Geology Tutorials Short notes

PHYSICAL GEOLOGY
Study of Earths materials, changes of the surface and interior of the Earth and the forces that cause those changes.

GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
1) 2) 3) 4) Earthquakes Volcanoes Landslides Floods

EARTHS SYSTEMS
1) 2) 3) 4) Atmosphere - Gasses that envelop the earth Hydrosphere Water on or near earth surface Biosphere All living / Once living materials Geosphere The solid rocky earth

EARTHS ENERGY ENGIN ES

1) External Energy from the sun (cause weather , ocean currents) 2) Internal Hear moving from interior to exterior (cause volcanism , magnetism , tectonism)

EARTHS INTERIOR
Compositional layers 1) Crust - Continental Crust thicker, less dense Oceanic Crust - Thinner and more dense 2) Mantle Hot solid that flow through 3) Core Outer core - Metallic liquid Inner core Metallic solid.

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THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY- ALFRED WEGENER

once all the continents were joined in a super-continent, which scientists call Pangaea. Over a vast period of time, the continents drifted apart to their current locations

PLATE TECTONOCS THEORY Plate tectonics is the theory that the outer rigid layer of the earth (the lithosphere) is divided into a couple of dozen "plates" that move around across the earth's surface relative to each other, like slabs of ice on a lake. TECTONOC PLATE BOUNDRIES
1) Divergent boundaries Plates move apart ex. Mid oceanic ridges 2) Transform boundaries Plates move past one other Ex Fault zones 3) Convergent boundaries Convergent boundaries Ex, Mountain belts

THREE SURFACIAL PROCESSES

1) Uplift Volcanic or tectonic forces build crust up. 2) Weathering and erosion moving water erode geological materials 3) Deposition Sediments are deposited in low areas

CHAPTER 2 DYKE & SILL

Sheet of rock that formed between pre-existing crack of a rock mass

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METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Created by physical / chemical alteration by heat and pressure of an existing igneous or sedimentary material in to a denser form

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Formed by deposition of earth material by moving water

LITHIFICATION

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Process of freshly deposited loose grains (as a result of erosion)of sediments converting in to a rock

CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
- An actively deforming region where two (or more) tectonic plates or fragments of lithosphere move toward one another and collide.

SUBDUCTION ZONE
-Region where tectonic plates meet

SUBDUCTION
-Tectonic plate moving another tectonic plate

CINTINENTIAL COLLISION
Subduction zone is destroyed, mountains produced, and two continents sutured together. Ex, Himalayas

DIVERGENT BOUNDARY/ DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY/CONSTRUCTIVE BOUNDAYR/ EXTENSIONAL BOUNDARY

Linear feature that form by two tectonic plates moving away from each other.

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ROCK STRUCTURES

BATHOLIHTH
A large emplacement of intrusive igneous rocks that forms from cooled magma deep inside the earths crust

LACCOLITH
A mass of igneous rock, typically lens-shaped, that has been intruded between rock strata causing uplift in the shape of a dome.

PLUTON
A body of igneous rock formed beneath the surface of the earth by consolidation of magma

STOCK

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In geology, a stock is a discordant igneous intrusion having a surface exposure of less than 40 sq mi 2 (100 km ), differing from batholiths only in being smaller

EXTRA INFORMATION

Metamorphism Transformation of pre existing rock in to a metamorphic rock Depending on the direction of two continental plates meet either a mountain range/ ridge valley or

fault zone can form

Country rock Rock native to a certain area. Xenolith Rock fragment which become enveloped in a larger rock during the latters develo pment and hardening.

Particle size that define coarse grained and fine grained rocks = 1 mm intrusive rocks Granite, diorite,Gabbo Extrusive rocks Basalt , Rhyolite, Andesite.

ZD

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SAMPLS FOR EXTRUSIVE ROCKS

Pumice Basalt

SAMPLES OF INTRUSIVE ROCKS

Granite

EXTRA INFORMATION
Mining foot print Subduction Sideways or downwards movement of a tectonic plate beneath another plate

WEATHERING OF SOIL

TWO TYPES OF WEATHERING

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1) Physical weathering (Direct contact with atmospheric conditions) ,, Freeze thaw Exfoliation (Layers of rock peel off the surface) Pressure release (removal of overlying rock / usually by erosion) Salt wedging(Saline solution deposit deep in the cracks and evaporate leaving the soil which expand when heated up)

2) Chemical weathering (Direct contact with atmospheric conditions ) Carbonation Hydrolysis (water reacting with chemical in the rock) Oxidation

Carbon cycle Photosynthesis Transforming of energy rom light in to chemical energy by plants

FELDSPAR
Very common Acidic water attack feldspar This breads on to clay after weathering Grows in to rectangular crystals (cleavage pattern)

QUARTZ

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Least effected by acids

Inorganic carbon cycle

WETHERING
Bedding Rock series marked by well-defined divisional planes separating it from layers from above and

below Foliation Repetitive layering in metamorphic rocks

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Joint Fracture in rock where the displacement associated with the opening of the fracture is greater than the displacement due to lateral movement in the plane of the fracture

Cleavage- Physical property in minerals such as mica Fracture Fissure- Large crack in the ground that are formed as a result of soil surface tension due to land

subsidence. Fault Planer Fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock

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FAULT

Questions 1) What define the porosity and permeability of soil Pore size and connectivity 2)

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Two types of sedimentary rocks 1) Detrital Sedimentary rock Those for which the materials has been transported as solid materials (particles may have been derived from either physical or chemical weathering,, and transported by water or air)

Ex Breccia(angular rock fragments )

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,Conglomerate Consist of circular rock fragments

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2) Chemical sedimentary rocks Rocks derive from material that is carried in solution lake and seas

3)

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4) Organic sedimentary rocks

CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

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TRANSFORMATION FROM SEDIMENTS TO SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

1) 2) 3) 4) Movement by water /wind / ice / gravity Rounding Due to abrasion Sorting Occurs as sediments separated according to grain size Deposition Settling - Coming to rest of transported materials Accumulation of chemical o organic sediments typically in water 5) Preservation By burial with additional sediments 6) Lithification- Process of converting loose sediments in to sedimentary rock (This is a combination of compaction and cementation ) 7)

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COMMON SOIL CONSTITUTES

Clay minerals Quartz Water Organic matter

SOIL HORIZONS
1) O horizon Uppermost layer, organic material

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2) A horizon Dark colored , rich in organic material, high biological activity 3) E horizon Zone of leaching ( washing of water soluble material out of the water) 4) B horizon zone of accumulation (clays and iron oxides leached down from above ), formation of hard pan. (dense layer of soil below the upmost soil layer) 5) C horizon Partially weathered bedrock

COLLUVIUM AND ALLUVIUM

THREE TYPES OF TRANP ORTED SOIL

Colluvium Slope material

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Alluvium Floodplain deposit Loess Wind transported soil

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Alluvial soils Fine grained fertile soil deposited by water Weathering Group of altering processes that changes the physical and chemical properties of rocks Erosion Physical picking up of rock particles by water Transportation the movement of eroded particles by water , air or ice Deposition Settlement of particles Schist metamorphic rock ** Chemical weathering removes CO2 from atmosphere Residual soil Soil that remains at the place of formation, usually form by physical of chemical weathering Transported soil Soil brought in from elsewhere Colluvium Loose unconsolidated sediments that have been deposited that have been deposited at the base of hilltops by erosion

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