap size: Automatic Evaluation of minimum wall thickness: Automatic Computational Domain Size X min X max -0.713 m 0.713 m

Y min Y max Z min Z max Boundary Conditions 2D plane flow At X min At X max At Y min At Y max At Z min At Z max Physical Features Heat conduction in solids: Off Time dependent: Off Gravitational effects: Off Flow type: Turbulent only Cavitation: Off High Mach number flow: Off Default roughness: 260.0 micrometer Default wall conditions: Adiabatic wall Initial Conditions Thermodynamic parameters Velocity parameters

-0.010 m 0.010 m -0.010 m 0.010 m

None Default Default Default Default Default Default

Static Pressure: 101325.00 Pa Temperature: 293.20 K Velocity vector Velocity in X direction: 0 m/s Velocity in Y direction: 0 m/s Velocity in Z direction: 0 m/s

Material Settings
Fluids: Water

Boundary Conditions
Inlet Volume Flow 1 Type Faces Coordinate system Reference axis Flow parameters Inlet Volume Flow Face <1LID1-1@> Face Coordinate System X Flow vectors direction: Normal to face Volume flow rate normal to face: 0.0050 m^3/s Fully developed flow: Yes Temperature: 278.00 K

Thermodynamic parameters Static Pressure 1

Type Faces Coordinate system Reference axis Thermodynamic parameters

Static Pressure Face <1LID2-1@> Face Coordinate System X Static pressure: 400000.00 Pa Temperature: 293.00 K

Goals -Surface Goals

SG Av Static Pressure 1 Type Goal type Calculate Faces Coordinate system Use in convergence SG Av Velocity 1 Type Goal type Calculate Faces Coordinate system Use in convergence Surface Goal Static Pressure Average value Cara<1>@LID1-1 Global coordinate system On

Surface Goal Velocity Average value Cara<1>@LID2-1 Global coordinate system On

Calculation Control Options

Finish Conditions Finish conditions Maximum travels Goals convergence Solver Refinement Refinement: Disabled Results Saving Save before refinement Advanced Control Options- Flow Freezing Flow freezing strategy On If one is satisfied 4.000 Analysis interval: 0.500

Disabled

DI ME NSI ON ES DE

LA TUBERA DE ENTRADA (IGUAL PARA LA SALIDA) EST DADA POR LA LONGITUD EN QUE EL FLUJO SE CONVIERTE EN COMPLETAMENTE DESARROLLADO.

REFERENCIA DE LOS ANGULOS DE APERTURA DE LA VALVULA, TOMADA DESDE EL EJE CENTRAL DE LA TUBERA.

POSICIONAMIENTO DE LA ESFERA PARA UN NGULO DADO.

DIMENSIONES DE LA TUBERA.

RESULTADOS

ANALISIS DE VALVULA GLOBO 0

General Info
Iterations: 169 CPU time: 1091 s Log Mesh generation started Mesh generation normally finished Preparing data for calculation Calculation started 0 Calculation has converged since the following criteria are satisfied: 168 Goals are converged 168 Calculation finished 169 23:00:39 , Jun 15 23:00:55 , Jun 15 23:00:58 , Jun 15 23:01:04 , Jun 15 23:19:57 , Jun 15

23:20:11 , Jun 15

Calculation Mesh
Basic Mesh Dimensions Number of cells in X Number of cells in Y Number of cells in Z 362 6 6

Number Of Cells Total cells Fluid cells Solid cells Partial cells Irregular cells Trimmed cells Maximum refinement level: 1

103136 62464 8752 31920 0 0

Goals
Name SG Av Static Pressure 1 SG Av Velocity 1 Unit Pa Value 1319624.44 Progress 100 Use in convergence Delta Criteria On 1623.42086 8927.67081

m/s

15.913

100

On

0.00277631 0.00330529 927 118

Min/Max Table
Name Pressure [Pa] Temperature [K] Minimum -128927.59 277.97 Maximum 1320331.61 278.32

Velocity [m/s] X - Component of Velocity [m/s] Y - Component of Velocity [m/s] Z - Component of Velocity [m/s] Fluid Temperature [K] Shear Stress [Pa] Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/m^2/K] Surface Heat Flux [W/m^2] Density [kg/m^3]

0 -8.314 -17.394 -17.665 277.97 0 0 0 1000.57

47.143 47.143 17.511 17.692 278.32 17724.68 0 0 1000.63

ANALISIS DE VALVULA GLOBO 5

General Info
Iterations: 121 CPU time: 511 s

Calculation Mesh
Basic Mesh Dimensions Number of cells in X Number of cells in Y Number of cells in Z Number Of Cells Total cells Fluid cells Solid cells Partial cells 362 6 6

103276 62452 8844 31980

Irregular cells Trimmed cells Maximum refinement level: 1

0 20

Goals
Name Unit Value Progress Use in Delta Criteria convergence On 11208.8265 11823.2427

SG Av Pa Static Pressure 1 SG Av X - m/s Component of Velocity 1

1503212.03 100

-15.984

100

On

1.59840776 e-007

Min/Max Table
Name Pressure [Pa] Temperature [K] Velocity [m/s] X - Component of Velocity [m/s] Y - Component of Velocity [m/s] Z - Component of Velocity [m/s] Fluid Temperature [K] Shear Stress [Pa] Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/m^2/K] Surface Heat Flux [W/m^2] Density [kg/m^3] Minimum -224280.50 293.15 0 -51.386 -18.915 -19.590 293.15 0 0 0 997.47 Maximum 1505282.47 293.55 51.403 13.050 18.920 16.635 293.55 23230.07 0 0 997.57

ANALISIS DE VALVULA GLOBO 10

General Info
Iterations: 183 CPU time: 1203 s Log Mesh generation started Mesh generation normally finished Preparing data for calculation Calculation started 0 Calculation has converged since the following 21:08:29 , Jun 14 21:08:46 , Jun 14 21:08:49 , Jun 14 21:08:56 , Jun 14 21:29:36 , Jun 14

criteria are satisfied: 182 Goals are converged Calculation finished 183

182 21:29:49 , Jun 14

Calculation Mesh
Basic Mesh Dimensions Number of cells in X Number of cells in Y Number of cells in Z Number Of Cells Total cells Fluid cells Solid cells Partial cells Irregular cells Trimmed cells Maximum refinement level: 1 362 6 6

103388 62408 8904 32076 0 8

Goals
Name SG Av Static Pressure 1 SG Av Velocity 1 Unit Pa Value Progress Use in Delta Criteria convergence On 3036.90381 26760.6131

1941017.23 100

m/s

15.914

100

On

0.00312036 0.00331366 237 953

Min/Max Table
Name Pressure [Pa] Temperature [K] Velocity [m/s] X - Component of Velocity [m/s] Y - Component of Velocity [m/s] Z - Component of Velocity [m/s] Fluid Temperature [K] Shear Stress [Pa] Minimum 1939361.14 277.80 0 -24.309 -22.146 -36.496 277.80 0 Maximum 1943088.28 278.66 71.634 71.508 22.131 22.943 278.66 39636.50

Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/m^2/K] Surface Heat Flux [W/m^2] Density [kg/m^3]

0 0 1000.52

0 0 1000.65

ANALISIS DE VALVULA GLOBO 15

General Info
Iterations: 183 CPU time: 1203 s Log Mesh generation started Mesh generation normally finished Preparing data for calculation Calculation started 0 Calculation has converged since the following criteria are satisfied: 182 Goals are converged 182 Calculation finished 183 21:08:29 , Jun 14 21:08:46 , Jun 14 21:08:49 , Jun 14 21:08:56 , Jun 14 21:29:36 , Jun 14

21:29:49 , Jun 14

Calculation Mesh
Basic Mesh Dimensions Number of cells in X Number of cells in Y Number of cells in Z Number Of Cells Total cells Fluid cells Solid cells Partial cells Irregular cells Trimmed cells Maximum refinement level: 1 362 6 6

103388 62408 8904 32076 0 8

Goals
Name Unit Value Progress Use in Delta convergence Criteria

SG Av Static Pressure 1 SG Av Velocity 1

Pa

2766798.51 100

On

3036.90381 26760.6131

m/s

15.914

100

On

0.00312036 0.00331366 237 953

Min/Max Table
Name Pressure [Pa] Temperature [K] Velocity [m/s] X - Component of Velocity [m/s] Y - Component of Velocity [m/s] Z - Component of Velocity [m/s] Fluid Temperature [K] Shear Stress [Pa] Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/m^2/K] Surface Heat Flux [W/m^2] Density [kg/m^3] Minimum -632632.17 277.80 0 -24.309 -22.146 -36.496 277.80 0 0 0 1000.52 Maximum 2767503.94 278.66 71.634 71.508 22.131 22.943 278.66 39636.50 0 0 1000.65

ANALISIS DE VALVULA GLOBO 20

General Info Model

C:\Users\Glmer Vasquez A\Desktop\MAS DOCUMENTOS\VII\MECNICA DE FLUIDOS II\LABORATORIO

Project name Project path

Units system Analysis type Exclude cavities without flow conditions Coordinate system Reference axis

CFD\II\FloWorks\ball valve.sldasm ANLISIS VLVULA DE GLOBO 20 (5) C:\Users\Glmer Vasquez A\Desktop\MAS DOCUMENTOS\VII\MECNICA DE FLUIDOS II\LABORATORIO CFD\II\FloWorks\6 SI (m-kg-s) Internal On Global coordinate system X

General Info
Iterations: 133 CPU time: 1444 s Log Mesh generation started Mesh generation normally finished Preparing data for calculation Calculation started 0 Calculation has converged since the following criteria are satisfied: 132 Goals are converged 132 Calculation finished 133 18:18:10 , Jun 18 18:18:41 , Jun 18 18:18:45 , Jun 18 18:18:57 , Jun 18 18:44:16 , Jun 18

18:44:38 , Jun 18

Warnings: Negative pressure Minimum pressure=-1.24239e+006 Pa; dV/V=4.6988

Calculation Mesh
Basic Mesh Dimensions Number of cells in X Number of cells in Y Number of cells in Z Number Of Cells Total cells Fluid cells Solid cells Partial cells Irregular cells Trimmed cells Maximum refinement level: 2 362 4 6

290704 155164 39128 96412 0 24

Goals
Name Unit Value Progress Use in Delta Criteria

SG Av Pa Static Pressure 1 SG Av X - m/s Component of Velocity 1

4373153.98 100

convergence On 23180.0188 54481.1266

15.962

100

On

1.59622872 e-007

Min/Max Table
Name Pressure [Pa] Temperature [K] Velocity [m/s] X - Component of Velocity [m/s] Y - Component of Velocity [m/s] Z - Component of Velocity [m/s] Fluid Temperature [K] Shear Stress [Pa] Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/m^2/K] Surface Heat Flux [W/m^2] Density [kg/m^3] Minimum -1242388.19 292.66 0 -29.753 -36.853 -65.129 292.66 0 0 0 997.30 Maximum 4374809.42 294.24 89.729 88.637 36.924 64.425 294.24 70921.48 0 0 997.69

ANALISIS DE VALVULA GLOBO 30

General Info
Iterations: 297 CPU time: 4913 s Log Mesh generation started Mesh generation normally finished Preparing data for calculation Calculation started 0 Calculation has converged since the following criteria are satisfied: 296 Goals are converged 296 Calculation finished 297 22:56:07 , Jun 14 22:56:47 , Jun 14 22:56:51 , Jun 14 22:57:07 , Jun 14 00:23:41 , Jun 15

00:24:15 , Jun 15

Warnings: Negative pressure Minimum pressure=-4.69823e+006 Pa; dV/V=7.79141

Calculation Mesh
Basic Mesh Dimensions Number of cells in X Number of cells in Y Number of cells in Z Number Of Cells Total cells Fluid cells Solid cells Partial cells Irregular cells Trimmed cells Maximum refinement level: 2 336 4 6

290304 141016 57472 91816 0 12

Goals
Name SG Av Static Pressure 1 SG Av Velocity 1 Unit Pa Value 1.61e+007 Progress 100 Use in Delta Criteria convergence On 1558.09644 253587.046

m/s

15.615

100

On

0.00434710 0.00458073 205 527

Min/Max Table
Name Pressure [Pa] Temperature [K] Velocity [m/s] X - Component of Velocity [m/s] Y - Component of Velocity [m/s] Z - Component of Velocity [m/s] Fluid Temperature [K] Shear Stress [Pa] Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/m^2/K] Surface Heat Flux [W/m^2] Density [kg/m^3] Minimum -4698233.20 277.04 0 -42.861 -82.903 -86.491 277.04 0 0 0 999.97 Maximum 1.61e+007 281.90 149.239 139.942 84.933 79.812 281.90 261371.87 0 0 1000.77

ANALISIS DE VALVULA GLOBO 40

General Info
Iterations: 132 CPU time: 1596 s Log Mesh generation started Mesh generation normally finished Preparing data for calculation Calculation started 0 Calculation has converged since the following criteria are satisfied: 131 Goals are converged 131 Calculation finished 132 14:27:57 , Jun 19 14:28:24 , Jun 19 14:28:29 , Jun 19 14:28:40 , Jun 19 14:56:20 , Jun 19

14:56:45 , Jun 19

Warnings: Negative pressure Minimum pressure=-1.96497e+007 Pa; dV/V=11.8146

Calculation Mesh
Basic Mesh Dimensions Number of cells in X Number of cells in Y Number of cells in Z Number Of Cells Total cells Fluid cells Solid cells Partial cells Irregular cells 326 4 6

281552 147116 50408 84028 0

Trimmed cells Maximum refinement level: 2

16

Goals
Name Unit Value 8.45e+007 Progress 100 Use in Delta Criteria convergence On 783273.384 1128525.09

SG Av Pa Static Pressure 1 SG Av X - m/s Component of Velocity 1

15.952

100

On

1.59517326 e-007

Min/Max Table
Name Pressure [Pa] Temperature [K] Velocity [m/s] X - Component of Velocity [m/s] Y - Component of Velocity [m/s] Z - Component of Velocity [m/s] Fluid Temperature [K] Shear Stress [Pa] Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/m^2/K] Surface Heat Flux [W/m^2] Density [kg/m^3] Minimum -1.96e+007 282.66 0 -96.522 -146.934 -191.751 282.66 0 0 0 992.97 Maximum 8.45e+007 308.78 335.239 298.449 147.143 159.048 308.78 798390.07 0 0 999.83

ANALISIS DE VALVULA GLOBO 45

General Info
Iterations: 390 CPU time: 5935 s Log Mesh generation started Mesh generation normally finished Preparing data for calculation Calculation started 0 Calculation has converged since the following criteria are satisfied: 389 Goals are converged 389 Calculation finished 390 01:18:17 , Jun 15 01:18:56 , Jun 15 01:18:59 , Jun 15 01:19:15 , Jun 15 03:00:50 , Jun 15

03:01:22 , Jun 15

Warnings: Negative pressure Minimum pressure=-2.88076e+007 Pa; dV/V=17.2884

Calculation Mesh
Basic Mesh Dimensions Number of cells in X Number of cells in Y Number of cells in Z Number Of Cells Total cells Fluid cells Solid cells Partial cells Irregular cells Trimmed cells Maximum refinement level: 2 322 4 6

275555 137783 54832 82940 0 28

Goals
Name SG Av Static Pressure 1 SG Av Velocity 1 Unit Pa Value 3.15e+008 Progress 100 Use in Delta Criteria convergence On 388590.546 3461848.96

m/s

15.966

100

On

0.00682016 0.00691479 258 553

Min/Max Table
Name Pressure [Pa] Temperature [K] Velocity [m/s] X - Component of Velocity [m/s] Y - Component of Velocity [m/s] Z - Component of Velocity [m/s] Fluid Temperature [K] Shear Stress [Pa] Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/m^2/K] Surface Heat Flux [W/m^2] Density [kg/m^3] Minimum -2.88e+007 253.88 0 -145.178 -288.357 -434.411 253.88 0 0 0 972.61 Maximum 3.15e+008 352.24 562.867 561.641 290.549 340.491 352.24 2823008.64 0 0 1001.30

ANALISIS DE VALVULA GLOBO 50

General Info
Iterations: 163 CPU time: 1828 s

Log Mesh generation started Mesh generation normally finished Preparing data for calculation Calculation started 0 Calculation has converged since the following criteria are satisfied: 162 Goals are converged 162 Calculation finished 163

19:35:13 , Jun 18 19:35:40 , Jun 18 19:35:44 , Jun 18 19:35:54 , Jun 18 20:07:53 , Jun 18

20:08:13 , Jun 18

Warnings: Negative pressure Minimum pressure=-9.18753e+008 Pa; dV/V=19.1961

Calculation Mesh
Basic Mesh Dimensions Number of cells in X Number of cells in Y Number of cells in Z Number Of Cells Total cells Fluid cells Solid cells Partial cells Irregular cells Trimmed cells Maximum refinement level: 2 320 4 6

278160 148796 46952 82412 0 12

Goals
Name Unit Value 1.63e+010 Progress 100 Use in Delta convergence On 108159308 Criteria 109152416

SG Av Pa Static Pressure 1 SG Av X - m/s Component of Velocity 1

-15.954

100

On

1.59544129 e-007

Min/Max Table
Name Pressure [Pa] Temperature [K] Velocity [m/s] X - Component of Velocity Minimum -9.19e+008 2.75 0 -4107.713 Maximum 1.63e+010 2826.99 4109.324 672.194

[m/s] Y - Component of Velocity [m/s] Z - Component of Velocity [m/s] Fluid Temperature [K] Shear Stress [Pa] Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/m^2/K] Surface Heat Flux [W/m^2] Density [kg/m^3]

-1130.396 -887.387 2.75 0 0 0 807.83

1124.890 1293.434 2826.99 3.53e+008 0 0 1001.30

ANALISIS DE VALVULA GLOBO 60

General Info
Iterations: 356 CPU time: 2485 s Log Mesh generation started Mesh generation normally finished Preparing data for calculation Calculation started 0 Calculation has converged since the following criteria are satisfied: 355 Goals are converged 355 Calculation finished 356 Warnings: A vortex crosses the pressure opening flow/outlet flow=1.00082 15:27:51 , Jun 15 15:28:09 , Jun 15 15:28:11 , Jun 15 15:28:18 , Jun 15 16:11:17 , Jun 15

16:11:32 , Jun 15 Boundary Condition : Static Pressure 1 ; Inlet

Calculation Mesh
Basic Mesh Dimensions Number of cells in X Number of cells in Y Number of cells in Z Number Of Cells Total cells Fluid cells Solid cells Partial cells Irregular cells Trimmed cells Maximum refinement level: 1 369 6 8

98968 54560 12248 32160 0 56

Goals
Name SG Av Static Pressure 1 SG Av Velocity 1 Unit Pa Value 101325.00 Progress 100 Use in Delta convergence On 0 Criteria 0.00101325

m/s

1.351e-008

100

On

1.25446729 1.34864232 e-009 e-009

Min/Max Table
Name Pressure [Pa] Temperature [K] Velocity [m/s] X - Component of Velocity [m/s] Y - Component of Velocity [m/s] Z - Component of Velocity [m/s] Fluid Temperature [K] Shear Stress [Pa] Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/m^2/K] Surface Heat Flux [W/m^2] Density [kg/m^3] Minimum 101325.00 278.00 0 -1.233e-006 -8.735e-007 -7.859e-007 278.00 0 0 0 997.56 Maximum 400000.00 293.20 1.322e-006 1.297e-006 7.348e-007 9.364e-007 293.20 1.72e-007 0 0 1000.62

NGULO DE APERTURA DE LA VLVULA 0 5 10 15 20 30 40 45 50 60

PRESION DE ENTRADA (Pa) 1319624.44 1503212.03 1941017.23 2766798.51 4373153.98 1.61e+007 8.45e+007 3.15e+008 1.63e+010

RESULTADOS DE LA PRESION DE ENTRADA SEGN EL ANGULO DE APERTURA DE LA VALVULA-.

De la tabla anterior se tiene la respuesta al primer objetivo planteado dado que para 0 las perdidas son solo para la tubera entonces:

Y el coeficiente de prdida de carga se halla de acuerdo a la FRMULA (A) dada en la pgina 3.

NGULO DE APERTURA DE LA VLVULA 5 10 15 20 30 40 45 50 60

COEFICIENTE DE PRDIDAS K. 1.4496 4.9076 11.4273 20.1112 116.7084 656.806 2476.8735 128697.2162

Grfica del coeficiente de resistencia de la vlvula globo versus el Angulo que se desplaza la llave la vlvula de globo.

Conclusiones: Respecto a la grfica se puede decir que el factor de prdidas se hace muy grande cuando el ngulo pasa de los 45 y debido adems que los tiempos de simulacin para ngulos cercanos al ngulo de cierre son bastante largos. Respecto al resultado para el ngulo de 60 el programa arroja la presin atmosfrica y una velocidad cero para la parte de entrada y como se sabe al estar completamente cerrada no tiene sentido evaluar el coeficiente de prdidas y es por eso que el programa nos arroja que la presin de entrada es la exterior que se da en la simulacin, aunque para un ngulo de cierre total y segn la grfica se puede decir que el coeficiente tiende a infinito. Para aplicaciones con la vlvula y para tener mayor exactitud en el clculo de prdidas sera ptimo que se realicen las simulaciones primera entre 0 y 30 y luego entre 30 y 50 debido a que a partir de 30 el coeficiente se incrementa muy rpido y con valores muy altos.