Colonial America to 1700: 1.How did the arrival of Europeans impact the Native Americans?

-slaves -disease -warfare/death -became Christians, adopted Spanish names -learned to read and write in Spanish 2.What was the significance of the Columbian Exchange? -widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, slaves, diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres -after 1492 -began new revolution in America and Europe -result of Columbus voyage that encouraged contact between the old and new worlds -diseases depopulate -circulated new crops and animals that increases population -maize and potatoes spread to Eurasia -peanuts and manioc grew in tropical Asian and African soils 3.How did Indians help early settlers -Indians taught them to grow crops on barren land -utilized organic fertilizers -taught them how to survive in the new world 7.What was the role of the Iroquois confederacy in colonial America? Why did the Iroquois ally themselves to both the French and the British? -stood together against invasion -dominated a middle ground between the French and British colonies in North America ~three way balance of power -gained control of a vast region in the interior of the continent by alliances with other Native American peoples -successfully excluded the European nations from their territory. The Iroquois were able to maintain their power against that of both the British and the French, but this three-way balance of power began to break down during the 1740s 8. What were the factors that caused colonial population growth? What were the largest colonial cities? -New York, Boston, Philidelphia, Charleston 10. What were the causes of the French and Indian War? What were the results? Causes: -French and English tried to colonize the Ohio River Valley -French forced Washington to surrender Fort necessity Effects: -British victory pushed French from the New World

-French gave up all land in New World -Great Britian became supreme military power in Asia -Spain given Louisiana territory -Stamp Act enforced on all printed documents -headright system: legal grant of land to settlers, helped expand the colonies -bacons rebellion: armed rebellion by Virginia settlers lead by Bacon against the rule of governor Berkeley -city upon a hill:model of Christian Charity, political model, a city that is set on a hill cannot be hidden -the great migration: movement of 6 million African Americans out of rural Southern US to urban Northeast, Midwest, and west -pueblo revolt: popes rebellion, uprising of Pueblos against Spanish colonizers in Santa Fe -English Navagation Acts: continued the laws that restricted use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies -Pontiacs Rebellion: war launched by Native American tribes dissatisfied with British postwar policies after British Victory in the French and Indian War -albany congress: meeting of reps sent by legislatures of the British North American Colonies to talk about better relations with the Indian tribes and defensive measures against the French threat from Canada Revolutionary Period: 1760s to 1789 5. What are the economic, social, and political causes of the America Revolution? -taxes imposed by king George -boston tea party -intolerable acts~imposed by king to keep stricter control -Lexington and concord 6.Why did the British lose the American Revolution? -not fought on home land~cost too much to send supplies and men to US ports -Americans used guerilla tactics while British used line tactics -attempted to fight the war on too many fronts -Americans were more motivated to win 11.What was the importance of the Federalist Papers? -articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay -promoted the ratification of the United States Constitution 12. What is the purpose of the elastic clause? -gave legislative branch power to pass any laws it deems necessary to carry out normal functions of government -Quebec Act: removed political freedoms

-sons of liberty: American patriots that originated in the North American British colonies. The group was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to take to the streets against the abuses of the British government Federalist Era/New Republic Period 1789-1820s: 2.What was Washingtons view regarding political parties, sectionalism, and American foreign policy? -the rise of political parties and sectionalism threaten national unity -wanted control of treaty negotiations with hostile powers -sent American emissaries overseas for negotiations without legislative approval 4.Did Jefferson stay true to his principles? Explain the concept of loose vs. strict interpretation of the constitution. -Jefferson believed in the necessity of the strong American government to support democracy -abruptly changed his viewpoint and employed federalist policies to govern the country -loose construction: liberal construction of the Constitution giving broader powers to the federal government -strict construction: limits or restricts judicial interpretation 5.What is republican Motherhood? -patriots daughters should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism to pass on republican values to the next generation -reinforced idea of domestic womens sphere separate from the public world of men -encouraged education of women and invested their traditional sphere with a dignity and importance that had been previously lacking 6.What were the causes of the growth of sectionalism during the early decades of the nation? -compromise of 1850 exposed division between the north and south, even facilitated the division -want to maintain legislative power in congress -fugitive slave act, Uncle Toms Cabin 7.What were the causes and results of the war of 1812? Causes: -American merchants resented British barriers of trade with France -Americans angered by impressment -Some members of House of Reps wanted to expand into Canada -Americans believed the British pushed the Native Americans to fight with American settlers Effects: -boosted American Patriotism -Native Americans weakened -loss of trade encouraged American manufacturing

-US proved it could defend itself 8.Why did Native Americans support British during the war of 1812? -British proposed to create a neutral Indian zone in the American West ~ultimately didnt follow through on - supplied arms to Native Americans 9.Who was Tecumseh? What were his goals? -Native American leader of the Shawnee -leader of a large tribal confederacy which opposed the US during Tecumsehs War and the War of 1812 -angry with white settlers continually breaking treaties and taking their land -wanted to unite the Indian tribes as one nation in hopes of resisting the advances of white settlers -Whiskey Rebellion: protest against taxes imposed on farmers who used their leftover grain and corn in the form of whiskey as a medium of exchange -Jays Treaty: between US and Great Britain that averted war, resolved issues between them, and facilitated 10 years of peaceful trade between the US and Britain during the French Revolutionary Wars -Missouri Compromise: prohibited slavery in the former Lousiana Territory north of the parallel 36 30 except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri -American system: economic plan consisting of a tariff to protect and promote American industry, a national bank to foster commerce, and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other internal improvements to develop profitable markets for agriculture -Monroe Doctrine: stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring US intervention -alien and sedition acts: four bills passed by the federalists that increased the residency requirement for American citizenship to 14 years and allowed the president to imprison or deport aliens, also restricted speech -Kentucky and Virginia resolutions: Kentucky and Virginia legislatures declared the Alien and Sedition acts unconstitutional -Hartford Convention: New England Federalists met to discuss their grievances concerning the war of 1812 and political problems arising from the federal governments increasing power -Louisiana purchase: us acquired most of louisiana from france, us paid france and omitted some of its debt -embargo act of 1807: embargo enacted by US congress against the UK and France during the Napoleonic War, response to the violation of US neutrality -Marbury v. Madison: court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review, defined boundary between constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of American form of Government -Gibbons v. Ogden: supreme court held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to congress by the commerce clause of the us constitution

Antebellum 1820s to 1860: 1.Why was the idea of the common man celebrated in pop culture? -common white man felt as though he was an important part of the political culture 2.How did Jackson embody the age? -Jacksons administration promoted the common man and their ability to participate in government -ideal that the people should rule~ democratic movement 3.What was Jacksons view of democratic government? -Jacksonian Democracy believed in equal opportunity for white males and the supremacy of the power of the national government over states rights advocates -extended the power to vote, wanted people to participate in government 4.What were Jacksons actions against the Bank of US? How did this contribute to the Panic of 1837? -Jackson did away with the National Bank -removed all federal funds from the bank -no bank to easily transfer money between areas that had too much cash to those who were short on it -Jackson put money from National Bank into state banks -state banks printed their own money increasing inflation 5. Nullification crisis: sectional crisis, declared by the power of the State that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and were null and void within sovereign boundaries of South Carolina 6.What position did the supreme court take regarding the Georgia v. Worcester case? -supreme court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-Native Americans from being present on Native American lands without a license from the US was unconstitutional 7.What is the significance of Jacksons indian removal act and the trail of tears? In what ways were the Cherokees Americanized? -established US policy towards Indian relations for the future -first major treaty violation of the US -showed Indians that the white man and his government could not be trusted -intermarriage -civilized and adopted American ways, showed every sign that they meant to stay on their land 8.What was the Whigs view of the federal government and economic development? (Democrats v. Whigs) -whigs advertised themselves as similar to democrats -anti-elitists

-American System that promoted economic and industrial growth 9.What was the importance of the second great awakening? -protestant revival movement -reaction against skepticism, deism, and rational Christianity -stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society Characteristics of Antebellum Reform Movements: 1.What is William Lloyd Garrisons position regarding the emancipation of slaves? -abolitionist -founded the American anti-slavery society -promoted immediate emancipation of slaves in the US 2.How did womens rights divide the abolition movement? -they were similar issues -couldnt grant equality to all citizens while leaving all women out~ suffrage -many women were against the abolition movement because they were denied suffrage but former slaves were not 3.Liberty Party: minor political party that advocated for the abolitionist cause 4.What were the Utopian movements? -Transcendentalists created various utopias (brook farm) -everyone could live harmoniously and reach self realization by splitting up labour so they could have the same leisure time - able to cultivate 5. What was the cult of domesticity? -value system among the upper and middle classes that emphasized new ideas of femininity, womans role within the home, and dynamics of work and family 6.How did industrialization impact women? -worked in factories -more importance in society -marriage age rose -more money brought into the family -women paid less, womens place still seen as in the home 7.What role did women play in reform movements? -Dorothea Dix~ opened a school -women opened shops -womens rights~Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony ~fought for abolition as well -filled factories 8.Who were the female leaders in the Seneca Falls Convention?

-Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott 9.What demands were found in the declaration of Sentiments? -acceptance of the convention -movement for attaining the civil, social, political, and religious rights of women -all men and women are equal 10.How successful was Dorothea Dix? -opened a school for girls -prison reform and humane treatment for those suffering from mental illness -Declaration of Sentiments -Seneca Falls Convention 11.How successful was the temperance Movement? -social movement urging reduced or prohibited use of alcohol -temperance rather than total prohibition Mid 19th Century Arts and Culture: 5. How did gender roles change during this period? How did marriages change? -gender roles portrayed differently -literature reflects the societal change -opportunities for women in Americas growth -greater access to education Westward Expansion: